FOS (Fructooligosaccharides)

Background: Gut health is often disrupted in adults with haematological malignancies (HMs) receiving chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Microbial diversity is reduced, and both infection risk and inflammation increased. The role of dietary fibre in enhancing gut health, immune regulation, reducing complications, and improving clinical outcomes for people with HMs shows promise but the extent of their role remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review evaluated the role of dietary fibre supplementation in adults with HMs undergoing HCT on gut health, immune function, and gastrointestinal health. This included assessment of differences between fibre types. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, independently by two reviewers. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Results: Of the 5023 studies after de-duplication, 63 remained after abstract and title screening, 59 studies were full-text screened, 56 studies were excluded due to language (n = 6), wrong intervention (n = 25), wrong population (n = 4), or reporting on unrelated outcomes (n = 21), and 3 studies met all inclusion criteria. Interventions included fructooligosaccharides (FOS), resistant starch (RS), and a glutamine, fibre, and oligosaccharide (GFO) prebiotic blend. Despite heterogeneity in measured outcomes, positive impacts on gut health, immune function, and gastrointestinal health were shown. Conclusions: Fibre supplementation represents a promising adjunctive strategy to improve clinical outcomes in adults with HMs undergoing HCT, by improving microbial diversity, increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and reducing incidence of acute GVHD. Further research is needed to establish specific recommendations for fibre in the nutritional management of patients with HM.

Prebiotics, particularly non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), are increasingly recognized for their role in modulating immune responses in the gut, lungs, and urinary tract. This review systematically evaluates evidence from human studies on the effects of NDCs and prebiotics on immune markers, infection risk and severity, inflammation, and vaccine responses. Prebiotics such as inulin, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) positively influence gut microbiota by promoting beneficial species like Bifidobacteria. They also enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which interact with immune cells via G-protein-coupled receptors, inducing anti-inflammatory effects. In addition to microbiota-mediated mechanisms, NDCs and prebiotics may directly affect immune and epithelial cells by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enhancing gut barrier function, and modulating immunity. A systematic review of human studies showed that prebiotics, including GOS, FOS, and 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), reduced infections and increased IgA in healthy infants, while yeast β-glucan reduced respiratory infection symptoms in healthy adults. Yeast β-glucan and GOS supplementation resulted in improvements in NK cell activity. Some effects on vaccine efficacy were noted in young adults, but the overall impact of NDCs and prebiotics on vaccination and systemic inflammation was inconsistent. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved and to optimize health applications.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Yacon syrup (Smallanthus sonchifolius) has gained attention due to its high concentration of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and associated health benefits. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of yacon syrup on metabolic parameters and intestinal health in humans over the last decade. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search in databases, including Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, and SciELO, up to October 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on clinical trials examining the impact of yacon syrup on glycemic control, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, appetite regulation, and gut microbiota in healthy, overweight, or obese individuals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 161 participants from diverse populations. RESULTS: Yacon syrup supplementation demonstrated significant reductions in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and LDL cholesterol, alongside improvements in satiety and intestinal transit time. Acute supplementation with yacon syrup had inconsistent results for postprandial glycemia and insulin levels, probably due to prior individual gut microbiota composition. Longer interventions with yacon syrup were associated with enhanced microbiota modulation and appetite regulation, particularly in women. Mild gastrointestinal discomfort was reported, but with the continued use of yacon syrup, the symptoms decreased. Yacon syrup presents promising health benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity, weight management, and gut health. However, further research is needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term safety. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the potential of yacon syrup as a functional supplement for metabolic and gastrointestinal health.

Certain dietary fibers exhibit prebiotic effects on gut microbiota, but their influence on oral health remains unclear. This study conducted a systematic review across four databases to examine the potential effects of dietary fibers on dental caries. Data selection and extraction were conducted independently and in duplicate. From 962 found titles, twenty studies were included, of which 13 were in vitro. The substances identified as prebiotics included fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, pectin, raffinose, polydextrose, sialyllactose, and short-chain fatty acids. Outcomes were assessed at biofilm (n = 14), saliva (n = 5), and tooth (n = 1) levels, with only six studies evaluating pH changes. Fifteen studies (75%) reported potential benefits, primarily attributed to the capacity of prebiotic fibers to limit the growth or adhesion of bacteria. Only two studies (10%) reported an increase in pH. Overall, the quality of the evidence was judged as moderate. In conclusion, certain dietary fibers may help limit caries development by modulating biofilm and pH levels. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm the protective role of dietary fibers in dental caries. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Diet affects the intestinal microbiota. Increasingly, research is linking the intestinal microbiota to various human health outcomes. Consumption of traditional prebiotics (inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides) confers health benefits through substrate utilization by select intestinal microorganisms, namely Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli spp. A similar but distinct concept focused on microorganisms to support human health is through direct consumption of certain live microorganisms recognized as probiotics, which classically include Lactobacilli or Bifidobacterium strains. With advances in sequencing technologies and culturing techniques, other novel functional intestinal microorganisms are being increasingly identified and studied to determine how they may underpin human health benefits. These novel microorganisms are targeted for enrichment within the autochthonous intestinal microbiota through dietary approaches and are also gaining interest as next-generation probiotics because of their purported beneficial properties. Thus, characterizing dietary approaches that nourish select microorganisms in situ is necessary to propel biotic-focused research forward. As such, we reviewed the literature to summarize findings on dietary approaches that nourish the human intestinal microbiota and benefit health to help fill the gap in knowledge on the connections between certain microorganisms, the metabolome, and host physiology. The overall objective of this systematic review was to summarize the impact of dietary interventions with the propensity to nourish certain intestinal bacteria, affect microbial metabolite concentrations, and support gastrointestinal, metabolic, and cognitive health in healthy adults. Findings from the 17 randomized controlled studies identified in this systematic review indicated that dietary interventions providing dietary fibers, phytonutrients, or unsaturated fatty acids differentially enriched Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus species, with variable effects on microbial metabolites and subsequent associations with physiologic markers of gastrointestina

AIMS: Emerging evidence highlights the role of COVID-19 in instigating gut dysbiosis, with repercussions on disease severity and bidirectional gut-organ communication involving the lung, heart, brain, and liver. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in addressing gut dysbiosis associated with COVID-19, as well as their impact on related disease severity and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically review 27 studies exploring the efficacy of different microbiome-modulating therapies: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as potential interventions for COVID-19. KEY FINDINGS: The probiotics and synbiotics investigated encompassed a spectrum of eight bacterial and fungal genera, namely Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Kluyveromyces. Noteworthy prebiotics employed in these studies included chestnut tannin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, and resistant dextrin. The majority of the investigated biotics exhibited positive effects on COVID-19 patients, manifesting in symptom alleviation, inflammation reduction, and notable decreases in mortality rates. Five studies reported death rates, showing an average mortality ranging from 0 % to 11 % in the intervention groups, as compared to 3 % to 30 % in the control groups. Specifically, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics demonstrated efficacy in diminishing the duration and severity of symptoms while significantly accelerating viral and symptomatic remission. FMT emerged as a particularly effective strategy, successfully restoring gut microbiota and ameliorating gastrointestinal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: The insights gleaned from this review significantly contribute to our broader comprehension of the therapeutic potential of biotics in addressing COVID-19-related gut dysbiosis and mitigating secondary multi-organ complications.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease; the importance of growth and nutritional status is well established given their implications for lung function and overall survivability. Furthermore, it has been established that intestinal microbial imbalance and inflammation are present in people with CF. Oral prebiotics are commercially available substrates that are selectively utilised by host intestinal micro-organisms and may improve both intestinal and overall health. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of prebiotics for improving health outcomes in children and adults with CF. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. Date of last search: 19 October 2022. We also searched PubMed and online trials registries. Date of last search: 13 January 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs assessing the efficacy of prebiotics in children and adults with CF. We planned to only include the first treatment period from cross-over RCTs, regardless of washout period. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We did not identify any relevant trials. MAIN RESULTS: We did not identify any relevant trials for inclusion in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review did not find any evidence for the use of prebiotics in people with CF. Until such evidence is available, it is reasonable for clinicians to follow any local guidelines and to discuss the use of dietary prebiotics with their patients. Large and robust RCTs assessing the dietary prebiotics of inulin or galacto-oligosaccharides or fructo-oligosaccharides, or any combination of these, are needed. Such studies should be of at least 12 months in duration and assess outcomes such as growth and nutrition, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary exacerbations, lung function, inflammatory biomarkers, hospitalisations, intestinal microbial profiling, and faecal short-chain fatty acids. Trials should include both children and adults and aim to be adequately powered to allow for s

Levan is a homopolysaccharide of fructose that has both scientific and industrial importance, with various applications in health, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Despite its broad spectrum of uses, there are only a limited number of commercial levan sources due to the high costs related to its production. To make production economically viable, efforts have been concentrated on the selection of levan-producing microorganisms, the genetic manipulation of new strains, and the use of inexpensive agro-industrial byproducts as substrates. Another efficient strategy involves the concomitant synthesis of other products with high market value and as such, the successful co-production of levan was demonstrated with fructooligosaccharides, ethanol, sorbitol, poly-ε-lysine, poly-γ-glutamic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates. This paper offers a systematic review of important aspects regarding recent strategies involving the simultaneous synthesis of levan and other bioproducts of aggregate value reported to date and discusses the challenges and opportunities for its large-scale production and applications.

Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation and yogurt consumption (a probiotic food) alter gut microbial diversity, which may influence colorectal carcinogenesis. This systematic review evaluates the existing literature on the effect of these nutritional supplements and yogurt consumption on colorectal neoplasia incidence among adults. We systematically identified ten randomized controlled trials and observational studies in adults age ≥ 18 without baseline gastrointestinal disease. Prebiotics included inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Probiotics included bacterial strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Escherichia coli. Synbiotic supplements, a mixture of both prebiotic and probiotic supplements, and yogurt, a commonly consumed dietary source of live microbes, were also included. We defined colorectal neoplasia as colorectal adenomas, sessile serrated polyps, and colorectal cancer (CRC). Overall, findings suggest a moderate decrease in risk of adenoma and CRC for high levels of yogurt consumption compared to low or no consumption. Prebiotic supplementation was not associated with colorectal neoplasia risk. There was some evidence that probiotic supplementation may be associated with lower risk of adenomas but not with CRC incidence. Higher yogurt consumption may be associated with lower incidence of colorectal neoplasia. We found little evidence to suggest that prebiotic or probiotic supplements are associated with significant decreases in CRC occurrence.

Background: Numerous studies have investigated the effects of the supplementation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the number of bacteria in the gut that are good for health, but the results have been inconsistent. Additionally, due to its high fermentability, supplementation of FOS may be associated with adverse gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and flatulence. Therefore, we assessed the effects of FOS interventions on the composition of gut microbiota and gastrointestinal symptoms in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: All randomized controlled trials published before 10 July 2022 that investigated the effects of FOS supplementation on the human gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal symptoms and met the selection criteria were included in this study. Using fixed or random-effects models, the means and standard deviations of the differences between the two groups before and after the intervention were combined into weighted mean differences using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Eight studies containing 213 FOS supplements and 175 controls remained in this meta-analysis. Bifidobacterium spp. counts significantly increased during FOS ingestion (0.579, 95% CI: 0.444−0.714) in comparison with that of the control group. Subgroup analysis showed greater variation in Bifidobacterium spp. in adults (0.861, 95% CI: 0.614−1.108) than in infants (0.458, 95% CI: 0.297−0.619). The increase in Bifidobacterium spp. counts were greater in the group with an intervention duration greater than 4 weeks (0.841, 95% CI: 0.436−1.247) than an intervention time less than or equal to four weeks (0.532, 95% CI: 0.370−0.694), and in the group with intervention doses > 5 g (1.116, 95% CI: 0.685−1.546) the counts were higher than those with doses ≤ 5 g (0.521, 95% CI: 0.379−0.663). No differences in effect were found between FOS intervention and comparators in regard to the abundance of other prespecified bacteria or adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first meta-analysis to explore the effect of FOS on gut microbiota and to evaluate the adverse effects of FOS intake on the gastrointestinal tract. FOS supplementation could inc

BACKGROUND: Management of sarcopenia by nutritional and lifestyle interventions is a challenge. The aim is to assess the effectiveness of a phenolic-rich extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), alone or combined with a prebiotic (PREB) (fructooligosaccharides and inulin), to improve skeletal muscle mass and function in home-dwelling older adults (60-80 years) with at least one sarcopenia parameter altered. METHODS: A 12-week randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, three-arm clinical trial was conducted. Intervention groups were as follows: (1) refined olive oil (ROO; 30 mL/day; 90-mg caffeic acid) + maltodextrin placebo (7.5 g/day); (2) EVOO (30 mL/day; 296-300-mg caffeic acid) + maltodextrin placebo (7.5 g/day); or (3) EVOO + prebiotic (EVOO + PREB; 30 mL/day + 7.5 g/day). Everyone followed co-created dietary and physical activity recommendations. A 12-week follow-up after intervention cessation was assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight participants (69.6 ± 4.1 years; 31 women) with probable sarcopenia were assigned to ROO (n = 13), EVOO (n = 14) or EVOO + PREB (n = 11) intervention groups. At the end-of-intervention, assessed by ultrasound, EVOO + PREB compared to EVOO significantly increased muscle thickness of the quadriceps in females, mean (95% CI) (0.230 cm [0.008; 0.45], p = 0.044), cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris in all populations (0.827 cm2 [0.16; 1.5], p = 0.017) and females (0.569 cm2 [-1.0; -0.08], p = 0.024), and rectus femoris muscle thickness in all population (0.195 cm [0.04; 0.35] p = 0.015) and females (0.179 cm [0.05; 0.31] p = 0.009). Also, EVOO + PREB compared to ROO increased the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris (0.579 cm2 [0.07; 1.1], p = 0.026) and rectus femoris muscle thickness (0.133 cm [0.00; 0.27], p = 0.050) in females. At 12-week follow-up, EVOO and EVOO + PREB, compared to ROO, significantly increased skeletal muscle mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in all populations assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Also, EVOO, compared to ROO, significantly increased skeletal muscle mass index and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. In addition, at 12-week follow-up, EVOO, compared to ROO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of prebiotics combined with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle function, intestinal barrier integrity, and inflammation in elderly patients with sarcopenia. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 78 elderly sarcopenic patients recruited from Tongji University Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital and Baoshan District Geriatric Care Hospital (Jan 2023 - Jan 2025). Participants were randomly assigned Group A (n = 32, standard diet + HMB-supplement), Group B (n = 31, standard diet + HMB + fructooligosaccharides), or Group C (n = 15, standard diet alone) for 30 days. Outcomes included muscle function (skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, calf circumference), intestinal barrier markers (serum diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid, endotoxin), and inflammatory and nutritional markers (CRP, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune inflammation index, albumin, prealbumin). RESULTS: Baseline indicators did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, skeletal muscle mass index and grip strength improved significantly in Groups A and B (P < 0.05), with higher grip strengths to Group B than C (adj. P = 0.017). Calf circumference decreased in all groups (P < 0.05), most in Group C (t = 4.461, P = 0.001). Group B exhibited lower diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin levels than Groups A and C (P < 0.05) and the greatest reductions in CRP, NLR, and SII (P < 0.001). Albumin or prealbumin showed no significant changes (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: HMB improves muscle function in sarcopenic elderly, prebiotics combined with HMB further enhance intestinal barrier repair and reduce inflammation, offering a promising gut-muscle-targeted nutritional strategy. © 2026. The Author(s).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Emerging evidence highlight the gut microbiome as an important regulator of metabolic health, with probiotics and prebiotics demonstrating exciting potential for their role in health promotion. This study aims to investigate a novel synbiotic formulation comprising four probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145, and three Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strains), prebiotics (inulin, fructooligosaccharides), and Chrysanthemum morifolium extract. We hypothesized that this intervention would improve metabolic health parameters, particularly visceral adiposity. METHODS: In a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial with a 6-week post-intervention follow-up, 112 participants (BMI: 24.0-34.9 kg/m2) received daily synbiotic or a matched placebo. Changes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area, serving as the primary endpoint, were quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Secondary outcomes included analysis of blood biochemical parameters, body composition, and fecal microbiota characterization. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, synbiotic supplementation significantly reduced VAT area from baseline to week 12 (p = 0.048). In subgroup analyses by gender and BMI, the effect was more pronounced in men than in women (p = 0.051) and was highly significant in individuals with 24 ≤ BMI <28 (p = 0.003). However, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) increased in the 24 ≤ BMI <28 subgroup (p = 0.027). Although no significant changes occurred in blood biochemistry, BMI, or waist circumference, the synbiotic group showed a trend toward greater total body fat reduction between weeks 12-18 (p = 0.077). Microbiota analysis revealed transient enrichment of B. animalis subsp. lactis (ASV110) and L. rhamnosus (ASV473), which dissipated by week 18. CONCLUSIONS: This synbiotic formulation reduced visceral fat, a key driver of metabolic dysfunction, and modulated adipose distribution, particularly in men and overweight (24 ≤ BMI <28) individuals. These results support its use as a functional food for visceral adiposity management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on the website of www.chictr.o

BACKGROUND: Gut microbial dysbiosis is common in the intensive care unit and certain derangements, like expansion of Enterobacteriaceae and other potential pathogens (pathobionts), are associated with increased morbidity. In other populations, dysbiosis is improved by enteral nutrition supplemented with prebiotic short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS-EN). The impact of scFOS-EN on the microbiota in critical illness is unknown and difficult to predict in a dysbiotic environment. Thus, we conducted a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) in critically ill trauma patients to evaluate the effects of scFOS-EN versus a fiber-free enteral formula (NF-EN) on gut microbial dynamics. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective, double-blind RCT, mechanically ventilated trauma ICU patients received scFOS-EN or a similar fiber-free formula (NF-EN). Microbial communities in longitudinally collected stool samples were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess microbial dynamics in the 10-day study period after scFOS-EN or NF-EN initiation, as well as a time-informed dimensionality reduction method to identify patient-specific temporal responses and clinical correlates and network approaches for microbe:microbe interactions. RESULTS: A total of 57 stool samples were analyzed from 17 patients (7 NF-EN, 10 scFOS-EN). All participants had profound baseline dysbiosis and received broad-spectrum antibiotics. Compared to NF-EN, scFOS-EN was associated with an accelerated loss of Bifidobacterium (- 0.6%/day p = .026) and Firmicutes (3.5%/day, p < .001) and greater increases in several Bacteroidaceae members, with expansion of pathobiont Enterobacteriaceae (0.3%/day, p = .003) unique to scFOS-EN participants. Detrimental microbial responses to scFOS-EN, including high Enterobacteriaceae burden, were dictated by pre-existing and ongoing antibiotic exposure and associated with enhanced microbial competition. CONCLUSIONS: In the dysbiotic gut of critically ill trauma patients, the effect of scFOS-EN is context-dependent. Prior exposure to anaerobic antibiotics appears to modify the microbial response from beneficial to detrimental. The

BACKGROUND: Sensitive skin requires targeted care to improve barrier function, reduce inflammation, and manage neurovascular reactivity. OBJECTIVE: Encorelane, a novel ingredient blend of saccharide isomerate, ribose, and fructooligosaccharides, was evaluated for its efficacy in addressing sensitive skin and visible aging signs. METHODS: In vitro: A 3D epidermal model (EpiKutis) with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) induction was used to assess cytokines (interleukin 1α [IL-1α], interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 8 [IL-8], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], prostaglandin E2 [PGE2]) and barrier markers (filaggrin [FLG], loricrin [LOR], transglutaminase 1 [TGM1]). Hydration was examined via aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression levels. Anti-wrinkle efficacy was tested against UVA/UVB exposure, evaluating collagen synthesis and skin matrix components (Collagen types I, III, IV, VII, XVII, Laminin 5, hyaluronic acid [HA], Chondroitin sulfate [CS]). In vivo: A 6-week double-blind, half-face study in 23 sensitive-skin subjects evaluated the clinical effects of Encorelane versus placebo on repair, redness, firmness, and wrinkles. RESULTS: In vitro: Compared to the control group, Encorelane significantly reduced the levels of IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2 (p < 0.05), and significantly increased the levels of AQP3, FLG, LOR, TGM1, collagen types I, III, IV, VII, XVII, and laminin 5 (p < 0.05). In vivo: Compared to the placebo, Encorelane significantly improved TEWL, R2, F4, and crow's feet wrinkles (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Encorelane effectively targets both inflammation and aging signs, supporting its use as a dermocosmetic solution for sensitive, aging-prone skin. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

BACKGROUND: Modulating the gut microbiota with prebiotics is a promising strategy for managing metabolic diseases. However, the clinical effects on glycemic metabolism across different populations remain uncertain. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind investigation to examine the impact of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on glycemic metabolism in overweight/obese and healthy adults. METHODS: A total of 131 adults were included, with 44 receiving inulin, 43 receiving FOS, and 44 receiving placebo over a period of 4 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention, and various metabolic parameters, gut microbiota composition, and metabolites were analyzed. RESULTS: Placebo had no effect on glycemic metabolism or gut microbiota. Inulin significantly reduced glucose levels at 1 h (Cohen's d = 0.71, p = 0.041) and 2 h (Cohen's d = 0.73, p = 0.028) during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), increased fasting insulin (Cohen's d = 0.70, p = 0.008), and lowered homocysteine (HCY) levels (Cohen's d = 0.76, p = 0.014) in overweight/obese individuals. These effects were not observed in healthy individuals. In contrast, although FOS significantly decreased HCY (Cohen's d = 0.72, p = 0.023), it did not improve glycemic metrics in either group. Inulin also reduced the abundance of Ruminococcus by 72.0% (from 1.661% ± 1.501% to 0.465% ± 0.594%), positively correlating with improved glycemic outcomes. Propionate levels decreased significantly in both overweight/obese (Cohen's d = 0.89, p = 0.014) and healthy participants (Cohen's d = 1.19, p = 0.020) following inulin. Functional prediction of gut microbiota revealed upregulation of microbial folate and glutathione metabolism with inulin, and purine metabolism with FOS. CONCLUSIONS: Practically, inulin may be more suitable for managing glycemic dysregulation in overweight or obese individuals, while FOS may be considered for HCY reduction in individuals with normal glycemic status. Such targeted use of prebiotics could complement existing dietary and pharmacologic strategies in personalized metabolic care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR-IOR-17010574. © 2025. The Author(

Research on effects of synbiotics in older adults with functional constipation (FC) is limited. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated a 4-week synbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL-99 and fructooligosaccharides [FOS]) intervention in 67 participants ≥60 years old meeting Rome IV FC criteria. Compared to placebo, the synbiotic group showed significant improvements in weekly spontaneous bowel movements (Least squares mean ± standard error: 4.94 ± 0.25 vs. 3.00 ± 0.26, P < 0.001) and whole gut transit time (37.13 ± 3.78 vs. 50.64 ± 4.22 h, P = 0.019), with benefits sustained 2 weeks post-intervention. It also reduced time per toilet attempt and alleviated rectal discomfort symptoms more effectively than placebo. Fecal microbiome analysis revealed increased abundance of beneficial Bifidobacterium species, correlating with symptom improvement (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that BL-99/FOS supplementation ameliorates FC symptoms in older adults, with effects sustained post-discontinuation, potentially mediated through gut microbiota modulation. Further mechanistic investigation is warranted.

Breast milk is rich in bioactive components, especially human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are crucial for establishing gut microbiota. The 2'-FL (2-Fucosyllactose), one of the most abundant oligosaccharides in breast milk, functions as a selective prebiotic. Objective: To examine the effect of adding 2'-FL (2-Fucosyllactose) to an infant formula containing prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) on the gut microbiome of healthy formula-fed infants. Methods: This study enrolled infants from three groups: an HMO experimental group (n = 29), a GOS/FOS control group (n = 30), and an exclusively breastfed (breast milk [BM]) reference group (n = 28). Fecal samples from the three groups in the first and fourth months of life were analyzed. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, richness indices (Chao1, Shannon), UniFrac distances, and the Adonis tests were used to perform statistical analyses on the relative abundance of phyla and genera, as well as the alpha and beta-diversity of the gut microbiota. Results: After intervention, Actinobacteriota emerged as the predominant phylum in both the HMO (60.4%) and BM (46.6%) groups. Bifidobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella were identified as the two most abundant bacterial genera in both groups. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the HMO formula-fed group after intervention was similar to that in the BM group (p > 0.05). Infants in the HMO and GOS/FOS groups showed higher relative abundance of [Ruminococcus]_gnavus_group bacteria compared to those in the BM group. Groups fed with infant formula demonstrated higher alpha-diversity of gut microbiota compared to breastfed infants (p < 0.05), at the time of admission as well as after the intervention. Beta-diversity was significantly different among the three groups, according to type of feeding. Infants fed a 2'-FL-supplemented infant formula exhibited growth comparable to that of breastfed infants throughout the intervention period, demonstrating that the formula was both safe and well tolerated.

BACKGROUND: Birth by cesarean section (C-section) is associated with a delayed colonization of bifidobacteria and Bacteroidota species with potential negative health consequences. Previously, an infant formula with a synbiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS [9:1]) and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V was found to restore the timely colonization of bifidobacteria in C-section born infants. In this study, we investigated the effect of this synbiotic mixture on gut microbiota development in C-section and vaginally-born infants participating in a growth equivalence trial (NCT03520764). METHODS: Healthy, fully formula-fed Chinese infants were randomized to receive a partially hydrolyzed whey-based protein formula with the synbiotic mixture (n = 112), or an intact protein formula with scGOS/lcFOS (prebiotic, n = 112). Breastfed infants served as reference group (n = 60). Gut microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stools collected at baseline, 17 weeks (end of intervention) and 12 months of age was complemented with analysis of stool pH, short-chain fatty acids, lactic acids, and secretory IgA concentrations. RESULTS: Both the prebiotic and the synbiotic formula supported a dominant and diverse infant-type bifidobacterial community, but with increased abundance of Bifidobacterium breve in the synbiotic group. In C-section born infants (54.8% of randomized) the synbiotic but not the prebiotic, enhanced the bifidobacterial species diversity and showed restoration of Parabacteroides at 17 weeks, and Bacteroides spp. at 12 months closer to that of the vaginally-born infants. CONCLUSION: The synbiotic was confirmed to support the restoration of important gut colonizers in infants born by C-section with effects observed even beyond the intervention period. © 2025. The Author(s).

SCOPE: Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent food allergies in early childhood, often treated via elimination diets including standard amino acid-based formula or amino acid-based formula supplemented with synbiotics (AAF or AAF-S). This work aimed to assess the effect of cow's milk (CM) tolerance acquisition and synbiotic (inulin, oligofructose, Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V) supplementation on the fecal metabolome in infants with IgE-mediated CMA. METHODS AND RESULTS: The CMA-allergic infants received AAF or AAF-S for a year during which fecal samples were collected. The samples were subjected to metabolomics analyses covering gut microbial metabolites including SCFAs, tryptophan metabolites, and bile acids (BAs). Longitudinal data analysis suggested amino acids, BAs, and branched SCFAs alterations in infants who outgrew CMA during the intervention. Synbiotic supplementation significantly modified the fecal metabolome after 6 months of intervention, including altered purine, BA, and unsaturated fatty acid levels, and increased metabolites of infant-type Bifidobacterium species: indolelactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. CONCLUSION: This study offers no clear conclusion on the impact of CM-tolerance acquisition on the fecal metabolome. However, our results show that 6 months of synbiotic supplementation successfully altered fecal metabolome and suggest induced bifidobacteria activity, which subsequently declined after 12 months of intervention. © 2024 The Author(s). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.

The intestinal epithelial barrier regulates paracellular transport, and its dysfunction is associated with inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Among dietary fibers, inulin has attracted considerable attention due to its beneficial effects on intestinal health. Inulin's actions have been attributed to protecting the structure and function of gut barrier components against inflammatory-associated damage. This review integrates preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the impact of inulin on intestinal permeability. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models shows that inulin regulates the expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs), Paneth cell proliferation, and antimicrobial peptides, and modulates inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, inulin prebiotic activity, via microbiota, stimulates the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as butyrate that reinforces the barrier function. Understanding these pathways highlights the therapeutic potential of inulin as a nutritional strategy for treating barrier dysfunction. Clinical studies in obesity, metabolic disorders and inflammatory intestinal disease have associated inulin supplementation with improvements in biomarkers of intestinal permeability. Future studies are needed to test inulin's safety in order to prevent potential risks and hazards.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) inulin on anxiety symptoms in college students. Forty million adults in the United States suffer from anxiety. Previous studies have viewed gut microbiota and its potential link to anxiety in both humans and mice. However, no previous studies focused on the effect of FOS inulin on college students. Fourteen subjects received 4.9 g per day of FOS inulin as the treatment (TX) or no supplement as the control (CON) for 28 days. Both the TX and CON groups were given the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) on days 1 and 28. Both groups were also given a 3-day food log at the beginning of the experiment and otherwise maintained their regular diet. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in median GAD-7 scores in both groups (P = .017, r = .637 and P = .042, r = .587 for the TX and CON groups, respectively). However, when comparing the GAD-7 scores between groups, no statistically significant results were found. FOS inulin supplementation did not alleviate anxiety symptoms in college students participating in this study.

This study aimed to increase the resistant starch (RS) content of cassava starch via heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and evaluate its prebiotic potential in chicken feed. The HMT involved autoclaving cassava starch at 20% moisture content and 121°C for 1 h (HMT-20), which yielded a high RS content (20.7%) in the cooked starch. In vitro fermentation with Limosilactobacillus reuteri TBRC291 demonstrated the promising prebiotic potential of cooked HMT-20, comparable to that of commercial fructo-oligosaccharides, as indicated by enhanced bacterial growth, reduced pH, and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. A 1% concentration of cooked HMT-20 was identified as optimal for prebiotic use. In the in vivo assessment, chickens were given feed supplemented with 1% cooked HMT-20 (HMT-Feed), displaying no adverse effects on growth performance over 35 days and significantly reducing relative abdominal fat and heart weight while increasing breast weight. Meat from the HMT-Feed group also exhibited increased yellowness and reduced cooking loss. Histological analysis revealed an improved intestinal morphology, including a greater villus height, reduced crypt depth, and higher villus-to-crypt ratio. Additionally, the HMT-Feed group exhibited a lower cecal pH and higher SCFA levels (notably butyric acid). Deep gut microbiota profiling revealed enriched levels of lactic acid- and butyrate-producing bacteria, indicating improved gut health. The HMT-modified product demonstrates potential applicability as a value-added and sustainable feed additive in the poultry industry. © 2026 The Authors.

Environmental toxicants including heavy metals (lead, cadmium) and phthalate plasticizers (DEHP, DBP, DINP) are ubiquitous contaminants that enter the human body through multiple pathways, accumulate in tissues, and induce multi-organ toxicity. While chelation therapy for heavy-metal poisoning carries significant adverse effects, effective clinical management for phthalate exposure remains limited beyond exposure reduction. We therefore developed a composite probiotic formulation containing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1019, L. plantarum CCFM259, Limosilactobacillus reuteri CCFM8631, and Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM1258 (ratio 1:1:0.8:1.2), supplemented with inulin, raffinose, and fructo-oligosaccharides as prebiotics, to evaluate its protective efficacy against heavy-metal and phthalate toxicity. In Pb/Cd exposure models, probiotic treatment enhanced fecal metal elimination from week 2 onward, reduced tissue burdens in liver, kidney, and bone, and partially restored Ca/Fe/Zn/Mn homeostasis. Simultaneously, the intervention counteracted ALAD inhibition and dyslipidemia associated with lead exposure, elevated hepatic and renal SOD, GSH, and GPx levels while reducing MDA, and ameliorated histopathological damage in liver and kidney tissues. In DEHP/DBP/DINP exposure models, the probiotic treatment enhanced fecal and urinary excretion of parent compounds and metabolites (e.g., MEHP, MBP), diminished hepatic, renal, and testicular accumulation, and normalized ALT/AST/ALP levels and blood lipid profiles. The intervention also reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), restored endocrine parameters along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (testosterone, FSH, LH), and markedly alleviated hepatic ballooning/vacuolation and seminiferous tubule disorganization. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed increased α-diversity and β-diversity shifts toward control conditions, with enrichment of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia and suppression of Escherichia-Shigella and Turicibacter. The composite probiotic provided comprehensive protection through multiple coordinated mechanisms-promoting toxicant excretion, limiting tissue accumulation, corre

INTRODUCTION: A balanced microbiome is crucial for local and systemic immune regulation. Dietary fibers can support the intestinal microbiome, protecting the host from allergic diseases, including asthma. The effects of fibers depend on their type, dose, and disease context. Here, we investigated the preventative effects of four doses of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in a murine model for house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma. METHODS: BALB/c mice received a diet containing 1%, 2.5%, 5%, or 10% FOS (w/w) both prior to and during sensitization and challenges with HDM. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung tissue, serum, and cecum content were collected at the endpoint. Fecal microbiome composition was analyzed, and levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured in cecum content, serum, and lung samples. RESULTS: HDM-allergic mice showed eosinophilic airway inflammation and increased pulmonary type 2 inflammation, while cecal SCFA levels were lower compared to sham mice. Serum acetate concentrations showed a similar decline (p = 0.092). The 10% FOS diet did not prevent allergic sensitization or eosinophilic airway inflammation; however, it significantly reduced the proportions of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and the Th2/Th1 ratio in the lungs, decreased concentrations of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL22) and interleukin (IL-13) in the BALF, and inhibited IL-13 production upon ex vivo HDM restimulation of lung cells. The 2.5% and 5% FOS diets also decreased Th2 cell frequency in the lungs. High doses of FOS increased the abundance of fecal Prevotellaceae, while reducing fecal Oscillospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae. These microbial shifts were correlated with protective effects against type 2 inflammation. In HDM-allergic mice, fecal Prevotellaceae abundance correlated positively with serum acetate concentrations, which were correlated with type protective effects. In allergic mice, the 2.5% and 5% FOS doses were associated with increased abundance of fecal Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidaceae, respectively, along with elevated cecal SCFA concentrations. In addition, the 5% FOS dose increased the relative abundance of fecal Lachnospiraceae, which corr

This study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on protein digestion in a simulated gastrointestinal environment of young children. The results indicated that low and medium concentrations of FOS (0.18 and 0.45 g/100 mL) did not significantly alter protein digestion or conformational dissociation. Conversely, GOS at medium and high concentrations (0.90 g/100 mL) delayed proteolysis, which may be attributed to its lower purity and syrup form. Digestion products of oligosaccharide-protein blends promoted the growth of four probiotic strains while inhibiting Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the addition of 0.45 g/100 mL FOS or 0.18 g/100 mL GOS enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the digestion products compared to the control group. Overall, 0.45 g/100 mL FOS was optimal among the formulations considered, significantly increasing peptide abundance after 180 min of intestinal digestion, showing 81.44 ± 6.81% transmembrane translocation of digestion products, and positively affecting in vivo digestive enzyme activity.

EFSA and FAO outlined guidelines to address data and methodological gaps in assessing the impact of food compounds on gut microbiota (GM) and human health, emphasizing the need for in vitro GM models and standardized biomarkers to integrate GM data into food safety risk assessments. Food texturizers are widespread in processed foods enhancing texture and stability, yet their effects on GM remain unclear. This study investigates three additives: a chitosan from seafood waste (CHIW), a chitosan standard (CHIC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), using fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) as a prebiotic control. A standardized in vitro gastrointestinal model simulating digestion and colonic fermentation, combined with qPCR and GC-MS, assessed their influence on microbial composition and metabolic output, under the hypothesis that distinct carbohydrate polymers differently affect GM. CHIC and CHIW, derived from crustacean waste, promoted beneficial bacteria (Clostridium group IV, Bifidobacteriaceae) and boosted SCFAs production, including butyrate and propionate, with CHIW showing stronger prebiotic effects. HPMC was associated with reduced abundance of Lactobacillaceae and harmful metabolites. These findings support our hypothesis, demonstrate the responsiveness of in vitro GM models to dietary polymers, and reinforce the potential of GM-based screening in food safety assessment, suggesting native chitosan as a promising alternative to synthetic additives.

Early weaning is a critical stage in pig production, associated with intestinal and immunological stress that negatively impacts gut health and functionality. Given the global restrictions on antibiotic use, natural alternatives have gained increasing attention. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides, essential oils and sodium humate on intestinal health in weaned piglets. Four dietary treatments were applied for 15 days to weaned piglets: a basal diet (control); short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOSs group); essential oils of L. origanoides and E. caryophyllata with sodium humate (EOs-SH group); and a combination of scFOSs and EO of Lippia origanoides (scFOSs-EOLo group). Plasma cortisol and citrulline concentrations, gastrointestinal pH, intestinal histomorphology, intestinal disaccharidase activity, lymphocyte infiltration, goblet cells quantification, mucus bacterial adherence, volatile fatty acids, and microbiota composition were analyzed. No significant differences in cortisol concentrations were found among treatments (p = 0.514). EOs-SH group showed significantly higher citrulline levels (p < 0.01), indicating enhanced enterocyte function. The activity of lactase in the proximal jejunum (p = 0.03) and maltase in the duodenum (p = 0.045) increased in scFOSs and EOs-SH groups, suggesting improved digestive capacity. Mucus bacterial adherence was also greater in EOs-SH group (p = 0.039), reflecting enhanced mucosal protective quality. Gastrointestinal pH values were within physiological ranges for the age and intestinal segment evaluated. ScFOSs-EOLo showed a higher gastric pH than the control (p = 0.033), while no differences among treatments were observed in the remaining gastrointestinal regions (p > 0.05). No treatment effect was observed for villus height or villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, with shallower ileal crypts in EOs-SH and ScFOSs-EOLo groups (p = 0.003), indicating improved mucosal integrity. The lowest intraepithelial lymphocyte counts in the ileum were observed in scFOSs and EOs-SH groups (p = 0.033). Short-chain fatty acid concentrations did not differ statistically among treatments (p

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Enterococcus hirae F42 for fermented milk production, particularly when combined with oligosaccharide supplementation (chitooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides) at different concentrations, and to compare its effects with those of 2 control groups, Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 10% (vol/vol). Fermented milk samples were assessed for their physicochemical, microbiological, functional, sensory, and metabolic properties during fermentation and storage for 21 d. Results showed that milk fermented with E. hirae F42 exhibited a more stable pH value, higher total titratable acidity, greater viable cell counts, and a significant reduction in residual sugars, indicating efficient fermentation performance. Additionally, E. hirae F42 fermented milk demonstrated enhanced structural integrity with higher viscosity, reduced syneresis, and increased protein concentration. Antioxidant activity, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reached a maximum of 104.15% ± 3.62% during fermentation and remained at 66.14% ± 2.37% after 21 d of storage. Sensory analysis confirmed that E. hirae F42 fermented milk received superior scores for color, taste, texture, acidity, sweetness, and overall acceptability. Furthermore, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS analysis identified 277 volatile compounds, with 60 and 68 significant differentially expressed volatiles in comparison to L. reuteri and L. bulgaricus, respectively. Metabolic profiling using untargeted metabolomics identified 1,853 metabolites. Among these, 73 compounds were significantly altered in E. hirae F42 compared with L. reuteri, and 50 were significantly altered in E. hirae F42 compared with L. bulgaricus. These findings suggested that E. hirae F42, when used with specific oligosaccharides, enhanced both the sensory and functional qualities of fermented milk and represented a promising candidate for developing next-generation probiotic dairy products. © 2026, The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®.

Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are plant-based prebiotics widely utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. As a major sugar-producing region, Guangxi holds significant potential for enzymatic production of FOS from sucrose. This study engineered a mutant enzyme, 142P-242K, to address the low catalytic activity characteristic of wild-type enzymes. The mutation upregulated the FOS conversion efficiency from 29 to 52%, respectively. Optimal enzymatic activity was observed at 45 °C, pH 6.0, and in the presence of 1 mM Na+. Mechanistic investigations revealed that modifications to the catalytic domain pocket and shifts in substrate affinity were the primary factors driving enhanced FOS production. The accumulation of 1-Kestose (GF2) was attributed to the enhanced flexibility of the 142P-242K loop, which facilitates substrate access to the active site. However, the synthesis of nystose (GF3) from GF2 is hindered by the hydrophobic nature of the active site and strong hydrogen bonds binding GF2. Comparing the enzyme's ability to produce FOS using sugarcane juice, sugarcane molasses, and adsorption-heating sugarcane molasses, it was determined that heat-adsorbed molasses yielded the highest FOS concentration (30.77%). This study offers a practical and cost-effective strategy for enzyme modification and efficient valorization of molasses.