Silicon (Silica)

INTRODUCTION: The onset of sarcoidosis is likely the result of a complex genetic-environment-immunological interaction. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify occupational toxic particles associated with an increased risk of developing pulmonary sarcoidosis. METHODS: Publications in English, published from January 2000 to January 2025, were searched in PubMed, Scopus and JSTOR. The risk of bias was assessed for all included studies. Sensitivity analyses stratified by study quality were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the findings and potential bias. To assess publication bias, a funnel plot was used when more than six studies were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Five categories of toxic particles were identified to be associated with increased risk of the onset of sarcoidosis: chemicals, inorganic dusts, metals, mixed dusts and fumes and organic dusts. The quantitative analysis includes data from 13 studies. The results suggested that occupational silica, pesticides, mould/mildew and World Trade Center ((WTC) dust exposures were associated with increased odds of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the association for WTC dust and mould, whereas the risk associated with silica appeared attenuated in high-quality studies. However, gold exposure was identified as a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with occupational silica, pesticides, WTC dust and mould. Future research should prioritise gene-environment interactions and granuloma mineralogy to refine preventive strategies and disease management. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.

BACKGROUND: Silicosis is an irreversible scarring lung disease caused by occupational respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust exposure. Mineral (noncoal) miners who extract metal, nonmetal, stone, and sand/gravel commodities are at risk for silicosis, but disease prevalence and exposures in these heterogeneous mining sectors are poorly understood. We assessed the global burden of silicosis and existing RCS dust sampling practices in mineral mining. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies published through March 2025 from five online databases, without geographic/language restrictions (PROSPERO CRD420250524573). Studies of mineral miners that reported prevalence or incidence of silicosis on chest imaging were included. We performed meta-analyses using random-effects models for pooled prevalence and subgroup analyses based on commodity, Social-demographic Index (SDI), study period (pre/post-1970), and mine type (underground/surface). We also reviewed published reports on existing RCS sampling practices. FINDINGS: The search yielded 2,408 potential articles. We included 85 studies (95 publications) for systematic review comprising 57 prevalence studies, six cumulative incidence studies, and 28 studies that reported on RCS sampling in mineral mines. The pooled prevalence of silicosis in 162,449 mineral miners from 26 countries was 17% (95% CI [13%, 22%]), based on low certainty due to high study heterogeneity (I2 = 99.6%). Silicosis prevalence was highest in stone (20%; n = 12 studies), nonmetal (20%; n = 6), and metal (18%; n = 36) miners, with lower prevalence in sand/gravel (3%; n = 2) and mixed commodity miners (6%; n = 3), though studies were few and differences non-significant (p = 0.27). Silicosis was significantly less prevalent in contemporary miners and countries with higher SDI, likely related to improved mining conditions and regulations. In 43,282 miners from four countries, the cumulative incidence of silicosis ranged from 2 to 26%. RCS sampling data from 11 countries included area and personal dust samples using different measurement devices and methodologies, performed under national mandates spanning the 1950s-1990s. CONCLUSION: Despit

This systematic review examines emerging delivery systems for bioactive molecules within regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) where hydrogels, nanogels, and polymeric nanoparticles along with advanced nanocarriers such as liposomes aquasomes, vesosomes, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles form the primary focus. The extensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (until August 2025) yielded a total of 47 eligible articles, including in vitro, ex vivo, animal, and a few clinical studies. Hydrogels emerged as a significant category, showcasing enhanced regenerative effects when used for the sustained release of various growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This was associated with improved angiogenesis and odontogenic differentiation. Nanogels exhibited high protein-loading efficiency and facilitated the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells, while polymeric nanoparticles demonstrated prolonged antibiotic and growth factor delivery with lower cytotoxicity. Among advanced nanocarriers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed promising potential for controlled release of growth factors and the formation of pulp-like tissues in animal models. In summary, the selected platforms for the delivery of bioactive molecules within RET show significant promise in terms of enhancing cell viability, bioactivity, and tissue regeneration. The findings indicate a practical pathway for clinicians aiming to achieve successful pulp-dentin tissue regeneration through translation research.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. Although smoking is a well-established risk factor for RA, the role of occupational inhalants in RA development is less well recognized. This study aimed to systematically review and synthesize existing evidence on the association between occupational inhalants and the risk of developing RA. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception to November 20, 2024. Eligible studies were cross-sectional, were case-control and cohort designs, were population-based, reported original data on occupational inhalant exposures and RA, measured exposures, included a comparison group, and used reliable RA ascertainment methods. Studies relying solely on self-reported RA or focusing on treatment, prognosis, sick leave, or death were excluded. Two reviewers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses with relative risk were performed for cohort and case-control studies, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: In total, 31 studies met inclusion criteria, and 25 were included in meta-analyses across 10 types of occupational inhalants. Significant associations with RA risk were observed for exposure to silica, asbestos, solvents, pesticides, fertilizers, animal dust, and engine exhaust (relative risks ranging from 1.25 to 1.49). Moderate-to-high heterogeneity was observed in seven meta-analyses. CONCLUSION: Occupational inhalants are associated with increased RA risk, underscoring the importance of workplace prevention strategies and further research into biologic mechanisms. © 2025 The Author(s). Arthritis & Rheumatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Rheumatology.

A comprehensive understanding of protein corona (PC) composition is critical for engineering nanoparticles (NPs) with optimal safety and therapeutic performance, because the PC governs NP pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and cellular interactions. Yet systematic analyses are hampered by the absence of standardized, richly annotated data sets. Here, we introduce the Protein Corona Database (PC-DB), which compiles data from 83 studies (2000-2024) and integrates 817 NP formulations with quantitative profiles of 2497 adsorbed proteins. The PC-DB exposes pronounced heterogeneity in NP materials (metal 28.8%, silica 22.8%, lipid-based 14.8%), surface modifications, sizes (1-1400 nm), and ζ-potentials (-70 to +70 mV). Subsequent meta-analysis shows that silica, polystyrene, and lipid-based NPs smaller than 100 nm with moderately negative to neutral ζ-potentials preferentially bind the lipoproteins APOE and APOB-100, which are linked to receptor-mediated uptake and enhanced delivery efficiency. In contrast, metal and metal-oxide NPs carrying highly negative surface charge enrich complement component C3, indicating a greater likelihood of immune recognition and clearance. Interpretable machine learning models (LightGBM and XGBoost; ROC-AUC > 0.85) confirm NP size, ζ-potential, and incubation time as the most influential predictors of protein adsorption. These results delineate how physicochemical parameters dictate PC composition and illustrate the power of predictive modeling to guide rational NP design.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of different surface pretreatment protocols on the repair bond strength of resin composite to different ceramics. STUDY SELECTION: Laboratory studies reporting (micro-)tensile bond strength of resin composite to full contour/monolithic ceramics following different surface pretreatment methods. SOURCES: Electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE via Ovid, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched in October 2024. DATA: A total of 32 sources reporting on 31 studies were entered in frequentist network meta-analyses (glass-based ceramics: 21 studies, polymer-infiltrated ceramics: 11 studies, oxide ceramics: two studies). Various surface pretreatment methods for glass-based and polymer-infiltrated ceramics were compared to the application of an adhesive only (control group), and P-scores were used to rank their efficacy. For glass-based ceramics, highest bond strengths were achieved following hydrofluoric acid etching + silane (multi-)primer + adhesive (+24.37 MPa, 95 %-CI: 13.18-35.56; P-score: 0.92) followed by silica coating + silane (multi-)primer + adhesive (+20.58 MPa, 95 %-CI: 8.25-32.92; P-score: 0.74). Regarding polymer-infiltrated ceramics, diamond bur roughening + silane (multi-)primer + adhesive (+13.15 MPa, 95 %-CI: 4.97-21.33; P-score: 0.86), silica coating + silane (multi-)primer + adhesive (+11.52 MPa, 95 %-CI: 1.64-21.39; P-score: 0.78), and hydrofluoric acid etching + silane (multi-)primer + adhesive (+11.36 MPa, 95 %-CI: 3.38-19.33, P-score: 0.78) were most effective. On oxide ceramics, no surface pretreatment increased bond strength compared to the application of a silane (multi-)primer and an adhesive. CONCLUSIONS: Different surface pretreatment protocols are required for different types of ceramic substrates to achieve optimal bond strength to resin composite. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Depending on the type of ceramic substrate the appropriate pretreatment method must be employed to optimise the repair bond strength between ceramic and resin composite.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol abundant in green tea, has garnered significant attention for its diverse therapeutic applications, ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to potential anticancer properties. Despite its immense promise, the practical utilization of EGCG in therapeutic settings as a medication has been hampered by inherent limitations of this drug, including poor bioavailability, instability, and rapid degradation. This review comprehensively explores the current challenges associated with the application of EGCG and evaluates the potential of nanoparticle-based formulations in addressing these limitations. Nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties, offer a platform for the enhanced stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of EGCG. Various nanoparticle strategies, including polymeric nanoparticle, micelle, lipid-based nanocarrier, metal nanoparticle, and silica nanoparticle, are currently employed to enhance EGCG stability and pharmacological activity. This review concludes that the particle sizes of most of these formulated nanocarriers fall within 300 nm and their encapsulation efficiency ranges from 51% to 97%. Notably, the pharmacological activities of EGCG-loaded nanoparticles, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects, are significantly enhanced compared to those of free EGCG. By critically analyzing the existing literature and highlighting recent advancements, this article provides valuable insights into the promising prospects of nanoparticle-mediated EGCG formulations, paving the way for the development of more effective and clinically viable therapeutic strategies. Publisher: 表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯（EGCG）作为绿茶中富含的生物活性多酚，因其具有广泛的治疗应用而备受关注，包括抗氧化、抗炎作用以及潜在的抗癌特性。尽管前景广阔，但EGCG作为药物的实际应用一直受限于其固有的缺陷，包括生物利用度低、不稳定性和易降解等问题。本综述全面探讨了EGCG应用中当前存在的挑战，并评估了基于纳米颗粒的制剂在解决这些限制方面的潜力。凭借独特的理化性质，纳米颗粒为提高EGCG的稳定性、生物利用度和靶向递送提供了平台。目前采用的纳米颗粒策略包括聚合物纳米粒、胶束、脂质纳米载体、金属纳米粒和二氧化硅纳米粒等，这些策略显著增强了EGCG的稳定性与药理活性。本综述指出，大多数纳米载体的粒径分布在300 nm以内，其包封率介于51%至97%之间。值得注意的是，与游离EGCG相比，负载EGCG的纳米颗粒在抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和抗菌等药理活性方面均有显著提升。通过系统分析现有文献并重点评述最新进展，本文为纳米颗粒介导的EGCG制剂提供了前瞻性见解，为开发更有效且具临床可行性的治疗策略奠定了基础。. 表没食子儿茶素

Respirable crystalline silica is a proven lung carcinogen, but there is limited information of the carcinogenic effects of silica on non-respiratory organs. We aimed to systematically review cohort studies and conduct a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between occupational exposure to silica and the risk of leukemia development. We performed an exhaustive search across three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) to identify pertinent cohort studies published since 1987. After removing duplicates and excluding irrelevant studies, 22 studies were included in our analysis. We utilized fixed-effects models in the implementation of our meta-analysis. The combined relative risk of leukemia associated with occupational silica exposure was determined to be 1.11 (95% CI: 0.93-1.33), with no significant differences observed across various industries, geographic regions, exposure periods, or study quality estimates. The present study based on cohort studies provide no evidence that occupational exposure to silica does increase the risk of leukemia. © 2025. The Author(s).

RATIONALE: Inhalational exposures are associated with risk of developing interstitial lung disease (ILD), yet the relationship between specific exposures and ILD is poorly characterised. OBJECTIVE: Identify inhalational exposures associated with ILD and estimate the effects of exposures on ILD risk. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1990 to 2022 to identify inhalational exposures associated with ILD diagnosis. ILDs where causality is well-established (hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis) and sarcoidosis were excluded. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts with full-text review and data extraction of eligible studies. Where possible, data were pooled and multilevel meta-analysis was specified using a random effects model. Sources of heterogeneity and risk of bias were assessed. MAIN RESULTS: 96 studies were included in the systematic review, representing 40 819 116 subjects (295 167 had ILD, 40 523 949 controls). For the meta-analysis, 54 studies were included (40 490 793 subjects: 273 899 ILD, 40 216 894 controls). Exposures associated with significantly increased ILD risk included smoking (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.94), organic exposures (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.16), metals (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.16), dust (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.76) and asbestos (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.15). Silica and fumes had positive associations with ILD that trended towards significance. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis is the first to comprehensively assess the effect of inhalational exposures on overall risk of ILD, with multiple putative exposures identified. Future work should investigate novel occupational exposures associated with ILD, characterise the gene-environment interaction and develop preventative strategies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022292908. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.

BACKGROUND: Occupational and environmental dust exposure is often overlooked, presenting significant public health concerns. Recent studies suggest it may increase the risk of autoimmune diseases. However, previous research has primarily focused on specific diseases or dust types, leaving the broader relationship unclear. A comprehensive meta-analysis are needed to clarify this connection. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed and Google Scholar up to October 2023, following PRISMA guidelines. Study quality was assessed using standard tools, and a random-effects model was used to estimate pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI), with subgroup analyses by dust type and disease category. RESULTS: From 90 initial records, 19 studies were included. Dust exposure was significantly associated with increased autoimmune disease risk (OR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.13-1.59). Both occupational (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.11-1.26) and environmental dust exposure (OR 1.12, 95 % CI 1.04-1.20) were linked to higher risk. Subgroup analysis showed a strong association between silica exposure and connective tissue diseases, particularly granulomatosis with polyangiitis (OR 5.75, 95 % CI 2.79-8.71). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the findings, though publication bias was noted. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight a significant association between dust exposure and autoimmune disease risk, underscoring the need for stricter occupational safety measures and environmental regulations. Targeted interventions, such as improved ventilation systems and personal protective equipment (PPE), should be prioritized. Future research should focus on elucidating underlying mechanisms to inform prevention and treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of toothpastes containing blue covarine on tooth whiteness and yellowness. METHODS: This was a randomised, double-blind, 4-period, crossover design study conducted at a Chinese clinical research facility. Sixty-six participants with 2 natural upper central incisors (UCIs) with Vita tooth shade in range 2M2 to 3M3, without visible damage, gum recession, restorations or extrinsic/intrinsic stain, were allocated to evaluate 4 test toothpastes in random order using Williams square approach. The toothpastes were (1) silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing clay, charcoal, blue covarine and green covarine (BC+GC), (2) silica-based fluoride toothpaste with blue covarine (BC1), (3) silica-based fluoride toothpaste with a higher level of blue covarine (BC2) and (4) silica-based fluoride toothpaste (control). Tooth colour was measured using a video-digital imaging system. At each test period, static images of UCIs were taken before and after a single brushing with allocated toothpaste. Tooth whiteness index (WIO; primary outcome) and tooth yellowness index (YIO) were calculated from Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) XYZ colour values derived from the images. All variables were analysed using paired t-test for comparison within product and ANCOVA for comparison between products (P < .05). RESULTS: All toothpastes significantly increased tooth whiteness and reduced tooth yellowness immediately after brushing (P < .0001). BC + GC (n = 61), BC1 (n = 63) and BC2 (n = 63) showed significantly greater increases in WIO and reductions in YIO compared to control (n = 63) (p < .0001) with WIO mean differences ± SE of 5.51 ± 0.40, 3.79 ± 0.40 and 5.00 ± 0.39 and YIO mean differences of -4.37 ± 0.34, -3.20 ± 0.34 and -4.28 ± 0.34, respectively. CONCLUSION: The toothpastes containing blue covarine effectively whiten teeth and reduce yellowness after a single brushing. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The toothpaste containing blue and green covarine plus clay and charcoal and two toothpastes containing blue covarine demonstrated tooth whitening and reduction in yellowness immediately after one brush. STUDY RETROSPECTIVELY REGISTERED: NCT06800443 (

This study evaluated the in situ anti-erosive effect of gels containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) isolated and adsorbed on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (EGCG/MSN) on eroded dentin. Eleven volunteers participated in this randomized, controlled, cross-over study, which consisted of 4 phases of 5 days. Acrylic palatal devices were utilized containing two dentin blocks treated with one of the gels: placebo (negative control), SnF2 (0.05%-positive control), EGCG (0.1%), and EGCG/MSN (0.093%). The specimens were immersed in citric acid (0.05 M; pH 3.75) for 60 s, 4×/day, followed by treatment with the assigned gel for 60 s. The alterations were evaluated by the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) and through profilometry analysis (wear). Morphological changes were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test. The %SHL did not show a significant difference among the groups. Regarding surface wear, the mean results in micrometers were: placebo, 0.66 (±0.38); EGCG, 0.57 (±0.11); EGCG/MSN, 0.48 (±0.05); and SnF2, 0.32 (±0.08). A significant difference was observed between the SnF2 group and the placebo and EGCG groups. However, there were no difference between the EGCG/MSN group and the control ones. Within the limitations of the study, EGCG/MSN may act as a protective measure in reducing dentin wear under erosive conditions since it did not differ from the positive control. © 2025 The Author(s). Microscopy Research and Technique published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective clinical study was to compare the 3-year clinical outcome of 3-unit fixed-fixed zirconia resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) with two different retainer designs placed in the posterior region. METHODS: Thirty patients with a single missing second premolar, first, or second molar were randomly assigned to receive either an inlay-retained (IR) (n = 15, mean age 56.4 years, 66.7% male) or a wing-retained (WR) RBFPD (n = 15, mean age 45.9 years, 46.7% male) made of monolithic zirconia (Cercon ht, DeguDent). The restorations primarily replaced first molars and were cemented using a self-etching resin cement (ED Primer + Panavia 21, Kuraray) after tribochemical silica coating (Rocatec, 3M ESPE) and silanization (Clearfil Ceramic Primer, Kuraray). Follow-ups were conducted at 1 week, 3 and 6 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years. Failure-free and intervention-free survival (success) probabilities were assessed using Kaplan-Meier statistics and log-rank tests; FDI criteria scores were compared using Fisher's exact test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients completed the 3-year follow-up. One patient with an intact IR RBFPD withdrew for health reasons, and 1 WR RBFPD failed due to unilateral debonding at 3 months. At 3 years, failure-free survival was 100% for IR and 93.3% for WR RBFPDs (P = 0.317). Success was 72.7% for IR and 86.7% for WR RBFPDs (P = 0.379), with no significant differences in FDI scores (P ≥ 0.098). CONCLUSIONS: No short-term difference was found in the survival and success rates of monolithic zirconia RBFPDs for minimally invasive restoration of missing posterior teeth, whether retained by inlays or wings. (clinicaltrials.gov registration no.: NCT01997710) CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Monolithic zirconia RBFPDs retained by either inlays or wings appear to be a viable option for the esthetic and functional, albeit minimally invasive, restoration of missing posterior teeth in patients with abutment teeth are largely defect-free, with the wing retainer being preferred over the inlay retainer in intact teeth because it is less invasive.

This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of LEM-S401, a novel siRNA therapeutic with DegradaBALL, a mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based delivery system. LEM-S401 is designed to deliver siRNA targeting connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to fibroblasts for treating hypertrophic scars and keloids, both of which result from abnormal collagen proliferation. LEM-S401, containing unmodified siRNA LEM-17234 encapsulated in DegradaBALL nanoparticles, was administered subcutaneously to healthy adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose study. Safety and tolerability assessments included vital signs, adverse events (AEs), laboratory tests, and cytokine levels. Pharmacokinetic analysis of LEM-17234 and silicon (Si), the primary component of DegradaBALL, was performed using blood samples collected at specified time points. LEM-S401 demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile with only mild, self-resolving injection site reactions including pain and erythema. No systemic AEs were observed, and cytokine levels showed no significant changes between the treatment and placebo groups. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that LEM-17234 was below the plasma detection limit, indicating no notable systemic exposure of siRNA, while Si showed no dose-dependent systemic exposure, suggesting minimal systemic circulation of the mesoporous silica nanoparticles. These findings suggest DegradaBALL effectively encapsulates and delivers siRNA locally without significant systemic exposure. The novel DegradaBALL delivery system enables the stable and targeted delivery of siRNA, which presumably overcomes challenges related to siRNA instability and off-target effects. LEM-S401 has the potential to advance the treatment of fibrotic skin diseases such as keloids and hypertrophic scars by delivering siRNA directly to fibroblasts, thereby inhibiting excessive collagen production. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04707131. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04707131?cond=NCT04707131&rank=1. © 2025 The Author(s). Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of America

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate extrinsic tooth stain removal and whitening efficacy of two experimental dentifrices containing (i) 5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP)/1% micronized alumina or (ii) 5% STP/1% micronized alumina with abrasive silica (ED2) compared to a regular fluoride dentifrice (RFD) following 8 weeks of use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center, randomized, controlled, blind, three-arm, stratified, parallel-group study. Eligible participants underwent clinical assessment of stain on the facial/lingual surfaces of maxillary and mandibular teeth using the modified Lobene stain index (MLSI), and shade of the facial surfaces of the central and lateral maxillary incisors using the VITA Bleachedguide 3D-Master (VITA) shade guide. Participants brushed twice daily with their assigned dentifrice and returned to the clinic for clinical assessments at weeks 4 and 8. RESULTS: A total of 272 participants completed the study (281 screened, 279 randomized). Both experimental dentifrices demonstrated statistically significant reduction from baseline and significant differences compared to RFD for MLSI and VITA shade scores at 4 and 8 weeks. 10 treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in seven participants. All were resolved at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that dentifrices containing 5% STP/1% micronized alumina provide enhanced stain removal and shade improvements compared to a regular dentifrice. Study treatments were generally well tolerated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A low-abrasion daily-use fluoride dentifrice containing 1% micronized alumina and 5% STP, suitable for people at risk of erosive toothwear and/or dentin hypersensitivity, can provide clinically meaningful superior reductions in tooth stain, which translates into a visibly noticeable improvement in tooth shade. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

BACKGROUND: Silica gel fiber (SGF) dressing is a novel patch for wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of SGF dressing with alginate dressing in local treatment of venous leg ulcers. METHODS: Patients with venous leg ulcers who had undergone effective treatment of venous hypertension and debridement were randomized to receive wound care with either SGF dressing or alginate dressing for 4 weeks. Wounds were assessed weekly during the first 4 weeks and then every 2 weeks until the 8th week. The primary endpoint was the efficacy rate. Secondary endpoints included ulcer area reduction rate, healing rate, frequency of dressing changes, pain score, patient satisfaction, and treatment-related adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were enrolled, 67 treated with SGF and 63 with alginate dressing, and the efficacy rates were 89.6% (SGF group) and 84.1% (alginate group). SGF induced a higher "no pain" rate than alginate at week 2 (61.4% vs 43.5%) and week 3 (67.6% vs 53.1%), and a higher "highly satisfied" rate at week 4 (83.3% vs 78.8%) and week 8 (75% vs 59.1%). Markedly fewer dressing changes were required in the SGF group. CONCLUSIONS: SGF dressing is non-inferior to alginate dressing in treating venous leg ulcers. It even substantially decreased the frequency of dressing changes when compared with alginate dressing.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate a modified surgical approach for horizontal ridge augmentation that allows for safe manipulation and predictable management of the buccal plate and avoids creation of a secondary surgical site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This pilot randomized controlled clinical trial included 24 patients who required horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation. Patients were assigned to one of the three groups: Group A was treated with the buccal plate repositioning (BPR) technique and grafted with silica calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC) graft, group B was similarly managed and grafted using demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA), and group C was augmented using mandibular ramus autogenous bone block graft (ABBG). The primary outcome was the coronal crest width, which was measured at 6 months using CBCT. RESULTS: The BPR technique resulted in horizontal augmentation with a mean of 4.30 ± 0.94 mm for group A, showing no significant difference from either group B (4.98 ± 1.13 mm) or group C (3.68 ± 0.27 mm). All augmented ridges allowed for successful implant placement with good primary stability. CONCLUSIONS: The BPR technique resulted in horizontal bone gain in extremely narrow alveolar ridges. It allowed for implant placement in a vascular cancellous bed protected by intact cortical plate. Different types of bone grafts, whether alloplast or allograft, resulted in successful augmentation comparable to that gained from autogenous block grafting.

INTRODUCTION: Fixed appliances limit patients' ability to clean their teeth, thus making orthodontic patients highly susceptible to developing white spot lesions (WSLs). Using patient compliance would be one of the simplest methods to prevent WSLs. METHODS: A parallel trial design with 34 patients that met the eligibility criteria were randomized to experimental (received Blue M oxygen for health toothpaste) and control (received Colgate Total fluoridated toothpaste) groups. The eligibility criteria were that the patients should be aged 13-30 years, on fixed mechanotherapy, had undergone therapeutic extraction of all first premolars, had completed leveling and aligning, and had satisfactory oral hygiene (assessed using pretreatment and current Simplified Oral Hygiene Index scores). The objectives were to assess the effects of active oxygen-containing toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans (SM) and WSLs in patients undergoing fixed mechanotherapy. The random allocation sequence was generated using the RAND function in Microsoft Excel. The sequence generated was sealed in opaque white envelopes. The investigators and the participants were blinded until allocation. Blinding of the first author (J.A.G.) who dispensed the toothpaste or the participants was not possible. The outcome assessment was blinded by coding the plaque specimens sent for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to ensure that the final data assessment was blinded. The study setting was the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) University. The primary outcome was SM counts, which were analyzed using RT-PCR. The secondary outcome was WSL assessment, performed using DIAGNOdent and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II criteria at baseline and after 4 weeks. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were randomized to 17 per group and analyzed. RT-PCR showed lower SM in the experimental group (Ct = 32.25 ± 10.6) than in the control group (Ct = 30.9 ± 10.49). However, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.70). ICDAS scores remained the same from

The aim of this in situ study was to evaluate color change, surface roughness, gloss, and microhardness in tooth enamel submitted to whitening and remineralizing toothpastes. Fifteen healthy adults (REBEC - RBR-7p87yr) (with unstimulated salivary flow ≥ 1.5 ml for 5 minutes, pH=7) wore two intraoral devices containing four bovine dental fragments (6 x 6 x 2 mm). Participants were randomly assigned and instructed to toothbrush the devices with the tested toothpastes (30 days): CT: conventional; WT: whitening; WTP: whitening with peroxide, and RT: remineralizing toothpaste. A washout period of 7 days was established. Readouts of color, gloss, surface roughness, and microhardness were performed before and after brushing. The results demonstrated no color, gloss, and microhardness differences (p>0.5). The samples brushed with WTP (0.2(0.7) showed higher surface roughness (p=0.0493) than those with WT (-0.5(1.0). The toothpastes did not alter the properties of the dental enamel, except for the roughness. Toothpaste with an abrasive system based on sodium bicarbonate and silica, and that contains sodium carbonate peroxide increased the surface roughness of the enamel.

INTRODUCTION: Dental implant failure due to periodontal disease caused by anaerobic pathogens occurs, especially in the first year of implant placement. The aim of this clinical trial study was to compare the antibacterial effect of tetracycline gel and gel containing tetracyclineloaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in the gingival crevice fluid of the implantabutment junction as a randomized clinical trial study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients applying for implants in the posterior mandibular region were included in the study. During the uncovering session, tetracycline gel and gel containing tetracycline-loaded MSNs were placed in two implants and no substance was placed in the control group. Then, in three sessions, including molding, prosthesis delivery, and one month after delivery, the patient's gingival fluid was sampled and the number of bacteria in the gingival fluid was measured by colony-forming units (CFU/mL). RESULTS: The results of this study showed that in all three stages of sampling, the use of tetracycline gel and gel containing MSNs loaded with tetracycline significantly reduced the CFU/mL of gingival crevice fluid compared to the control group. Tetracycline-loaded MSNs gel showed significantly lower CFU/mL than tetracycline gel. The release of tetracycline from nanoparticles keep continue for a longer time compared to tetracycline gel. CONCLUSION: The use of nano-based delivery systems containing antibiotics inside the implant fixture can reduce the bacterial count of the implant-abutment junction and then improve implant stability.

Mitigating the surface loss induced by subsurface damage is of critical importance in the manufacturing of fused silica devices with ultra-low mechanical loss. Chemical etching technology has been applied as an effective approach in controlling surface loss, while fundamental research on its mechanism is still lacking. In this work, chemical etching treatment on lapped fused silica samples was carried out for different periods of time. The evolution of surface micro-topography and roughness was observed. A set of apparatus for the Q-factor measurement was built, and an evaluation method for surface loss was proposed. The changes in the Q-factor and surface loss of samples during the etching process were demonstrated. The mechanism of surface loss induced by subsurface damage was revealed based on the friction of micro-interfaces. A surface loss model was derived from the definition of surface loss and the perspective of kinetic energy conservation. The results show that the surface micro-topography and roughness of samples depend on the evolution of subsurface cracks in etching. The Q-factor of samples is improved by about 50 times via chemical etching, from an initial value of 2.736 × 105 to a maximum value of 1.338 × 107. The subsurface-damage-induced surface loss of the sample lapped in this experiment is about 3.58 × 10-6, and most of the loss is caused by cracks in the near-surface layer. This work provides profound insights into the mechanism of surface loss caused by subsurface damage and holds guiding importance for the manufacture of fused silica resonators.

The increasing global demand for oil and gas, together with the depletion of shallow reservoirs, has driven exploration toward deep and ultra-deep formations characterized by high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions. In such environments, conventional drill pipes often experience thermal stress, corrosion, and mechanical degradation, which can reduce drilling efficiency and compromise operational reliability. Thermal insulated drilling pipes (TIDPs) have therefore emerged as an effective solution to minimize heat transfer between drilling fluids and the surrounding formation. This review summarizes recent advances in TIDP materials, structural design strategies, fabrication technologies, and critical performance. Relevant studies were collected from major scientific databases, including Web of Science and Google Scholar, with a focus on insulation materials, coating technologies, and thermal management approaches used in drilling systems. The analysis indicates that advanced insulation systems, including polymer-based coatings, silica aerogels, vacuum-insulated layers, and phase-change materials, can significantly enhance thermal management in drilling operations. These technologies can reduce heat loss by approximately 40-60% (i.e., 400-600 W·m-2) and maintain drilling-fluid temperature differentials of 10-18 °C under HTHP conditions. In addition, fabrication techniques such as plasma spraying, composite fabrication, and additive manufacturing enable the development of multifunctional insulation systems with improved thermal, mechanical, and corrosion-resistant properties. Hybrid TIDP systems integrating nanocomposites and advanced polymers show strong potential for improving drilling safety and efficiency. However, challenges related to durability, scalability, and cost remain, highlighting the need for further research on multilayer insulation architectures and sustainable materials.

To address the pronounced self-aggregation of highly loaded silica in the aqueous phase and the substantial filler loss occurring during the flocculation stage of latex compounding, this study introduces disaggregated and activated sepiolite possessing a spatial confinement effect as both a suspension stabilizer and a synergistic reinforcing component. On this basis, a multiscale natural rubber (NR)/silica/sepiolite composite system was constructed via a latex compounding route. Rheological characterization combined with static sedimentation observations revealed that the percolation threshold of the sepiolite is approximately 0.8 wt%. When the sepiolite content exceeds 1.0 wt%, its fibrous morphology enables the formation of a continuous three-dimensional network, which physically constrains silica particles and effectively suppresses their sedimentation and self-aggregation in the aqueous medium. Guided by this percolation behavior, a stable silica/sepiolite hybrid slurry was subsequently wet-mixed with natural rubber latex, and the influence of sepiolite loading on silica retention during flocculation, as well as on the resulting composite properties, was systematically examined. The results demonstrate that incorporation of sepiolite reduces filler loss during flocculation, with the loss rate decreasing from 4.7% to 1.1%. The Payne effect, SEM, dynamic and static mechanical analyses indicate that an appropriate sepiolite dosage promotes dispersion of silica within the rubber matrix while simultaneously strengthening filler-rubber interfacial interactions. Accordingly, tensile and tear strengths are increased from 32.1 to 35.5 MPa and from 92.3 to 133.4 N·mm-1, respectively, while wet skid resistance is preserved and both rolling resistance and wear resistance are further improved. The findings of this work establish a practical and efficient strategy for the wet preparation of high-performance NR/silica composites.

Background/Objective: In lung cancer treatment, increasing the concentration of antitumor drugs at the tumor site, enhancing efficacy, and reducing systemic toxicity are significant challenges. This study aims to develop an intelligent responsive polymer micelle system (GPDD) that achieves efficient accumulation and controlled release of drugs at lung tumor sites through targeted and pH-responsive design. Methods: The GPDD system is formed by the self-assembly of GE11-PEG-hyd-DOX conjugates and co-loads free DOX. This system utilizes the targeting effect of the GE11 peptide with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to accumulate at the tumor site, while the hydrazone bond serves as a pH-responsive linker that breaks in the acidic tumor microenvironment, triggering drug release. Experiments employed CCK-8 cytotoxicity assays and tumor-bearing nude mouse models (strain not specified) for in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Results: In vitro experiments showed that GE11-modified GPDD effectively inhibited tumor cell growth. In tumor-bearing nude mouse experiments, GPDD demonstrated more significant tumor suppression effects and lower systemic toxicity compared to free DOX and unmodified PDD. Conclusions: The GPDD nanocarrier integrates targeting and pH responsiveness, improving antitumor efficacy and reducing side effects, with translational potential. The novelty of the study lies in its dual-functional design and co-loading strategy, providing new insights for tumor-targeted delivery systems.

Background/Objectives: Paracetamol is a widely analgesic and antipyretic drug; however, its limited anti-inflammatory efficacy and safety concerns motivate the search for novel non-opioid alternatives. In this study, a series of 4-hydroxyphenylamino-naphthoquinones were designed as paracetamol-inspired analogs and synthesized via a solvent-free, silica-assisted Michael addition, providing a sustainable and efficient synthetic route. Methods: The compounds were evaluated using an integrated strategy combining in silico prediction, density functional theory calculations, molecular docking, ADMET profiling, and in vivo phenotypic pharmacological assays. Results: In vivo evaluation revealed pronounced peripheral antinociceptive activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing model and robust anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan-induced paw edema, comparable to those of naproxen. These findings suggest a predominantly peripheral mechanism consistent with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive profiles linked to cyclooxygenase inhibition. A normalization-based multi-criteria analysis integrating peripheral, anti-inflammatory, central, and antipyretic endpoints enabled transparent phenotypic prioritization within the series. Under this framework, compound 7 emerged as the most balanced peripheral-anti-inflammatory candidate, whereas compound 8, evaluated experimentally as a regioisomeric mixture, showed comparatively stronger central antinociceptive activity in the hot plate test. Antipyretic activity in an LPS-induced fever model was limited and not sustained. Conclusions: Overall, these findings indicated that the 4-hydroxyphenylamino-naphthoquinone scaffold emerges as a promising non-opioid platform for peripheral inflammatory pain, supporting further investigation of its pharmacological and mechanistic properties.

Flocs, visible particles formed in sugar-sweetened beverages, reduce clarity and consumer acceptance of products. Their presence can be caused not only by different types of trace impurities in the sugar but also by interactions among beverage components. In this review, scientific reports on acid beverage flocs (ABFs) and alcohol flocs are summarized, the main pathways for their formation are described, and practical options for detecting them and preventing their formation in beverages are compiled. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 and related guidance, literature searches of Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), CAB Abstracts, and International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA) resulted in the inclusion of 56 studies. In various types of beverages, complexes formed between proteins (Ps) and polyphenols (PPs) often initiate haze and floc formation, while polysaccharides (dextran, pectin, and starch), silica or silicates, and inorganic ions influence charge balance, particle bridging, and floc growth rate. Ethanol in alcohol beverages can further destabilize colloids and promote aggregation. For beet sugars, saponin-protein interactions are a likely pathway for the formation of ABF, but the available evidence is not consistent. In cane sugars, the reported roles of proteins, polysaccharides, silica, and starch in floc formation vary considerably between studies. For quality assurance, ICUMSA floc tests (GS2-40 and GS2-44) should be complemented by turbidity or haze measurement and colloid characterization such as light scattering, ζ-potential, and infrared IR-based analytical methods supported by chemometrics. Risk mitigation works best as a two-level strategy that combines impurity removal during sugar production and stabilization steps in beverage formulation and storage, including the use of clarification agents and control of pH, temperature, ionic strength, and oxygen exposure. Standardized reporting and validation of rapid predictors against ICUMSA benchmarks remain essential.

The development of all-concrete liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks is hindered by the susceptibility of conventional concrete to ultra-low temperature (ULT) cycling down to -70 °C. While redispersible polymer powder (RPP) and polypropylene (PP) fibers individually enhance performance, their combined effect in various mineral admixture systems remains unclear. This study investigates the synergy and selective compatibility in hybrid-modified concrete containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), or slag (SG). Comprehensive assessments after 50 ULT cycles reveal that the efficacy of hybrid modification is intrinsically governed by the mineral admixture. Among all systems, the silica fume-based hybrid system (EPSF) exhibits the highest residual compressive strength (57.5 MPa), the lowest strength loss (6.7%), and the most balanced durability. Microstructural analysis reveals that this synergy arises from a dense matrix, continuous polymer network, and effective fiber bridging-achieved only when the mineral admixture enables uniform RPP distribution. In contrast, the FA system exhibits a strength-durability trade-off, with RPP localized at interfaces, while the SG system shows a polymer-activated hydration mechanism. Microstructural and nano-mechanical analyses confirm that RPP acts as a pore filler in cement, an interfacial modifier in FA, a cohesive network former in SF, and a hydration activator in SG. This work establishes that superior ULT resilience requires not merely additive modifications but a matrix-enabled synergy, providing a scientific basis for the rational design of cryogenic concrete.

The primary objective of this research is to engineer a high-performance, sustainable material for aquatic remediation by repurposing low-cost biogenic silica into a selective hydrophobic adsorbent. By integrating the natural hierarchical porosity of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) with a tailored silanization strategy, this work aims to provide a scalable and eco-friendly solution for the efficient encapsulation and mechanical recovery of hydrocarbons from contaminated water. To overcome the inherent hydrophilicity of DE, a two-step functionalization process was developed, involving alkaline activation followed by the covalent grafting of hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16) in different concentrations. The resulting C16@DE hybrid materials underwent a dramatic surface energy transformation, shifting from hydrophilic behavior to robust hydrophobicity, with static contact angles reaching up to 134.8°. Optical analysis revealed a unique remediation mechanism: while pristine DE disperses homogeneously in the aqueous phase, functionalized C16@DE spontaneously organizes into discrete pellets upon contact with diesel, effectively encapsulating the fuel. Quantitative UV/vis spectrophotometry confirmed that these composites sequester approximately 55-56% of the diesel phase. Together, these results demonstrate that C16@DE materials couple intrinsic biosilica porosity with tailored hydrophobicity to achieve efficient hydrocarbon capture. By combining the natural hierarchical porosity of diatoms with engineered surface selectivity, this research positions functionalized DE as a scalable, low-cost, and eco-friendly promising solution for marine oil spill recovery and industrial wastewater treatment.

177. Opt Express. 2026 Apr 6;34(7):12822-12840. doi: 10.1364/OE.592777. UV femtosecond laser induced self-organisation of micro-structures in the bulk of fused silica. Gribaudo E, Bellouard Y. Inscribing in the bulk of transparent materials with UV femtosecond lasers has recently shown its advantages compared to standard IR laser machining. Amongst the other things, faster waveguide writing and higher etching rate were achieved. Here, we further explore the potential of UV lasers on modifying fused silica. In particular, we show the capability of inscribing self-organized nanoscale periodic patterns that we characterize and classify. We suggest a link between these features and the etching rate and we expose a phenomenological explanation for the formation of the self-organisation. Finally, we develop a model to assess the importance of stress-induced cumulative effects on the generation of these structures. Apart of the technological relevance, exploring such regimes allows us to shed light on the phenomenon of self-organizsation.

178. Opt Express. 2026 Apr 20;34(8):15293-15304. doi: 10.1364/OE.588319. Polarization dependent emission characteristics of Rayleigh scattering in nanoparticle-doped optical fibers. Nacke CH, Vaish N, Khiavi LS, Haene T, Zhang K, Qiu B, Irwin A, Stitt K, Bisson M, Lougheed J, Meyneng T, Morency S, Messaddeq Y, Wort P, Chen L, Plant DV. This article presents and experimentally validates a radiometric model for the polarization dependent side-emission characteristics of Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers. A radiometric setup is developed to measure the three-dimensional cylindrical radiation profiles of two nanoparticle-doped silica single-mode fibers at 1550 nm. The effects of radial distance, longitudinal position, and input polarization are explored using two-dimensional azimuthal radiation patterns and fitted to the radiometric model with an aggregated mean relative residual (MRR) of (2.52±2.32) %. The model is fitted to a complete three-dimensional radiation pattern with an MRR of (7.25±6.22) %. The wavelength dependent longitudinal emission is measured over the C-band. The static polarization dependent irradiance is characterized and fitted to the radiometric model with an MRR of (2.01±1.07) %. Improved understanding of the emission characteristics of Rayleigh scattering in optical fibers may benefit distributed sensing, illumination, and optical communication applications.