Butyrate (Short-chain FA)

The economic value of milk fat and its responsiveness to management strategies provides strong interest in maximizing milk fat production by minimizing occurrence of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression (BH-MFD) and maximizing de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA). Tools that allow a timely diagnosis of BH-MFD would improve nutritional management. Specific milk FA or FA categories correlate to milk fat concentration and are of interest for diagnosing the cause of changes in milk fat concentration. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relationship between milk fat concentration and trans-10 C18:1, a proxy for BH-MFD, and FA <16 carbons that originate solely from de novo lipogenesis using a meta-analysis approach that used data from the literature and unpublished Penn State experiments. Prior to the meta-analysis, the effect of FA methylation method on milk FA profile was tested to determine potential bias between papers. There was no difference between sodium methoxide, acid, and acid-base methylation methods on trans-10 C18:1 concentration, but acid methods resulted in loss of short-chain FA. The relationship between trans-10 C18:1 and milk fat percentage was investigated using a 2-component model, where one component described the fraction unresponsive to BH-MFD and the other described a responsive fraction that is exponentially related to trans-10 C18:1. The 2 fractions where characterized utilizing a Bayesian hierarchical model accounting for between-study variability. The model was defined by the function f(x, θ1, θ2, θ3) = θ1 + θ2exp(θ3), where the unresponsive θ1 fraction was 2.15 ± 0.09%, the responsive θ2 fraction was 1.55 ± 0.08%, and the exponential term θ3 was -0.503 ± 0.07 (posterior mean ± posterior standard deviation from the Bayesian hierarchical model). A Lin's concordance correlation coefficient of 0.67 suggested good agreement between observations and predictions from the Bayesian hierarchical model, computed only with the model's mean population parameters. There was a linear relationship between milk fat concentration and FA <16 C as a percentage of total FA (intercept = 2.68 ± 0.237 and slope = 0.043 ± 0.011; coe

The objective of this experiment was to follow the time-course changes of the milk fatty acids (FA) and particularly conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), n-3, and n-6 FA in response to feeding whole rolled safflower seed (SS). Eighteen cows were blocked by milk production, days in milk, and parity, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets by replacing whole cottonseed with SS. The control diet contained no SS (SS0), whereas the other diets contained 3% of dry matter as SS (SS3) or 6% SS (SS6). The study was conducted for 8 wk. Cows fed SS produced more milk than SS0, with SS3 producing more milk than SS6, but without a change in milk fat yield or milk fat %. Except for C8:0 FA, changes in milk FA were not observed until the third week of SS feeding. The C8:0 began decreasing during wk 1 of SS feeding and continued to decline to wk 8. Short-chain FA (C6:0 to C11:0) and medium-chain FA (C12:0 to C16:1) concentrations decreased in milk when cows were fed SS, whereas long-chain FA (C18:0 and higher) increased after wk 3. The milk long-chain FA increased from wk 3 until wk 5 and then reached a plateau with little difference between SS3 and SS6, whereas the short-chain FA decreased more in milk from cows fed SS6 than SS3. Total CLA increased slightly less than 5× in milk from cows fed SS compared with SS0. Over the same time frame, n-3 FA declined and n-6 FA increased in the milk from cows fed SS, with no difference between SS3 and SS6. This study indicated that SS fed at 3 and 6% of DM had the potential to increase milk production and the CLA in milk, but with a corresponding increase in n-6 FA.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pistachio by-products (PBP) on nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Saanen dairy goats. Nine multiparous lactating Saanen goats (on day 90 post-partum, 45 ± 2/kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatment diets: 1) control diet (alfalfa hay based), 2) 32% PBP and 3) 32% PBP + polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000; 1 g/kg dry matter). Each period lasted 21 days, including 14 day for treatment adaptation and 7 day for data collection. Pistachio by-products significantly decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with the control diet (64.4% vs. 58.7%), but PEG addition did not differ for CP digestibility of goats fed 32% PBP + PEG and those fed the two other diets. The digestibility of NDF tended (p = 0.06) to decrease for goats fed PBP compared with those fed the control diet. Yields of milk and 4% fat-corrected milk were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with the control diet, PBP supplementation appreciably changed the proportions of almost all the milk FA measured; the main effects were decreases (p < 0.01) in FA from 8:0 to 16:0 and increases (p < 0.01) proportions of cis-9, trans-11 18:2 and trans-11 18:1, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA and long-chain FA. The saturated FA, short-chain FA and medium-chain FA proportions were lower (p < 0.01) in goats fed the two PBP supplemented diet than in those fed the control diet and PEG addition led to intermediate proportions of saturated FA, unsaturated and monounsaturated FA. Inclusion of PBP in the diet decreased (p < 0.01) plasma concentrations of glucose and urea nitrogen compared with the control diet. It was concluded that PBP can be used as forage in the diet of dairy goats without interfering with milk yield. Inclusion of 32% PBP in the diet of dairy goats had beneficial effects on milk FA profile but PEG addition to PBP did not contribute to enhance further milk FA profile. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition © 2014 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shengjiang Xiexin Decoction (SXD) is a classic formula documented in the Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases. It has long been used to treat infectious gastrointestinal diseases characterized by diarrhea, dysentery, and abdominal distension. Its core pathogenesis involves spleen-stomach disharmony and damp-heat accumulation, consistent with clinical features of bacterial or viral enteritis. Although SXD effectively relieves gastrointestinal symptoms, its active components and mechanisms remain unclear, especially regarding spatial regulation of gut-liver axis metabolism. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aim to map the spatial landscape of gut-liver axis metabolism regulated by SXD in CDI-induced mice, by employing a strategy that combines whole-animal mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technology with spatial metabolomics. METHODS: After CDI modeling and SXD intervention, intestinal injury was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological analysis. MSI was used for in situ detection of SXD active components, and spatial metabolomics to investigate its regulatory effects on gut-liver axis metabolic disorders. RESULTS: SXD attenuated colonic mucosal epithelial detachment and suppressed inflammation. MSI identified wogonin, glycyrrhizic acid, shogaol, gingerenone B, feruloyltyramine, and paradol as key active components targeting the gut-liver axis. Spatial metabolomics demonstrated that SXD reduced intestinal accumulation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MCFAs and LCFAs), alleviated hepatic metabolic imbalance characterized by excessive short-chain FA accumulation and MCFA/LCFA depletion, and restored FA homeostasis across the disrupted gut-liver axis. CONCLUSION: SXD ameliorates CDI-induced gut-liver injury through multiple pathways, including regulating gut-liver axis inflammatory responses, and FA metabolism.​ From a spatial perspective, this study achieved in situ characterization of SXD's mode of action, providing valuable information for investigating its material basis and mechanisms.

The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is influenced by complex interactions among animal species, physiology, feeding, and management, resulting in modification to the nutritional and functional properties of milk fat. This study aimed to identify latent biological and nutritional factors influencing milk FA composition in ruminants using multivariate factor analysis (MFA), applied across 4 species: dairy cows (Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss), sheep (Sarda and Massese), Mediterranean buffaloes, and goats (Saanen). A total of 1,960 mid-lactation animals (150 ± 16 DIM for cows; 90 ± 5 DIM for sheep; 162 ± 14 DIM for buffalo; 86 ± 3 DIM for goats), raised under commercial farm conditions and subjected to diverse feeding regimens, were included in the study. All milk samples were analyzed by the same laboratory using GC under consistent analytical conditions. Factor analysis was carried out on 49 individual FA. An ANOVA on the factor scores was performed to assess the effects of species and feeding strategies, specifically lipid supplementation in cow milk and n-3 supplementation in sheep milk. The MFA was able to extract 7 latent factors with specific biologic meaning: synthesis of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids from ruminal bacteria (factor 1: "OBCFA"), de novo FA synthesis via acetate in mammary gland (factor 2: "Mammary activity"), biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (factor 3: "BH_1"), milk fluidity regulation (factor 4: "Milk fluidity"), mitochondrial Beta-oxidation of FA (factor 5: "Beta-oxidation"), biohydrogenation via vaccenic acid (factor 6: "BH_2"), ruminal 16:1c7 elongation (factor 7: "16:1c7 elongation"), regulation of branched (factor 8: "BCFA") and odd (factor 9: "OCFA") chain FA, n-6 metabolism (factor 10: "n-6 FA"), and synthesis of short-chain FA (factor 11: "SCFA"). According to a previous study on MFA, a variable was considered to be associated with a specific factor if the absolute value of its correlation with the factor was ≥0.60. Several factors reflected established metabolic processes, such as "OBCFA," "Mammary activity," and "BH_1." Others, such as "Beta-oxidation" and "16:1c7 elongation," captured novel pathways not previously described

Dietary palmitic acid (PA) supplementation promotes fat yield, whereas increased milking frequency (MF) enhances milk yield. Such practices can be useful at the farm level, but their effects on milk processing remain to be determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary PA supplementation and increased MF from 2 times to 3 times daily on butter manufacture and properties. In a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 8 Holstein cows received a diet with or without PA (2% or 0%, on a DM basis) and were milked 2 times or 3 times daily. For each period, after 18 d of treatment adaptation, milk was collected from each cow for 2 d, and pooled by treatment before butter manufacture. Milk free fatty acids (FA) concentration and casein micelle size were similar between treatments, as well as cream fat globule diameter and butter yield. There was a significant interaction between PA and MF on churning time. With the nonsupplemented diets, 3 times daily milking increased churning time, and with 2 times daily milking, PA supplementation also increased churning time. Butter FA composition was mostly affected by PA, whereas MF had a limited effect. Total 16 C FA concentration in butter was increased with dietary PA at the expense of short-chain FA (6-14 C) and, to a lesser extent, long-chain FA (≥18 C). Dietary PA increased butter hardness at 20°C, whereas this effect was limited to a tendency when measured at 4°C. Resistance to spreadability increased with PA at both 4°C and 20°C. Overall, the effects of PA on butter texture were less pronounced at 4°C than at 20°C. Milking frequency had no effect on butter texture. Butter melting point was greater with PA and was positively correlated with the concentration in 16:0 and the spreadability index (cis-9 18:1/16:0). The solid fat content of butter was similar between PA and non-PA treatments at 5, 8, and 20°C. However, from 30°C, the solid fat content was higher with the PA diet. The spreadability index was correlated with butter hardness, and to a greater extent, with butter spreadability. This work underscores how dairy farm management influences th

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of fatty acid (FA) fingerprinting in distinguishing the geographical origin of milk and linking milk FA profiles with those of forage. A total of 66 bulk-tank milk samples and 66 corresponding forage samples were collected over 3 consecutive days from 22 dairy farms across western, eastern, and southern China. The FA compositions of the samples were analyzed using GC-MS, identifying 81 individual FA. Using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and significance analysis, we identified significant regional differences in the 35 milk FA. Recursive feature elimination was used to identify 10 potential FA biomarkers for the geographical origin of milk, including C18:2 cis-9,trans-12, C18:1 trans-6, PUFA, C18:1 cis-12, C20:3 cis-8,cis-11,cis-14, C14:0, MUFA, C13:0 iso, C16:1 cis-9, and C13:0. A support vector machine model based on these 10 biomarkers classified the milk samples by region with an accuracy >95%. Canonical and Spearman's correlation analyses indicated relationships between milk and forage FA profiles. Specifically, milk FA such as C13:0 iso, C13:0, C14:0, and C16:1 cis-9 showed significant positive correlations with most short-chain FA, odd-chain SFA, and branched-chain SFA in the forage and negative correlations with long-chain FA and FA greater than C16. Conversely, milk FA C18:2 cis-9,trans-12, C18:1 trans-6, and C18:1 cis-12 exhibited the opposite trend. The correlation between UFA in milk and forage was more complex, showing both positive and negative relationships. These findings demonstrate that FA fingerprinting is a reliable method for determining the geographical origin of milk. The observed variations in milk FA are primarily influenced by forage FA, providing valuable insights for improving milk quality through better forage management. The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

This study aims to measure the effects of different dietary concentrations of triticale hay (TH) on productive performance, carcass characteristics, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), ruminal and blood variables, and antioxidant power in 40 fattening male Gray Shirazi lambs (BW of 33.2 ± 1.1 kg) over 81 days in a completely randomized design (10 animals/diet). Four levels of TH (0.00, 13.30, 26.50, and 40.00 g/100 g dry matter; DM) were included in the diet, instead of alfalfa hay + barley straw. Dietary inclusion of TH decreased DM and nutrient intakes, but increased phenolic and flavonoid intakes, and digestibility of DM and nutrients (L, P < 0.01). Feeding TH did not affect daily gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, dressing percentage, and Longissimus muscle area, decreased (L, P < 0.05) fat-tail, total carcass fat, and carcass stearic acid but increased (L, P < 0.05) lean-to-total carcass fat ratio, carcass oleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA), and antioxidant power. Dietary TH increased ruminal MPS and cellulolytic bacteria but decreased ammonia-N, protozoa, and in vitro methane production (L, P < 0.01). Nitrogen retention and rumen short-chain FA were not affected by TH addition. Increasing dietary TH levels lowered (L, P < 0.01) blood cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea-N, but did not affect glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, nitrate, and nitrite. Overall, TH can be included, up to 40 % of DM in the diet of fattening lambs, without effects on performance, to improve carcass quality, FA composition, and antioxidant capacity and reduce ruminal methane production. © 2024 The Author(s).

OBJECTIVE: Effect of gut dysbiosis on fatty acid (FA) linked 3β-hydroxy-bile acid esters (FA-isoBAs) formation is currently unknown. This study aimed to investigate the profile of FA-isoBAs in fecal samples from pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from seven pediatric patients diagnosed with UC and seven age-matched healthy controls. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was set up for quantifications of thirteen different FA-isoBAs, including three new FA-isoBAs which had never been characterized. Method validation tests were performed with optimization of sample preparation. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare FA-isoBA concentrations between UC patients and healthy controls. RESULTS: The LC/MS method had sufficient linearity (r > 0.998), with the low detection limit (0.03-2.82 nmol/g stool), and limits of quantification (0.10-9.40 nmol/g stool) for all FA-isoBAs. The total FA-isoBAs concentration in UC patients was significantly lower than healthy controls, regardless of the degree of the disease severity. The UC subjects had markedly increased primary bile acid (BA) levels with decreased secondary BAs. Propionic acid-linked isoBA and stearic acid-linked 12-oxo-isolithocholic acid were newly identified from healthy subjects but they were not present in UC subjects. In agreement with the previous report, composition of long-chain (C16-C18) FA-linked BAs dominated over short-chain FA-linked BAs both in healthy and disease subjects. CONCLUSION: The present study reported the fecal FA-isoBA profiles in pediatric UC patients for the first time. The results open the door to the new field that investigates the role of these microbial-driven BAs in gastrointestinal health.

Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles as membrane components and signal transduction molecules. Changes in short chain FA (SCFA) composition are associated with gut microbiota modifications. However, the effect of bacteria-driven changes on the detailed FA spectrum has not been explored yet. We investigated the effect of antibiotics (ABx) and/or probiotics, in four treatment groups on rat stool FA composition. Principal component analysis indicated that the chromatogram profiles of the treatment groups differ, which was also observed at different time points. Linear mixed effects models showed that in the parameters compared (sampling times, treatments. and their interactions), both the weight percentage and the concentration of FAs were affected by ABx and probiotic administration. This study found that the gut microbiome defines trans and branched saturated FAs, most saturated FAs, and unsaturated FAs with less carbon atoms. These results are among the first ones to demonstrate the restoring effects of a probiotic mixture on a substantial part of the altered total FA spectrum, and also revealed a previously unknown relationship between gut bacteria and a larger group of FAs. These findings suggest that intestinal bacteria produce not only SCFAs but also other FAs that may affect the host's physiological processes. © 2024. The Author(s).

Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is the most common economic and health problem in dairy cows. Little is known about changes in milk fatty acid (FA) composition according to infection/inflammation status of the mammary gland. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between naturally occurring subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) from different pathogens, i.e. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Prototheca spp., and the detailed milk FA profile assessed at quarter level in Holstein cows. After an initial bacteriological screening (T0) on 450 Holstein cows reared in three dairy herds, we identified 78 cows positive at the bacteriological examination. These animals were followed up at the quarter level two weeks (T1) and six weeks (T2) after T0. In total, 600 single-quarter samples were obtained at T1 and T2. Individual FAs were determined using the gas chromatography analytical method. Investigated traits were 70 individual FAs, 12 FA groups, and six desaturation indices. The associations between subclinical IMI combined with somatic cell count (SCC) and milk FA profile were investigated using a hierarchical linear mixed model (i.e., observational unit was quarter within cow) with the following fixed effects: days in milk (DIM), parity, herd, SCC, bacteriological status (BACT, positive and negative), and the SCC × BACT interaction. The random effect of individual cow nested within herd, DIM and parity was used as the error term for the latter effects. The most significant associations were detected at T2. Notably, IMI reduced the proportions of individual short-chain FA, especially 4:0 and 6:0 (-14%), but increased the proportion of the most abundant medium-chain FA (MCFA), 16:0 (+4%). A reduction in the desaturation indices was observed mostly for 14:1 index (-9%), in line with the reduction in 14:1 (-10%). Somatic cell count significantly affected 14 individual FAs. In particular, samples with high SCC (≥200 000) had significantly lower proportions of 8:0, 10:0, 11:0, 12:0, and 13:0 compared with samples with low SCC (<200 000). Increasing SCC in animals positive at the bacteriological examina

This study examined the effects of milking frequency, breed, and stage of lactation on the milk fat globules (MFG) size and fatty acids (FA) composition of sheep milk. Milk from Karagouniko (n = 13) and Chios (n = 13) ewes was sampled postpartum on the 93rd, 101st, 108th, 121st, 156th, and 188th days of lactation. On the 108th day, the ewes were divided randomly into two milking groups: Once daily at 06:00 a.m. or twice daily at 06:00 a.m. and 16:00 p.m. Morphometric characteristics of MFG and FA composition were determined for each sample. Once versus twice daily milking had no effect on MFG dimensions, which tended to vary according to breed (smaller MFG were secreted from Chios with p = 0.065), while the stage of lactation had a significant effect (p < 0.001). FA composition differed significantly according to the stage of lactation and breed. The FA profile of the Karagouniko breed showed higher concentrations of short-chain FA. The milk samples from late lactation were characterized by higher concentrations of mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) compared to early and mid-lactation. Moreover, correlations were found between the average diameter of MFG and FA concentrations, where the size of MFG was positively correlated with saturated FA (SFA) and negatively correlated with MUFA.

Individual variation in milk fatty acid (FA) composition has been partially attributed to stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene polymorphisms in taurine breeds, but much less is known for Zebu breeds. This study investigated the phenotypic variation in milk FA composition, and the influence of SCD1 variants on this trait and on milk fat desaturase indices (DI) in Gir cows. The functional impact of SCD1 variants was predicted using bioinformatics tools. Milk and blood samples were collected from 312 cows distributed in 10 herds from five states of Brazil. SCD1 variants were identified through target sequencing, and milk FA composition was determined by gas chromatography. Phenotypic variation in milk FA composition fell within the range reported for taurine breeds, with SCD18 index showing the lowest variation among the DI. Fourteen SCD1 variants were identified, six of which not previously described. Regarding the A293V polymorphism, all cows were homozygous for the C allele (coding for alanine), whereas all genotypes were detected for the second SNP affecting the 293 codon (G > A), with compelling evidence for functional effects. Significant associations (based on raw p-values) were found between this SNP and C12:0, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and short-chain FA, and between another SNP (rs523411937) and C15:0 and odd-chain linear FA. A new SNP on Chr26:21277069 was associated with trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, C18:3 n-3 and n-3 FA. These findings indicate that SCD1 polymorphisms also contributes to the phenotypic variation in milk FA composition of Gir cows, with potential use in their breeding programmes. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary integration with extruded linseed (EL) on fatty acid (FA) and aromatic profile of goat cheese after 60 (T60) days of ripening. METHODS: Thirty goats were divided in two groups. The control group (CG) was fed with conventional diet, whereas the experimental group (EL+) was fed with conventional diet supplemented with 10% of EL. Milk samples were collected on 30 and 60 days of trial to determinate chemical-nutritional composition and FA profile. At the end of experiment, six cheese-making session (3 for each group) were carried out using a pooled milk sample obtained from the 15 goat of each group. At 60 days of ripening, cheeses were analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition, FA and aromatic profile. RESULTS: An increase in the milk production, protein, fat and lactose were evidenced in the EL+ goats. Conversely, a reduction of somatic cells was observed in the EL+ compared with the CG. However, no variation was observed for urea and casein levels content in milk samples, and no changes in protein and lipid content were found for cheeses in the two experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with EL modified the FA profile of milk. There was a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Chemical composition of T60 cheese did not differ between the two groups but a different FA profile was observed. In particular, in T60 cheese obtained from EL+ milk, an increase in short-chain FA (SCFA) and a decrease in medium and long-chain FA (MCFA and LCFA) were observed. The EL diet led to cheeses with butanoic acid 2 time higher compared to CG cheeses. Moreover, a greater presence of aldehyde compounds and alcohols were observed in the cheeses of experimental group. CONCLUSION: The present study pointed out that EL supplementation may improve the chemical and physical qualities of goat milk and cheeses.

An effective strategy for enhancing the bioactive fatty acids (FA) in sheep milk could be dietary supplementation with a moderate level of a combination of soybean oil with fish oil (SFO) without negative effects on milk yield and its chemical composition. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of a moderate forage diet supplementation with SFO on milk chemical composition and FA profile, as well as on plasma FA. Twelve dairy sheep were assigned to two homogenous sub-groups. Treatments involved a control diet without added oil, and a diet supplemented with 23.6 g soybean oil and 4.7 g fish oil per kg dry matter (DM) of the total ration. The results showed that SFO diet had no effect on milk yield and chemical composition. In blood plasma the concentrations of trans-11 C(18:2) (VA), C(18:2n-6), C(20:5n-3) (EPA) and C(22:6n-3) (DHA) were significantly higher while those of C(14:0), C(16:0) and C(18:0) were lower in sheep fed with SFO diet compared with control. The SFO supplementation of sheep diet increased the concentrations of VA, cis-9, trans-11 C(18:2) CLA, trans-10, cis-12, C(18:2) CLA, EPA, DHA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyusaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-3 FA and decreased those of short chain FA (SCFA), medium chain FA (MCFA), the saturated/unsaturated ratio and the atherogenicity index value in milk compared with the control. In conclussion, the SFO supplementation at the above levels in a sheep diet, with moderate forage to concentrate ratio, improved the milk FA profile from human health standpoint without negative effects on its chemical composition.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are potent anticarcinogens in animal and in vitro models as well as inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland, liver, and adipose tissue. Our objective was to evaluate long-term CLA supplementation of lactating dairy cows in tropical pasture on milk production and composition and residual effects posttreatment. Thirty crossbred cows grazing stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfüensis) were blocked by parity and received 150 g/d of a dietary fat supplement of either Ca-salts of palm oil fatty acids (control) or a mixture of Ca-salts of CLA (CLA treatment). Supplements of fatty acids were mixed with 4 kg/d of concentrate. Grazing plus supplements were estimated to provide 115% of the estimated metabolizable protein requirements from 28 to 84 d in milk (treatment period). The CLA supplement provided 15 g/d of cis-9,trans-11 and 22g of cis-10,trans-12. Residual effects were evaluated from 85 to 112 d in milk (residual period) when cows were fed an 18% crude protein concentrate without added fat. The CLA treatment increased milk production but reduced milk fat concentration from 2.90 to 2.14% and fat production from 437 to 348 g/d. Milk protein concentration increased by 11.5% (2.79 to 3.11%) and production by 19% (422 to 504 g/d) in the cows fed CLA. The CLA treatment decreased milk energy concentration and increased milk volume, resulting in unchanged energy output. Milk production and protein concentration and production were also greater during the residual period for the CLA-treated cows. The CLA treatment reduced production of fatty acids (FA) of all chain lengths, but the larger effect was on short-chain FA, causing a shift toward a greater content of longer chain FA. The CLA treatment increased total milk CLA content by 30% and content of the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer by 88%. The CLA treatment tended to decrease the number of days open, suggesting a possible effect on reproduction. Under tropical grazing conditions, in a nutritionally challenging environment, CLA-treated cows decreased milk fat content and secreted the same amount of milk energy by increasing milk volume and milk protein production.

Genetic linkage studies implicated deficiency of CD36, a membrane fatty acid (FA) transporter, in the hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In this study we determined whether loss of CD36 function in FA uptake is a primary determinant of the SHR phenotype. In vivo, tissue distribution of iodinated, poorly oxidized beta-methyliodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) was examined 2 h after its intravenous injection. Fatty acid transport was also measured in vitro over 20 to 120 s in isolated adipocytes and cardiomyocytes obtained from SHR and from a congenic line (SHRchr4) that incorporates a piece of chromosome 4 containing wild-type CD36. SHR heart and adipose tissue exhibited defects in FA uptake and in conversion of diglycerides to triglycerides that are similar to those observed in the CD36 null mouse. However, a key difference in SHR tissues is that fatty acid oxidation is much more severely impaired than fatty acid esterification, which may underlie the 4-5-fold accumulation of free BMIPP measured in SHR muscle. Studies with isolated adipocytes and cardiomyocytes directly confirmed both the defect in FA transport and the fact that it is underestimated by BMIPP. Heart, oxidative muscle, and adipose tissue in the SHR exhibited a large increase in glucose uptake measured in vivo using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Supplementation of the diet with short-chain fatty acids, which do not require CD36-facilitated transport, eliminated the increase in glucose uptake, the hyperinsulinemia, and the heart hypertrophy in the SHR. This indicated that lack of metabolic energy consequent to deficient FA uptake is the primary defect responsible for these abnormalities. Hypertension was not alleviated by the supplemented diet suggesting it is unrelated to fuel supply and any contribution of CD36 deficiency to this trait may be more complex to determine. It may be worth exploring whether short-chain FA supplementation can reverse some of the deleterious effects of CD36 deficiency in humans, which may include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that differs from other types of breast cancers in the faster spread and worse outcome. TNBC presented limited treatment options. BET (Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain) proteins are epigenetic readers that control the expression of different oncogenic proteins, and their inhibition (BETi) is considered a promising anti-cancer strategy. Recent evidence demonstrated the involvement of BET proteins in regulation of metabolic processes. METHODS: MDA-MB231 cells treated with JQ1 followed by RNA-sequencing analysis showed altered expression of lipid metabolic genes; among these, we focused on ATGL, a lipase required for efficient mobilization of triglyceride. Different in vitro approaches were performed to validate the RNA-sequencing data (qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry). NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) was used to analyze the lipid reprogramming upon treatment. ATGL expression was determined by immunoblot and qRT-PCR, and the impact of ATGL function or protein knockdown, alone and in combination with BETi, was assessed by analyzing cell proliferation, mitochondrial function, and metabolic activity in TNBC and non-TNBC cells culture models. RESULTS: TNBC cells treated with two BETi markedly increased ATGL expression and lipolytic function and decreased intracellular lipid content in a dose and time-dependent manner. The intracellular composition of fatty acids (FAs) after BETi treatment reflected a significant reduction in neutral lipids. The short-chain FA propionate entered directly into the mitochondria mimicking ATGL activity. ATGL KD (knockdown) modulated the levels of SOD1 and CPT1a decreasing ROS and helped to downregulate the expression of mitochondrial ß-oxidation genes in favor of the upregulation of glycolytic markers. The enhanced glycolysis is reflected by the increased of the mitochondrial activity (MTT assay). Finally, we found that after BETi treatment, the FoxO1 protein is upregulated and binds to the PNPLA2 promoter leading to the induction of ATGL. However, FoxO1 only partially prompted the induction of ATGL expression by BETi. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-

Due to the diversity and limitation of determination methods, published data on the fatty acid (FA) compositions of different milk samples have contributed to inaccurate comparisons. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determinate milk FA, and the proposed method had satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. We also analyzed the FA compositions of 237 milk samples from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, donkeys, and camels. Holstein, Jersey, goat, and buffalo milks contained high content of even-chain saturated FA, whereas goat milk had higher content of medium- and short-chain FA (MSCFA). Yak and camel milk are potential functional foods due to their high levels of odd- and branched-chain FA and low ratios of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Human milk contained lower levels of saturated FA, MSCFA, and conjugated linoleic acid, and higher levels of monounsaturated FA and PUFA. As a special nonruminant milk, donkey milk contained low levels of monounsaturated FA and high levels of PUFA and MSCFA. Based on the FA profiles of 8 types of milk, nonruminant milk was distinct from ruminant milk, whereas camel and yak milk were different from other ruminant milks and considered as potential functional foods for balanced human diet. The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Milk fat adulteration is a common issue in Central Asia. To assess the current situation in the commercial milk market, 17 milk samples were checked for fatty acid (FA) and sterol profiles to detect potential adulteration using multivariate analysis. Analysis of FA and sterols was performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection, respectively. Cluster analysis of FA profiles revealed 3 types of milk samples: (1) samples containing a higher proportion of short-chain FA, (2) samples containing a higher proportion of long-chain FA, and (3) samples with significant amounts of C18 FA. Analysis of sterols showed that samples included (1) milk fat containing 100% cholesterol, sometimes with traces of phytosterols, (2) milk fat with high proportions of β-sitosterol and campesterol, and (3) milk fat containing high proportions of brassicasterol. We found significant relationships between FA profiles and sterol profiles. The profiles were compared with vegetable oil patterns reported in the literature. More than 50% of the samples appeared to be counterfeited. We conclude that identification of adulteration in milk can be based solely on determination of sterol patterns.

It is well established in the literature that feeding free vegetable oils rich in oleic acid results in greater milk fat secretion than does feeding linoleic-rich oils. The objectives of these experiments were to analyze the effects of oleic and linoleic acid when fed in the form of full-fat soybeans and the interaction between soybean particle size and fatty acid (FA) profile. Soybeans were included in diets on an iso-ether extract basis and diets were balanced for crude protein using soybean meal. Experiment 1 used 63 cows (28 primiparous, PP; 35 multiparous, MP) housed in a freestall barn with Insentec roughage intake control gates (Marknesse, the Netherlands). Cows were divided into 4 mixed parity groups within the same pen. Two groups were assigned to each of the 2 diets: whole raw Plenish (WP, high oleic; Dupont-Pioneer, Johnston, IA) soybeans or whole raw conventional (WC, high linoleic) soybeans. The MP cows exhibited significantly increased milk fat yield on the WP diet compared with the WC diet. A significantly greater C18 milk FA yield by the MP cows fed WP was observed compared with those fed WC, but no difference was present in the C16 or short-chain FA yield. No effects were seen in the PP cows. Experiment 2 used 20 cows (10 PP, 10 MP) in 2 balanced 5 × 5 Latin squares within parity. Cows received 5 diets: raw WP and WC diets, raw ground Plenish and conventional soybean diets (GP and GC, respectively), and a low fat control. A significant benefit was found for the GP diet compared with the GC diet for milk fat concentration and yield. In experiment 2, no difference was observed between cows fed the WP compared with the WC diet. In experiment 2, cows consuming the Plenish diets produced less milk than when consuming the conventional soybean diets. The soybean diets resulted in significantly more C18 and less <C18 FA compared with the low fat diet. The GP diet resulted in significantly more C18 FA than the GC diet and the ground soybeans resulted in less C16 FA compared with whole soybeans. In both experiments, cows fed the Plenish diets exhibited decreased trans-10 18:1, a FA often increased during milk fat depression, compared with those fed the co

Yogurt is the most widely consumed fermented milk product worldwide. Studies have mainly used milk and dairy products from cow, which have a lower fat content than those from ewe and a different lipid profile. This study investigated the effect on the lipid profile of control subjects of three different set yogurts: (a) semi-skimmed ewe´s milk yogurt (2.8% milk fat); (b) whole ewe´s milk yogurt (5.8 % milk fat); (c) cow´s milk yogurt (3 % milk fat). A randomized crossover study included 30 healthy adults (16 women) to consume 250 g/yogurt/day during three consecutive 5-weeks periods separated by 4-week washouts. Blood samples were collected at the start and end of each period for the analysis of serum cholesterol (total, HDL-, LDL-) and triglycerides. We found no differences in the serum concentrations of lipid and lipoprotein fractions of the volunteers after the intake of any of the three types of yogurts. When the volunteers were grouped into two risk groups of risk according to their total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, the same differences between the groups in terms of the cholesterol (HDL-, LDL-) and triglyceride responses at baseline and after yogurt intake were found, with no effects due to the different types of yogurts. Moreover, we performed compositional analysis of the yogurts including determination of protein, fat, minerals and fatty acids (FA). Contents in protein, calcium, magnesium, non-protein nitrogen and some FA (mainly short-chain-FA) were higher for ewe's than for cow's milk yogurt. n6-n3 ratio was lower in the ewe's milk yogurt. In conclusion, yogurt intake, from ewe's and cow's milk, at levels of consumption compatible with a varied diet, neither decreases nor increases plasma lipoprotein cholesterol levels in apparently healthy individuals. As ewe's milk yogurt has a high content of macro- and micronutrients, certain target populations could benefit from its consumption.