Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbugs, including Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are a challenge for healthcare professionals. In this study, the synergistic activity of vitamins with antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains was evaluated. METHODS: Synergistic effects between antibiotics and stock solutions of vitamins were evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. Distilled water and propylene glycol were used as solvent for water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, respectively. Final concentrations of 10mg/mL for each water-soluble vitamin [B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (methylcobalamin) and C (ascorbic acid)] and 0.1mg/mL for each fat-soluble vitamin [A (retinol), D (cholecalciferol), E (α-tocopherol) and K (menadione)] were used in combination with the antibiotics. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that vitamins K and E had good synergistic activity with piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and doripenem against A. baumannii, whilst vitamins B1, B2 and B12 showed remarkable synergistic activity with linezolid against MRSA. Vitamin B1 was further shown to have better synergism with oxacillin, tetracycline, rifampicin and linezolid against MRSA. The fat-soluble vitamins E and K showed good synergism against Gram-negative A. baumannii, whilst the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2 and B12 were effective against MRSA but not against A. baumannii. CONCLUSIONS: This synergistic action of vitamins with antibiotics may be used as a tool to treat MDR superbugs, with further evaluation required at a molecular level.

The effect of vitamin B1 (thiamine) on sanazole (AK-2123) efficiency was investigated in vitro under irradiation, using E. coli bacteria (AB 1157) as a model. In order to get a deeper insight into the reaction mechanisms, the experiments were performed in media saturated with argon, air or N20. In the first case vitamin B1 acts as a cytostatic, but in the presence of air or N20 it shows strongly pronounced antioxidant action and leads to an essential increase of sanazole efficiency.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) plays an important role in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a form of amnesia caused by brain damage occurring in long-term alcoholics who rely mainly on alcohol for nutrition). The acute syndrome is normally reversible but may proceed to profound dementia, although its progress can be stopped by a timely injection of a large dose of thiamine. There have been suggestions that thiamine may have a beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of thiamine for people with Alzheimer's disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 3:2000), the CDCIG Trials Register and other sources were searched for this update in July 2000 using the terms 'alzheimer*', thiamin* and vitamin B1'. In addition bibliographies of published reviews, and conference proceedings were searched and pharmaceutical companies and trials investigators were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: All unconfounded, double-blind, randomized trials in which treatment with thiamine was administered for more than a day and compared with placebo in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and the odds ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. MAIN RESULTS: There are three included studies, but few results were reported that could be included. The cross-over studies did not report results from the first phase. It was not possible to pool any results for a meta-analysis. Nolan 1991 reports results that show no evidence of an effect on MMSE at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months for thiamine compared with placebo for those who completed the trial. Meador 1993a noted that 3/8 on thiamine compared with 6/9 on placebo were worse as measured on the ADAS-Cog at 3 months compared with baseline, but the difference is not statistically significant. Blass 1988 and Nolan 1991 reported that no significant side-effects were noted during the study, and Meador 1993a did not mention side-effects. Blass 1988 noted that 5/16 and Nolan 1991 that 5/15 did not complete the study, but neither mentioned the gr

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) plays an important role in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a form of amnesia caused by brain damage occurring in long-term alcoholics who rely mainly on alcohol for nutrition). The acute syndrome is normally reversible but may proceed to profound dementia, although its progress can be stopped by a timely injection of a large dose of thiamine. There have been suggestions that thiamine may have a beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate evidence of the effect of thiamine for Alzheimer's disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and the CDCIG Register were searched using the terms 'thiamine*, alzheimer* and vitamin* B1'. Other sources were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: All unconfounded, double-blind, randomized trials in which treatment with thiamine was administered for more than a day and compared to placebo in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers, pooled if appropriate and possible, and the pooled odds ratios (95% CI) or the average differences (95% CI) were estimated. No intention-to-treat data were available to be used. MAIN RESULTS: Few data were available for review. The data were compatible with thiamine producing harm, no change or improvement. For measures of cognition, the effect of thiamine was non-significantly worse than placebo on the Mini Mental State Examination score (0-30; high=good) at 12 months: WMD -4.3 (95% CI: -14.4 - +5.8) and at time points 3, 6 and 9 months. Change from baseline analyses showed placebo to be significantly better than thiamine at all time points beyond three months; WMD -4.8 (95% CI: -6.0 to -3.6) at 12 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the test of Verbal Fluency and the Boston Naming Test. These analyses were based only on those who completed the study and not on intention-to-treat analyses. There were no results presented for withdrawal by treatment group. Data on measures of functional autonomy, behaviour, quality of life, dependency, or effect on carer were not available. REVI

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of thiamin supplementation in mitigating renal injury and mortality outcomes in patients with septic shock remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of thiamin in patients with septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search was made of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov, without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on treatment of septic shock with thiamin, compared with placebo or blank, were reviewed. Studies were pooled to risk ratios (RRs) and weighted mean differences, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Six RCTs (enrolling 438 patients) met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Thiamin showed significant effects on in-hospital mortality (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.99; P = 0.04) and renal replacement therapy (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.74; P = 0.0009). CONCLUSION: Thiamin was associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality and the use of renal replacement therapy in patients with septic shock. Thiamin should be considered for patients with septic shock. © 2025 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent and often debilitating health conditions affecting women of reproductive age. The natural PMSoff supplement contains several active ingredients, including spirulina, whey protein, calcium citrate, vitamin B1, chamomile, turmeric, marigold, lavender, saffron, valerian, and aftimoon. This clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of PMSoff, a natural supplement, in alleviating the symptoms of PMS. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized trial, women diagnosed with PMS were randomly assigned to receive either PMSoff or placebo. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of PMSoff on symptom severity, with secondary objectives focusing on safety and adherence. The primary outcome of this study was the severity of PMS symptoms, evaluated using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) questionnaire. The secondary outcome focused on the presence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a more severe and debilitating form of PMS. Symptom severity was assessed at multiple time points: pre-intervention, one month post-intervention, and two months post-intervention. RESULTS: Of the 255 randomized participants, 218 (85.4%) patients aged 14 to 30 years were enrolled and completed the clinical trial. No significant difference was observed between groups at baseline characteristics. Medication adherence in the first and second month of treatment was reported 72%. Following one month of treatment, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in DRSP scores compared to the control group (P-value = 0.043). This reduction became even more pronounced after two months of taking the supplement (P-value = 0.001). In patients with PMDD, a more severe form of PMS, a statistically significant difference emerged two months after the intervention (P-value = 0.04), indicating that the PMSoff was effective in alleviating PMDD-related symptoms, particularly during the second month of treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial were suggestive of the use of PMSoff in patients with PMS and PMDD to ameliorate its unpleasant symptoms, with sustaine

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four weeks of combined Acetyl-l-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance and fatigue resistance in trained cyclists, hypothesizing improvements in maximal aerobic power (MAP), Wingate test performance, and reduced lactate accumulation. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized trial, 41 male trained cyclists (age: 36 ± 12 years; MAP: 4.35 ± 0.60 W·kg-1) were assigned to a supplement group (SUP, n = 19; 1200 mg/day Acetyl-l-Carnitine, 300 mg/day ALA, 1.1 mg Vitamin B1, 2.5 µg Vitamin B12) or placebo group (PLA, n = 22) for four weeks. Performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention via counter-movement jumps (CMJs), Wingate tests (WG1, WG2), and a graded exercise test (GXT). Blood lactate ([La-]) was measured post-Wingate. A three-way mixed ANOVA analyzed Wingate performance (session, order, and group), and a two-way ANOVA assessed MAP and fatigue effects. Results: MAP increased by 3.4% (314 ± 32 W to 324 ± 37 W; p = 0.005) with no group interaction (p = 0.457). Wingate peak power showed main effects for order (p < 0.001) and session (p = 0.011) but no group interaction (p = 0.676). SUP reduced [La-] by 1.5 mmol·L-1 post-WG2 in POST (p = 0.049). No significant group differences were found for CMJ or fatigue metrics. Conclusions: Four weeks of Acetyl-l-Carnitine and ALA supplementation did not enhance aerobic or anaerobic performance in trained cyclists, despite reducing blood lactate after high-intensity exercise, suggesting no ergogenic benefits.

Background: Anxiety, stress, and sleep disturbances significantly affect overall health. Research suggests that vitamins B1 and B2 may play a role in mood regulation and neuroprotection. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin B1 and B2 supplementation in alleviating anxiety and stress and improving sleep quality. Methods: This study was a parallel randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants (n = 43) were randomized to receive one of the following two interventions: 100 mg of vitamin B1 and 100 mg of vitamin B2 or placebo. Intervention outcomes were assessed at baseline and week four, including SAS (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), PSS (Perceived Stress Scale), PSQI (Sleep Quality Index), ESS (Sleepiness Scale), and measurement of urinary vitamin B1 and B2 levels. Results: After four weeks, urinary vitamin B1 levels increased from 158 ± 108.9 ng to 1333.1 ± 1204.5 ng (p < 0.01), and urinary vitamin B2 levels increased from 308.0 ± 198.3 ng to 6123.2 ± 4847.2 ng in the supplement group (p < 0.01). The PSS scores decreased significantly in the supplement group from 21.5 ± 4.1 to 15.5 ± 4.5 (p < 0.05), while the placebo group showed a change from 20.3 ± 4.3 to 19.8 ± 5.5. Vitamins B1 and B2 did not have a significant effect on anxiety improvement (p > 0.05). The PSQI scores decreased in the supplement group from 8.0 ± 3.12 to 6.3 ± 2.0 (p < 0.05), while the placebo group worsened from 5.7 ± 2.7 to 7.4 ± 2.9. Meanwhile, the ESS scores in the supplement group decreased from 13.0 ± 3.4 to 9.1 ± 3.9 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a significant improvement compared to the placebo group. Conclusions: The clinical trial findings demonstrated that while vitamin B1 and B2 supplements helped reduce stress, enhance sleep, and reduce sleepiness, they had no discernible impact on reducing anxiety. Future studies should focus on the long-term effects of vitamin B1 and B2 supplements, exploring the combined effects of combined vitamin B1 and B2 medications for the treatment of stress and sleep disorders.

Although B vitamins have been shown to play beneficial roles in bone health, the effects of vitamin B1 in humans are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin B1 supplementation on middle-aged and older adults. This single-armed trial study included community-dwelling adults in Japan and used a pre- and post-test design. The participants were given 28.0 mg of vitamin B1 supplementation per day for 1 month in addition to their daily usual diet. The effect of this treatment on bone turnover markers and metabolism was evaluated at baseline and after 1 month. Forty-two participants were enrolled (mean age, 58.6 ± 10.4 years; 36 women). The vitamin B1 levels in whole blood increased significantly from baseline after vitamin B1 supplementation. The level of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b), a bone resorption marker, reduced significantly (378 ± 135 vs. 335 ± 120 mU/dL, p < 0.001), while the level of N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP), a marker specific to bone formation, did not change. Moreover, the serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations did not change, whereas the corrected serum calcium concentrations increased and vitamin D concentrations decreased. The serum TRACP 5b levels decreased after vitamin B1 supplementation in the middle-aged and older adults. Further definitive trials are needed to determine the efficacy of vitamin B1 in improving bone health. © The Author(s) 2025.

The isolation, structural elucidation, and synthesis of pure thiamin were achieved in 1936, marking a milestone in vitamin research. As an organic compound soluble in water, thiamin is essential for carbohydrate metabolism in plants and animals, and in its active form-as part of the thiamin pyrophosphate coenzyme-performs these functions. Thereby, thiamin represents an essential vitamin to human health and is involved in several pathways that regulate several pathophysiological mechanisms. Cardiovascular disease is significantly impacted by thiamine imbalance and its supplementation offers substantial improvements to the associated conditions. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to examine the dual role of thiamine deficiency and accumulation, focusing on an analysis of the causes of thiamine deficiency. We detailed the effects of thiamine deficiency on metabolism and on cardiovascular risk and heart failure, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic dysfunction, and highlighting the role of B1 vitamin supplementation in diabetes mellitus management and atherosclerosis development and progression. Indeed, B1 supplementation counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation, significantly ameliorating glycemic and lipemic profiles. Additionally, we reported the beneficial effects of thiamine in counteracting cardiotoxicity induced by cancer therapy. Although preclinical data strongly support the benefits of thiamine, clinical trial findings are in contrast and contradictory, hampered by limitations such as small sample sizes and inadequate follow-up. Further research is needed to investigate thiamine's potential benefits, overcoming current study limitations and evaluating its use as a supplemental therapy alongside standard treatments in different high-cardiovascular-risk conditions.

In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, we investigated relationships between infants' exposure to thiamine and their language-processing ability. Three hundred thirty-five lactating Cambodian mothers of 161 female/174 male infants received either 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 10 mg of thiamine daily, from 2 to 24 weeks postpartum. We assessed infants' language processing at 24 weeks via the infant-directed speech (IDS) task, measuring attentional enhancement to IDS versus adult-directed speech. Maternal thiamine supplementation displayed a small but statistically significant dose-response relationship to the magnitude of infants' IDS-elicited attentional enhancement (adjusted R² = 0.022, p = .011). As well, only infants whose mothers received a daily thiamine supplement of 10 mg showed fully robust IDS-related attentional enhancement. These findings showcase the IDS Task for monitoring the integrity of infants' language processing and underscore the importance of adequate thiamine early in life for ensuring optimal language development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Background/Objectives: Radiculopathy leads to pain, consequently reducing patient's quality of life (QoL). Research indicates that certain nucleotides, such as cytidine and uridine, along with vitamins B1 and B12, may help alleviate pain and enhance QoL. This study assessed the impact of adding a supplement containing cytidine and uridine nucleotides and vitamins B1 and B12, alongside standard treatment, on radiculopathy-associated pain. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, two-cohort, randomized, open-label study was conducted. The control group received standard treatment, while the experimental group received standard treatment plus the supplement. The primary endpoint was pain reduction measured by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints included functional improvement (Roland Morris questionnaire), clinical improvement (Clinical Global Impression [CGI] scale), and QoL improvement (EQ-5D-5L questionnaire). Results: A total of 122 patients were included from 17 centers across Spain. Both groups showed pain improvement, but the VAS reduction (control: 24.58 vs. experimental: 31.35) was not statistically significant. The Roland Morris score decreased significantly in the experimental group (estimate: -1.70, 95% CI -3.29 to -0.10; p = 0.038), and these patients were 5 times more likely to progress to a better CGI category (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57; p = 0.003). No significant differences were observed in EQ-5D-5L scores or analgesic consumption. Conclusions: The addition of supplemental pyrimidine nucleotides and vitamins B1 and B12 to standard of care treatment improved radiculopathy functional and clinical outcomes. Regarding pain, however, although there was a numerical improvement, it did not reach statistical significance.

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, 300 mg), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, 70 UI), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA, 300 mg), vitamins B6 (1.5 mg), B1 (1.1 mg), B12 (2.5 mcg), E (7.5 mg), nicotinamide (9 mg), and minerals (Mg 30 mg, Zn 2.5 mg) in one tablet in people with Diabetic Neuropathy (DN). PATIENTS-METHODS: In the present pilot study, 73 people (age 63.0 ± 9.9 years, 37 women) with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) (duration 17.5 ± 7.3 years) and DN were randomly assigned to receive either the combination of ten elements (2 tablets/24 h) in the active group (n = 36) or the placebo (n = 37) for 6 months. We used the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire and Examination (MNSIQ and MNSIE), measured vibration perception threshold (VPT) with biothesiometer, and Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflex Tests (CARTs). Nerve function was assessed by DPN Check [sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and amplitude (SNAP)]. Sudomotor function was assessed with SUDOSCAN, which measures electrochemical skin conductance in hands and feet (ESCH and ESCF). Pain score (PS) was assessed with Pain DETECT questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: In the active group, there was a large improvement of pain (PS from 20.9 to 13.9, p < 0.001). There was also a significant improvement of vitamin B12 (B12) levels, MNSIQ, SNCV, VPT, and ESCF (222.1 vs. 576.3 pg/ mL, p < 0.001; 6.1 vs. 5.9, p = 0.017; 28.8 vs. 30.4, p = 0.001; 32.1 vs. 26.7, p = 0.001; and 72.2 vs. 74.8, p < 0.001 respectively). In the placebo group, neither pain (21.6 vs. 21.7, p = 0.870) or any other aforementioned parameters changed significantly, and MNSIE worsened (2.9 vs. 3.4, p < 0.001). As a result, changes from baseline to follow-up in pain, B12 levels, VPT, and MNSIQ differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.001, 0.025, 0.009, and <0.001, respectively). CARTs, SNAP, ESCH did not significantly change in either of the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the ten elements in one tablet for 6 months at a daily dose of two tablets in people with DN significantly improves pain, vibration perception threshold, and B12 levels.

BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylserine (PS) and α-Linolenic acid (ALA), are positively associated with cognitive function, but their combination effects and possible mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to explore the effects on cognition and potential mechanism of the supplements. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial recruited 190 MCI patients in Tianjin, China, and randomly assigned in intervention group and placebo group. Each group consumed two capsules every day for 12 months. Each capsule for intervention group contains 144 mg ALA, 31.5 mg PS and 3.6 mg Ginkgo total flavonoids as main functional components, with 0.48 mg Vitamin B1 (as thiamine hydrochloride), 0.48 mg Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine hydrochloride) and 90 μg folic acid as supplement. Capsules for placebo group were identical but contain no active ingredients. Cognitive function, serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and neurotransmitters were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Linear mixed effects model and causal mediation analysis were conducted to explore the effects and potential mechanism of the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 190 participants (mean [SD] age, 67.95 [5.62] years; 70 (36.8 %) male and 120 (63.2 %) female) were randomized to the placebo group (n = 95) and intervention group (n = 95). Compared with placebo group, the intervention group had statistically significant improvements in arithmetic testing (β, 0.688; 95 % CI, 0.103-1.274), the similarity test (β, 1.070; 95 % CI, 0.472-1.667) and short-term memory (β, 0.600; 95 % CI, 0.399-0.800). Besides, the intervention group had statistically significant increases in serum ALA (β, 1.620; 95 % CI, 0.967-2.265), DHA (β, 2.797; 95 % CI, 1.075-4.532), EPA (β, 1.472; 95 % CI, 0.296-2.643), acetylcholine (β, 0.441; 95 % CI, 0.415-0.468), GABA (β, 0.009; 95 % CI, 0.001-0.016) and 5-HT (β, 0.160; 95 % CI, 0.081-0.238) compared to the placebo group. And the intervention may improve short-term memory by increasing serum ALA levels (average causal mediation effect = 0.132, 95 % CI, 0.053-0.225) with 19.7 % mediation proportion. CONCLUSIONS: This food supplement containing phosphatidylserine could improve different

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure (CHF) has always posed a significant threat to human survival and health. The efficacy of thiamine supplementation in CHF patients remains uncertain. HYPOTHESIS: Receiving supplementary thiamine may not confer benefits to patients with CHF. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science databases up until May 2023 to identify articles investigating the effects of thiamine supplementation in CHF patients. Predefined criteria were utilized for selecting data on study characteristics and results. RESULTS: Seven randomized, double-blind, controlled trials (five parallel trials and two crossover trials) involving a total of 274 patients were enrolled. The results of the meta-analysis pooling these studies did not reveal any significant effect of thiamine treatment compared with placebo on left ventricular ejection fraction (WMD = 1.653%, 95% CI: -1.098 to 4.405, p = 0.239, I2 = 61.8%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (WMD = -6.831 mL, 95% CI: -26.367 to 12.704, p = 0.493, I2 = 0.0%), 6-min walking test (WMD = 16.526 m, 95% CI: -36.582 to 69.634, p = 0.542, I2 = 66.3%), N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (WMD = 258.150 pg/mL, 95% CI: -236.406 to 752.707, p = 0.306, I2 = 21.6%), or New York Heart Association class (WMD = -0.223, 95% CI: -0.781 to 0.335, p = 0.434, I2 = 87.1%). However, it effectively improved the status of thiamine deficiency (TD). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis indicates that thiamine supplementation does not have a direct therapeutic effect on CHF, except for correcting TD. © 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

CONTEXT: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects approximately 48% of women of reproductive age worldwide. It can lead to functional impairment, lower quality of life, and decreased work productivity. Despite the availability of medical treatment options, women are seeking alternative interventions because of concerns of harmful side effects and limited evidence of efficacy associated with pharmacological treatments. To date, high-quality research investigating the effects of dietary and nutrient intervention on PMS is limited. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review investigated the effect of nutritional interventions on the psychological symptoms of PMS. DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English from inception to October 2022. Trials eligible for inclusion were nutritional intervention studies involving women of reproductive age that measured PMS-associated psychological outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: Articles were selected using prespecified inclusion criteria. Data screening and extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were conducted by 3 independent reviewers using article screening software and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. DATA ANALYSIS: Thirty-two articles reporting on 31 RCTs involving 3254 participants, ranging in age from 15 to 50 years were included and narratively reviewed. Only 1 of the included studies had a low risk of bias. Treatment with vitamin B6, calcium, and zinc consistently had significant positive effects on the psychological symptoms of PMS. There was insufficient evidence to support the effects of vitamin B1, vitamin D, whole-grain carbohydrates, soy isoflavones, dietary fatty acids, magnesium, multivitamin supplementation, or PMS-specific diets. CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence to support the use of nutritional interventions for improving psychological symptoms of PMS. However, more research using consistent protocols, procedures to minimize risk of bias, intention-to-treat analysis, and clearer reporting is required to provide conclusive nutritional recommendations for improving PMS-related psychological outcomes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NO: CRD42022369999. © The Author(

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Optimal maternal vitamin status during pregnancy and lactation is essential to support maternal and infant health. For instance, vitamin D3 is involved in infant bone development, and B-vitamins are involved in various metabolic processes, including energy production. Through a double-blind randomised controlled trial, we investigated the effects of maternal supplementation from preconception throughout pregnancy until birth on human milk (HM) concentrations of vitamin D3 and B-vitamins. In addition, we aimed to characterise longitudinal changes in milk concentrations of these vitamins. METHODS: Both control and intervention supplements contained calcium, iodine, iron, β-carotene, and folic acid, while the intervention also contained zinc, vitamins B2, B6, B12, and D3, probiotics, and myo-inositol. HM samples were collected across 4 time points from 1 week to 3 months post-delivery from 158 mothers in Singapore, and 7 time points from 1 week to 12 months from 180 mothers in New Zealand. HM vitamin D was quantified using supercritical fluid chromatography and B-vitamins with mass spectrometry. Potential intervention effects on HM vitamins D3, B2, B6, and B9, as well as other B-vitamin (B1 and B3) concentrations were assessed using linear mixed models with a repeated measures design. RESULTS: Over the first 3 months of lactation, HM 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were 20% (95% CI 8%, 33%, P = 0.001) higher in the intervention group, with more marked effects in New Zealand. There were no observed intervention effects on HM concentrations of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, and B9. In New Zealand mothers, longitudinally, vitamin D3 concentrations gradually increased from early lactation up to 12 months, while vitamins B1 and B2 peaked at 6 weeks, B3 at 3 weeks, and B6 and B9 at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal supplementation during preconception and pregnancy increased HM vitamin D, but not B-vitamin concentrations in lactation. Further studies are required to examine the discrete benefits of vitamin D supplementation starting preconception vs during pregnancy, and to further characterise the effects of supplementation on later offspring health outco

BACKGROUND: Although combining a low-protein diet (LPD) with oral nutritional supplements increases treatment adherence and nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the effect of this combination approach in older adults remains unclear. This study examined the impact of a 6% low-protein formula (6% LPF) with diet counseling in older adults with stage 3-5 CKD. METHODS: In this three-month randomized controlled study, 66 patients (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, non-dialysis, over 65 years of age) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (LPD plus a 6% LPF) or control group (LPD alone). The 6% LPF comprised 400 kcal, 6 g of protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and various micronutrients. All data were collected at baseline and after three months, including physical performance based on hand grip strength (HGS) and gait speed, nutritional status using Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) scores, body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dietary intake from 24-h dietary records. RESULTS: This study incorporated 47 participants (median age, 73; median eGFR, 36 ml/min/1.73 m2; intervention group: 24; control group: 23). The intervention group exhibited significant differences in HGS and gait speed, and micronutrient analysis revealed significantly higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), EPA, DHA, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, and folic acid intake than the control group. MNA-SF scores, macronutrient intake, and body composition did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to LPD counseling alone, an LPD prescription with 6% LPF in older adults with CKD stages 3-5 helped relieve physical deterioration and increased micronutrient intake after three months. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05318014 (retrospectively registered on 08/04/2022). © 2023. The Author(s).

B vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining fundamental cellular functions and various essential metabolic pathways in the body. Although they do not directly provide energy, each B vitamin acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism processes. Based on the evidence presented above, we hypothesized that a 28-day supplementation of vitamin B would enhance physical performance and reduce physical fatigue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of vitamin B supplementation, specifically vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12, and its potential to improve exercise performance. We employed a randomized double-blind crossover design with a 28-day supplementation period. Sixteen male and sixteen female subjects, aged 20-30 years, were divided into two groups: the placebo group (n=16, equal gender distribution) and the Ex PLUS® group (n=16, equal gender distribution). The participants received either placebo or Ex PLUS® (one tablet per day) for 28 consecutive days. Following the intervention, there was a 14-day wash-out period during which the subjects did not receive any further interventions. After supplementation with Ex PLUS®, we found a significant increase in the running time by 1.26-fold (p < 0.05) to exhaustion compared to that before supplementation and that in the placebo group. In addition, the Ex PLUS® supplementation group presented significantly reduced blood lactate and blood ammonia concentrations during exercise and at rest after exercise compared with placebo (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 28 consecutive days of vitamin B complex (Ex PLUS®) supplementation significantly improved exercise endurance performance and reduced exercise fatigue biochemical metabolites in not athletes. In addition, it does not cause adverse effects in humans when taken at appropriate doses. © The author(s).

The rapid and sustainable construction of highly functionalized fluorophores remains a key challenge in organic synthesis. We detail a concise, metal-free synthetic platform for the preparation of unsymmetrical pyrrolyl-pyridine boron difluoride (BOPP) complexes from simple chalcone precursors. Central to this methodology is the optimization of a thiamine-mediated Stetter reaction under mild sonication, which efficiently generates key 1,4-diketone intermediates. Subsequent Paal-Knorr cyclization and BF3 complexation afford the desired BOPP dyes in good to excellent overall yields. This modular synthetic approach enabled facile expansion of the BOPP library, overcoming the inherent limitations of conventional cross-coupling methods. The synthesized BOPP fluorophores emit brightly in both solution and the solid state, featuring highly tunable emission profiles and large Stokes shifts of up to 88 nm. Supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this study highlights the robustness of the synthetic protocol and establishes the unsymmetrical BOPP scaffold as a versatile platform for the development of next-generation fluorescent probes and functional optical materials.

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between total intake of 3 B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) and hypertension and increased pulse pressure in U.S. adults, and to explore potential nonlinear relationships.Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2023 were analyzed. A total of 17,484 participants aged ≥ 20 years were included. Total vitamin intake (diet plus supplements) was categorized into quartiles. Hypertension was defined as SBP ≥ 140 mm Hg or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg; increased pulse pressure as PP ≥ 60 mm Hg. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors.In fully adjusted models, the highest quartile of total thiamin (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31), riboflavin (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10-1.39), and niacin (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.30) intake was positively associated with hypertension (P-trend < 0.05 for all). Conversely, only riboflavin was inversely associated with increased pulse pressure (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75-0.94). RCS analysis revealed a J-shaped nonlinear association between niacin intake and hypertension (P-nonlinear = 0.041), with the lowest risk observed at 30-40 mg/day. A suggestive inflection point was identified at 46.163 mg/day (P = .087). No clear thresholds were found for thiamin or riboflavin. Subgroup analyses showed largely consistent associations.This study suggests that high total intake of B vitamins may be associated with higher odds of hypertension, while riboflavin may be inversely associated with pulse pressure. The findings highlight the importance of considering total nutrient intake and caution against excessive supplementation. However, as a cross-sectional analysis, causality cannot be inferred, and residual confounding cannot be ruled out.

Following the principle 'you are what you eat', fatty acid signatures (FASs) of adult fish tissues, when compared with those of potential prey, can link diet to nutritional status. In 2020, thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency was diagnosed for the first time in multiple anadromous salmon populations in California. However, direct information linking ocean diet to thiamine status in marine-feeding salmonines is typically unavailable. This research aimed to link diet composition and egg total thiamine concentration of anadromous Chinook salmon, coho salmon and steelhead using FAS analysis. From 2020 to 2022, unfertilized eggs from these California salmonine species were collected alongside key forage species from the Pacific Ocean. FASs in eggs and prey were quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and total thiamine concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Eggs rich in oleic acid (18:1n-9) reflected a diet dominated by Pacific herring and exhibited higher total thiamine concentrations. Conversely, eggs rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) indicated a diet dominated by northern anchovy or euphausiid krill and were more likely to have low total thiamine concentrations. Polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions and the egg unsaturation index were strongly negatively correlated with egg total thiamine concentration, emphasizing the importance of lipid quality over quantity as a driver of egg thiamine concentration. This study highlights the utility of FASs for tracking the impacts of a changing ocean prey base on diet and underscores how dietary shifts can directly impact egg thiamine status in anadromous salmonines. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology.

BACKGROUND: Thiamine is a vitamin that plays a role in lactate clearance. Patients with sepsis may present with elevated lactate, and also in cirrhosis, as lactate is hepatically metabolized. Prior studies showed mixed results regarding the role of thiamine for lactate clearance with limited inclusion of cirrhosis patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of high-dose intravenous thiamine on time to lactate clearance among patients with cirrhosis and sepsis. METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients with cirrhosis with a diagnosis of sepsis with lactate >4 mmol/L between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024. Patients who received ≥400 mg were classified as receiving high-dose thiamine. Fine-Gray competing risks models adjusted for demographic, comorbidity, and illness severity variables estimated the association of receiving high-dose thiamine with time to lactate clearance, defined as a lactate <3 mmol/L. Additional secondary outcomes included intensive care unit and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were identified and included in the analysis. Median age was 58.4, and 54% were male. Thirty-three patients received high-dose thiamine. Patients had similar baseline characteristics, including on indicators of illness severity, cirrhosis severity, and use of vasopressors. In both unadjusted and adjusted models, the receipt of high-dose thiamine was not associated with differences in time to lactate clearance or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Thiamine use in patients with cirrhosis who experienced sepsis did not result in improved lactate clearance compared to those who did not receive high-dose thiamine. These data do not support empiric high-dose thiamine to aid lactate clearance in this population. Copyright: © 2026 International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science.

Cyanogenic glycosides in leafy vegetables pose significant food safety concerns because they release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when plant tissue is disrupted. Although boiling is widely used for detoxification, its effects on nutritional quality and bioactive compounds remain insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated the effects of boiling on HCN, carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient retention in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya) leaves. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. An integrative nutrient retention index (NRI) was used to assess overall nutrient preservation. Boiling reduced HCN by 99.94%, confirming effective detoxification through hydrolysis, volatilization, and leaching. β-carotene showed high retention (95.8%), whereas thiamine (0.91%) and riboflavin (16.67%) were markedly reduced. Potassium retention was also low (24.85%). The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity decreased significantly after boiling. The NRI indicated high retention of bioactive compounds (85.95%) but lower retention of vitamins (25.81%) and minerals (52.85%), yielding a global value of 54.92%. These findings highlight a trade-off between food safety and nutritional quality. Therefore, boiling remains a critical safety intervention for chaya and provides a useful model for optimizing processing conditions to balance detoxification with functional value.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and chronic neuroinflammation, with microglia playing a central role in its pathogenesis. Alterations in microglial metabolism have been proposed to contribute to AD-related inflammatory responses and reduced Aβ clearance, suggesting that thiamine-dependent pathways may be relevant in this context. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the active form of vitamin B1, is essential for glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function; however, its association with microglial changes in AD remains unclear. In this study, 9-month-old female triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice and non-transgenic controls (NoTg) received TPP (2.0 mg/mL) or saline as a vehicle for six weeks via osmotic pumps. Nesting, a hippocampus-dependent behavioral test, as well analyses of Aβ burden, microglial morphology, and the expression of genes related to metabolic and immune pathways were evaluated. Differences in nesting behavior between experimental groups were observed, but TPP treatment was not associated with an evident change in 3xTg-AD mice. In the subiculum and CA1 regions of the hippocampus of female 3xTg-AD mice exposed to TPP, a lower Aβ burden was observed, and morphological variations in microglia were detected in both groups (3xTg-AD and NoTg). Additionally, in the brain of the TPP-treated group, some changes in mRNA gene expression were recorded. Together, these findings describe hippocampal microglial and amyloid profiles following TPP treatment in 3xTg-AD mice and provide a basis for further investigation of thiamine-dependent pathways in AD-related neuroinflammatory contexts.

This study explores the impact of oenological treatments with fining agents or yeast-based nutrients on the vitamin content of grape musts, and thus on the fermentative performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts and the volatile composition of wine. Products such as bentonites and oenological carbons were shown to deplete several B-group vitamins from the must, while yeast derivatives were able to release significant amounts. Bentonite was used to modulate the vitamin B1 (thiamine) content of a real must and different yeast inoculation procedures were evaluated: active dry yeast and cells precultivated in order to modulate their physiological state and intracellular B1 pool. A significant impact of initial thiamine on fermentative activity was observed, while the effect of inoculation seemed to be linked to the adaptation of yeasts to liquid medium rather than intracellular B1. Thiamine availability was linked to an overall increase in volatile compound production. B1 addition to a bentonite treated must restored the volatile profile of the untreated control, suggesting that thiamine depletion is a major factor underlying the effects of bentonite treatment on wine volatile composition. These results allowed to identify the mechanisms by which fining agents can modify wine characteristics while confirming thiamine's importance in vinification processes. © 2026. The Author(s).

PURPOSE: Numerous trials have tested the impact on outcome of single high to very high doses of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in severe critical illness and particularly in septic shock. The present review will address the recent knowledge acquired since 2023 including mainly randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but also some quality observational studies. RECENT FINDINGS: Eighteen RCTs and nine meta-analyses were reviewed and globally confirm previous findings. Very high MN dose interventions delivered independent of a predisease deficiency in the early phase are not successful. The most frequently used outcomes are duration on vasopressors, length of mechanical ventilation, kidney injury, neurological outcome, biomarkers of inflammation, and mortality. Nosocomial infections are rarely reported, and immunity is rarely addressed while being dependent on micronutrients for optimization. Potential factors impacting study outcomes are discussed, such as the heterogeneity of doses, durations of therapy, primary endpoints, and absence of consideration of the level of inflammation and physiological response. SUMMARY: The recent publications seem to confirm that, in absence of evidence of a prior deficiency, very-high dose MN supplementation is not beneficial and might even be harmful. The heterogeneity of the trial designs compromises definitive conclusions. More trials integrating physiology and status determination are needed to determine the synergistic effect of MN in clinical practice.

Pyr4-like transmembrane terpene cyclases (TCs) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of diverse fungal meroterpenoids. However, their roles in bacterial meroterpenoid biosynthesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we charted the biosynthetic space of bacterial Pyr4-like TCs and discovered zigralone A, a quinolone diterpenoid. Functional characterization of the gene cluster established a multienzymatic assembly of its 6/6/6/5/6/6/6-heptacyclic scaffold. Key transformations include an oxidative indole rearrangement catalyzed by a thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme to form a 4-quinolone. Subsequent cytochrome P450-mediated epoxidation and hydroxylation direct carbo/oxacyclizations catalyzed by a Pyr4-like TC, generating a bilobed architecture of a pyranoquinolone and a 6/6/6-tricyclic ring system. Further P450-mediated oxidations and nonenzymatic hemiketalization furnish a spiro-fused tetrahydrofuran, completing the heptacyclic framework. Notably, zigralone A congeners exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. This work provides insights into bacterial Pyr4-like TC-associated pathways, expanding the biosynthetic logic underlying the assembly of complex bioactive meroterpenoids.

Thiamine deficiency is classically linked to malnutrition and chronic alcohol use, but emerging evidence indicates that patients on intermittent hemodialysis (iHD) are also at significant risk. While cardiovascular and neurologic syndromes are well characterized, gastrointestinal (GI) beriberi remains an underrecognized presentation. We describe a 67-year-old man on iHD with chronic abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia refractory to conventional therapy. Workup revealed elevated lactate and a low plasma thiamine level prior to supplementation. Symptoms and elevated lactate resolved rapidly following intravenous thiamine. This case underscores GI beriberi as a treatable cause of chronic GI symptoms in dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a crucial cofactor in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense, yet its specific impact on patients with sepsis-associated acute respiratory failure remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 6248 sepsis-associated acute respiratory failure patients in the MIMIC-IV database (2008-2019). Patients were categorized based on thiamine supplementation. The primary endpoints were in-hospital and ICU mortality, analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves, multivariable Cox regression, propensity score matching (PSM), and subgroup analyses. RESULTS: The thiamine group comprised 1576 patients and the no-thiamine group 4672. After adjustment, the no thiamine group had a higher risk of hospital mortality (HR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.10-1.39) and ICU mortality (HR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.51). This protective association was confirmed in the PSM-matched cohort (n = 2784). Subgroup analysis indicated the benefit was most pronounced in patients aged ≥65 years, with no significant association observed in younger patients. CONCLUSION: Thiamine supplementation was independently associated with reduced in-hospital and ICU mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute respiratory failure, particularly in the elderly.These findings support the need for randomized controlled trials to validate its potential as an adjunctive therapy.

Dizziness in elderly patients is heterogeneous and nonspecific, leading to frequent misdiagnosis. Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a severe but reversible nutritional disorder responsive to timely thiamine supplementation; it often lacks typical MRI changes and may mimic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple system atrophy (MSA). A 62-year-old male with chronic heavy alcohol use presented with 1 year of recurrent heterogeneous dizziness, vertigo, unsteadiness, presyncope, falls, and nocturnal visual hallucinations. Severe orthostatic hypotension and pyramidal signs initially suggested MSA. Peripheral neuropathy was attributed to chronic alcohol intake. Brain MRI was normal without typical WE lesions. Videonystagmography revealed periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN), saccadic intrusions, and impaired smooth pursuit, indicating central vestibular dysfunction. These ocular abnormalities resolved rapidly after thiamine replacement, excluding MSA, confirming MRI-negative WE. With high-dose thiamine, cobalamin, and alcohol cessation, PAN disappeared, dizziness and hypotension improved markedly, and hallucinations resolved. Full functional recovery was achieved at 3-month follow-up. This case shows that WE may manifest with complex dizziness and normal MRI, mimicking MSA clinically. PAN is a key objective marker of central vestibular involvement. In alcoholic patients with unexplained dizziness, orthostatic intolerance and central ocular signs, reversible WE should be excluded before diagnosing progressive neurodegeneration.

Environmental molybdenum (Mo) exposure is increasing worldwide. Notably, the lung has been recognized as a key target organ for heavy metal toxicity, yet the mechanisms underlying Mo-induced lung injury remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically explored the mechanisms underlying Mo-induced lung injury through a multi-omics strategy integrating respiratory function evaluation, histopathology, biochemical analyses, proteomics, and metabolomics. Our results showed that Mo exposure led to significant accumulation of Mo in lung tissue, accompanied by increased respiratory rate and irregular breathing patterns, as well as marked histological damage. Biochemical analyses revealed that Mo exposure markedly impaired pulmonary antioxidant defenses, promoted oxidative stress, and activated inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Further proteomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrated widespread remodeling of protein expression and metabolic profiles in the lung following Mo exposure. Multi-omics integration identified a highly interconnected metabolic regulatory network centered on Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, which is coordinated with beta-Alanine metabolism, Pentose phosphate pathway, Thiamine metabolism, and Cysteine and methionine metabolism. This network plays a key role in mediating lung injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that environmental Mo exposure induces lung injury by remodeling metabolic networks and disrupts oxidative stress-inflammation homeostasis, providing new insights into the toxicological mechanisms of Mo.

INTRODUCTION: Dry beriberi presents with peripheral polyneuropathy, cognitive deficits, and functional decline that warrant physical therapy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical presentation and physical therapy management of a patient with dry beriberi, highlighting the role of neuroplasticity and motor learning strategies. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 36-year-old female transferred to inpatient rehabilitation. Evaluation revealed cognitive deficits inconsistent with the admitting diagnosis, Guillain-Barré. A medical workup identified thiamine deficiency, suggesting dry beriberi, consistent with her sensorimotor polyneuropathy and impairments in attention, memory, and executive function. Her history of alcohol abuse further supported the dry beriberi diagnosis. She received physical therapy across 26 days in inpatient rehabilitation. Motor learning was promoted through the manipulation of practice conditions, feedback, and implicit processes to maximize mobility gains despite cognitive deficits. Repetition and salience were prioritized during task-specific mobility practice to promote neuroplasticity. Psychosocial factors impacted progress and clinical decision-making. OUTCOMES: Initially, she required over 50% assistance for all mobility. At discharge, she was modified independent with bed and wheelchair mobility. She required supervision for level and moderate assistance for unlevel slide board transfers, minimal assistance for floor transfers, and total assistance for walking. The Berg Balance Scale increased from 2/56 to 6/56, indicating a high fall risk in standing, with good sitting balance indicated by 53/56 at the final Function in Sitting Test. The Six-Minute Push Test improved from 52 to 133 meters. The Wheelchair Propulsion Test improved from 0.52 to 0.64 m/s. She could neither return to her job nor live in her second-floor apartment; thus, discharge was to her family's ramp-accessible home. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of diagnosis-specific physical therapy guidelines, a patient with dry beriberi-related deficits benefited from task-specific practice incorporating neuroplasticity and motor learning principles to learn compensato

The genus Nakaseomyces provides four species that are closely related but have different characteristics. For example, N. glabratus (formerly known as Candida glabrata) is a common human pathogen, whereas N. bracarensis and N. nivariensis have been isolated in clinical settings but are not common human pathogens. N. delphensis was isolated from fruit and there is no evidence it is pathogenic. Given the differences, we developed the clade as a molecular genetic system where we could introduce plasmids and assess transcriptional output from cloned promoters. We engineered a CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid that allows for rapid Gibson cloning of gRNAs, generated auxotrophic strains for amino acids and nucleotides, and introduced plasmids into each species. We used promoter-YFP plasmids to determine that while there are differences between the species, each species likely has intact thiamine and phosphate (THI and PHO) signal transduction pathways, and that gene expression in N. glabratus and N. bracarensis is more similar to one another than to the other two species. Finally, we determine that N. glabratus, N. bracarensis, and N. nivariensis persist in a murine macrophage for 24 h, whereas N. delphensis does not. This work describes new molecular tools for genetic manipulation in the Nakaseomyces clade and allows for evolutionary questions to be explored. © 2026 The Author(s). Yeast published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The effect of specific spacers added to the separation environment of capillary isotachophoresis in a hydrodynamically closed two-dimensional device hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry is reported in this short communication. Combination of two spacers, here, 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol and histidine, led to enhanced resolution of two model analytes (thiamine and pyridoxine) in model and real pharmaceutical samples (tablet drug dosage form). The addition of the spacers at relatively high concentration level (i.e., 20 µg/mL) caused no significant interference and suppression of the analytical signal in the mass spectrometry detection step. Eco-friendliness, practicality, and performance of the method were confirmed using the metric tools of the "White Analy

Rice, a global staple, often lacks essential nutrients due to milling, leading to micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger." This study aimed to optimize the fortification of rice analogues with essential vitamins, focusing on nutrient retention during cooking. Using cold extrusion technology, rice analogues were produced from a mixture of rice flour, sodium alginate (1%), water (30%), and a nutrient ready mix (NRM) in varying proportions: low-dose (100%), intermediate-dose (125%), and High-dose (150%) of recommended levels. The fortification level was statistically optimized using Design Expert software, with high-dose fortification (150% NRM) yielding the highest cooking retention, achieving a desirability value of 0.961. Post-cooking, the fortified rice analogues retained significant levels of key vitamins, including vitamin A (4713.76 ± 64.65 µg RE/kg), thiamine (6.67 ± 0.01 mg/kg), riboflavin (84.03 ± 0.54 mg/kg), niacin (447.18 ± 0.01 mg/kg), pyridoxine (33.21 ± 1.12 mg/kg), and folic acid (4.52 ± 0.04 mg/kg). Retention rates varied across vitamins, with thiamine showing lowest retention (6.7-7.1% after extrusion and cooking), while riboflavin exhibited the highest stability (64.3-74.7% retention after extrusion and cooking) demonstrating its relative heat stability. Other vitamins showed intermediate retention rates: vitamin A (10.1-12.4%), niacin (28.6-36.7%), pyridoxine (15.5-22.1%) and folic acid (44.2-60.4%). By blending these fortified analogues with raw rice at a 1:50 ratio produced vitamin-fortified rice that meets nutritional standards. This optimized fortification process offers a viable solution to combat hidden hunger by enhancing the nutritional value of rice without altering traditional dietary habits. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-025-06337-5. © Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2025. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely

In 2023, all but one Swedish restocking farm rearing Baltic salmon and sea trout fry experienced massive mortality caused by lipoid liver disease (LLD). The struck farms used the same feed, and this was suspected to be the cause of the outbreak. We performed two parallel feed trials in three salmon populations as well as fatty acid and antioxidant analyses of feed and fish to investigate the causal relationship between the feed and the LLD mortality. Significant mortality was induced in one population and LLD histopathology was induced in all three populations in groups fed the suspected feed (test feed) but not in the control groups, linking the test feed to the outbreak in 2023. Fatty acid analysis revealed a difference in bound fatty acid composition between the suspected feed and the control feeds, including higher amounts of erucic acid. Erucic acid has negative health effects for fish by altering lipid metabolism. It is present in for example, capelin, a main ingredient in this feed. The test feed also contained lower levels of several antioxidants, especially vitamin A. Antioxidative status of the fish could not be fully analysed but results indicated a difference in antioxidative status between the populations. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of Fish Diseases published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

To screen out potential ligands of Agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (ALS3) with anti-adhesion from the candidate drug library. To clarify the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of proanthocyanidins (PAC) and conduct a preliminary exploration of their metabolomics mechanisms. From January to December in 2023, at the Laboratory Department of Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital,using ALS3 as the target protein, the molecular docking virtual screening method was adopted to screen out ALS3 inhibitors with potential resistance to biofilm formation. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of PAC for Candida albicans were determined by the micro-liquid-based dilution method, and the time-growth curve was plotted to explore the antibacterial activity of PAC for Candida albicans. The XTT[2, 3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] staining method was used to explore the formation of Candida albicans biofilms by PAC and its dispersal effect on the formation of mature biofilms within 24 hours. The metabolites of Candida albicans after the action of PAC were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis) and univariate analysis (t-test) were used to screen differential metabolites to preliminarily explore the anti-biofilm mechanism of PAC. The results showed that a total of 69 compounds were obtained through Glide's three-level screening (SP, XP, HTVS). Based on the criteria of (1) docking scores better than diazepam and (2) excluding antibiotics, PAC compounds with excellent scores and relatively promising pattern binding were obtained. The MIC of PAC is 256 μg/ml, and the MFC is 1 024 μg/ml, showing a time-dose dependence. The concentration of PAC with a 50% inhibition rate on Candida albicans biofilm is 256 μg/ml(one-way analysis of variance, F=15.92,P<0.001). When the concentration reaches 1 024 μg/ml, PAC can inhibit 80% of Candida albicans biofilm formation(One-way analysis of variance, F=15.92,P<0.001).For mature Candida albicans biofilms, when the PAC concentration reac

BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is one of the most common disorders of the peripheral nervous system, affecting around 10% of the general adult population. PN results in pain, paraesthesia, and sensory loss, negatively impacting patients' quality of life. The condition is characterised by damage to peripheral nerves and is often linked to risk factors, among which diabetes is the most common cause. The incidence rate of patients suffering from PN has significantly increased in the last three decades, yet there are currently no pharmacological treatments to reverse or prevent the development of PN. Therefore, neurotropic B vitamins, specifically vitamins B1, B6, and B12, which are essential for protecting nerves from damage, nerve regeneration, and maintaining nerve health, are promising treatment options. Other biofactors with therapeutic potential are vitamin D3, which has been described as a regulator of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation with indications to promote neuronal regeneration following injury, as well as alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a well-described treatment option in PN. METHODS: The regenerative capacity of vitamins B1, B6, B12, and D3 and ALA was determined following neurite degeneration in vitro induced by either hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or homocysteine. RESULTS: In line with previous studies, the results show that a combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 has a significantly better effect on neurite extension following homocysteine-induced degeneration. In H2O2-insulted neural cells, the combination of all three neurotropic B vitamins was also shown to be superior to that of individual B vitamin treatment, demonstrated by longer neurite length after insult. Vitamin D3 also demonstrated a neuro-regenerative effect on neurites in healthy and insulted neural cells, whereas ALA only appears to provide a protective effect, preventing ongoing damage and supporting neurite outgrowth in healthy cells. No synergistic effects were seen with any treatment combinations. CONCLUSIONS: We have established an in vitro model of homocysteine-induced degeneration, and using this model alongside H2O2-induced degeneration, we provide evidence of the neurite

The concept of assisted evolution suggests that hurdles to species restoration in modified environments might be overcome by selective breeding of individuals better-suited to the contemporary evolutionary landscape. Here, we introduce an experimental program aimed at developing an Atlantic salmon broodstock resilient to dietary thiamine deficiency complex (TDC). Dietary TDC is caused by overconsumption of lipid-rich prey items containing thiaminase, leading to insufficient maternal allocation of thiamine to eggs and high offspring mortality. Within Lake Champlain, USA, where TDC is widespread due to consumption of invasive Alewife, we conducted offspring survival trials of 114 wild-reared salmon pairs. We documented among-family patterns in offspring survival to yolk-sac absorption. Some females allocated sufficient free thiamine to eggs to avoid severe offspring mortality from TDC, while most did not and suffered complete or severe reproductive failure. Offspring from "resilient" families with high survival were used as founders of a putatively "TDC-Tolerant" broodstock but at the expense of low effective population size (N e = 48). We also developed a control broodstock that included additional families that only survived after supplemental thiamine treatment (MAX-Gen, no selection, N e = 152) to represent a status quo scenario. From 2016 to 2025 we (1) developed a Genotyping-in-Thousands by Sequencing (GT-seq) marker panel (2) implemented parentage-based tagging (3) curated two experimental broodstocks and released ~1.6 million of their offspring into Lake Champlain and (4) implemented a sampling program to monitor demographic and evolutionary outcomes. In Lake Champlain, TDC continues to be a major restoration bottleneck afflicting 42%-76% of salmon evaluated annually since 2007 and is an increasing conservation issue globally. Continuation of this work will determine whether assisted evolution improved TDC-resistance in the wild and also evaluate the genetic and demographic consequences of contrasting broodstock strategies. Published 2026. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the United States. Ecology and Evolution publis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review was to summarise recent relevant studies examining refeeding syndrome risk and related outcomes in patients provided with enteral nutrition and discuss considerations for clinical practice and future research. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies investigating enteral nutrition and refeeding syndrome were heterogeneous. With the exception of physical indicators of nutritional status, there was no agreement across studies regarding commonly agreed upon risk factors including periods of fasting, feeding rates, or specific medical conditions. Comparisons of three different recommended risk criteria had highly variable results in one study. Confounding factors were evident across studies. Management of refeeding syndrome risk is becoming increasingly debated. Recent research has questioned the need for prolonged high thiamin dosages in adult patients with eating disorders. Conservative feeding practices are also called into question when serum electrolyte levels can be monitored and replaced assertively. SUMMARY: Clinical practice and research in refeeding syndrome is slowly changing, with a focus on preventing unnecessary and prolonged underfeeding in malnourished patients and in children during critical stages of growth. Future research should ensure risk criteria is specific to the clinical conditions and/or age groups being investigated. Refeeding syndrome and its subsequent management should also be considered along a spectrum, rather than as an all or nothing event. By incorporating these recommendations, research in the field will evolve to advance knowledge and enhance clinical practice.

Erratum in Clin Obes. 2026 Oct;16(5):e70114. doi: 10.1111/cob.70114. Metabolic and bariatric surgery achieves durable weight loss and meaningful improvement in obesity-related comorbidities yet carries a risk of neurological complications that remains under-recognised in routine clinical practice. This systematic review, registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024591611) and conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines, searched MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL and Cochrane databases through September 2023 to evaluate the incidence, spectrum, timing, pathophysiology and management of post-operative neurological complications. Twelve studies comprising over 5000 patients were included. Reported incidence ranged from 1.4% to 16%, with peripheral neuropathy the most frequent manifestation. Mononeuropathies, particularly carpal tunnel syndrome, were prominent in several cohorts, while central complications including Wernicke encephalopathy occurred less commonly but with considerably greater severity. Thiamine deficiency was the predominant aetiological factor. Onset varied from days to several years postoperatively, with early presentations typically compression-related and later ones nutritionally mediated. Outcomes were generally favourable with early intervention, though severe or delayed cases were associated with persistent neurological deficits and occasional mortality. Neurological complications after bariatric surgery are heterogeneous and largely preventable, and structured post-operative follow-up with consistent adherence to nutritional supplementation remains central to reducing long-term harm. © 2026 World Obesity Federation.

Amoxicillin is widely used in human and veterinary medicine and is increasingly detected in aquatic systems, raising concerns regarding its potential adverse effects on sensitive developmental stages. Here, a zebrafish embryonic amoxicillin exposure (EAE) model was used to quantify dose- and time-dependent developmental outcomes and to elucidate underlying metabolic-epigenetic mechanisms. EAE induced dose- and time-dependent increases in mortality and malformation rates, and significantly impaired differentiation of liver, interrenal gland, heart and brain, accompanied by mitochondrial structural damage and reduction in ATP levels. Multi-omics integration identified a previously uncharacterized long noncoding RNA, PCALRx, which was associated with pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and negatively regulated PC protein stability. PCALRx promoted ubiquitination-mediated degradation of PC, resulting in impaired mitochondrial metabolic function and subsequent multi-organ differentiation defects. Knockdown of PCALRx mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and improved EAE-induced developmental defects. Finally, a drug-repurposing strategy nominated thiamine (vitamin B1) as a metabolic modulator capable of mitigating EAE-induced developmental changes in zebrafish larvae. This protective effect was further validated in a mouse model of prenatal amoxicillin exposure. Together, these findings reveal an lncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism involving PC ubiquitination and mitochondrial metabolic disruption in amoxicillin-associated developmental toxicity and provide a potential intervention strategy relevant to environmental amoxicillin exposure. © 2026 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute, reversible but potentially disabling neurological syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency. It is increasingly recognized in non-alcoholic settings, particularly when persistent vomiting, poor intake, malabsorption, or systemic illness rapidly depletes limited thiamine stores. Patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) may be vulnerable because esophageal/gastrointestinal dysmotility, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic inflammation, and reduced oral intake can overlap and obscure nutritional complications. A 38-year-old woman with a 4-year history of anti-U1 RNP-positive MCTD, interstitial lung disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, polyarthritis, GERD, and pre-existing sensory axonal neuropathy presented with two weeks of recurrent postprandial vomiting followed by excessive daytime somnolence, bilateral horizontal nystagmus, lower-limb weakness, and impaired vibration sense. Brain MRI showed symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities involving the bilateral dorsomedial thalami, mammillary bodies, and periaqueductal gray matter. CSF examination was non-inflammatory, CSF cytology was negative, anti-aquaporin-4 antibody was negative, spinal MRI was normal, and infectious, malignant, metabolic, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder differentials were excluded. Empirical intravenous thiamine 500 mg three times daily was started on day 1; vomiting, alertness, and nystagmus improved within 72 h, and complete neurological recovery was documented at one month. This case highlights non-alcoholic WE as a treatable neurological mimic in autoimmune rheumatic disease. Persistent vomiting with new ocular, cognitive, gait, or motor findings in MCTD should prompt early empiric parenteral thiamine, even when the classical triad is incomplete and serum thiamine is unavailable. © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to report a unique case of severe sensorimotor polyneuropathy due to acute nutritional axonal neuropathy (ANAN) associated with thiamine and other vitamin deficiencies in the setting of semaglutide-related malnutrition, emphasizing early recognition and intervention to prevent permanent neurologic injury. METHODS: A 65-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and obesity presented with profound weakness, cranial nerve deficits, dysphagia, and a 120-pound weight loss after months of semaglutide therapy with persistent nausea and vomiting. Neurologic examination was performed, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis and serum vitamin levels were obtained. Electromyography demonstrated absent sensory responses and mild motor slowing, consistent with severe sensory-predominant polyneuropathy. Serum levels of thiamine, folate, and vitamin B12 were below normal, and supplementation was administered. RESULTS: Within 5 days of thiamine, folate, and vitamin B12 supplementation, the patient showed improvement in cognition and bulbar and limb strength. Oral intake improved over 1 week, and partial functional recovery was achieved. DISCUSSION: This case of ANAN highlights a severe yet potentially reversible neurologic complication of nutritional deficiencies occurring in the setting of GLP-1 receptor agonist-associated gastrointestinal intolerance and malnutrition. Recognizing and addressing nutrient deficiencies in patients with sensorimotor and/or cognitive deficits after persistent gastrointestinal symptoms can improve deficits and prevent long-term or permanent neurologic injury. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should maintain a high suspicion for thiamine, folate, vitamin B12, and other nutritional deficiencies in patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists presenting with neuropathy, unexplained weakness, cranial nerve deficits, and/or confusion, as prompt supplementation may mitigate neurologic injury. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.

Microalgal-bacterial interactions are central to nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning in marine habitats, yet the mechanisms structuring these associations under defined nutrient constraints remain poorly resolved. Using a synthetic 15-member bacterial community (SynCom) and controlled nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and vitamin B12-limitation, we investigated how nutrient scarcity shapes the physiology, metabolism, and transcriptional activity of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum and its associated microbiota. Under N- and P-limitation, the SynCom had minimal impact on algal growth despite nutrient-dependent shifts in toxin production and metabolite profiles. In contrast, B12-limitation triggered a strong mutualistic interaction in which the SynCom enabled a three-fold increase in algal biomass and drove restructuring of intracellular and extracellular metabolomes, including the accumulation of ectoine and membrane-associated lipids and the depletion of thiamine-like and stress-associated metabolites. Metabarcoding revealed stable community composition but enrichment of B12-producing taxa under B12-limited conditions, while metatranscriptomics uncovered functional divergence among SynCom members. Bacteria displayed contrasting response strategies, including nutrient-responsive specialists and transcriptionally flexible generalists maintaining gene expression across all nutrient regimes. B12-producers (Marinovum algicola, Roseobacter sp., Halomonas sp.) upregulated cobalamin biosynthesis exclusively under B12-limitation, whereas several B12-auxotrophic taxa induced B12-transport and B12-requiring enzymes, indicating active vitamin exchange within the holobiont. P. parvum displayed transcriptional programs specific to each nutrient limitation, with B12-limited co-cultures shifting toward growth-associated gene expression despite constitutive expression of the B12-dependent metH gene. These results demonstrate that vitamin auxotrophy acts as a key metabolic lever reorganizing holobiont function, driving reciprocal benefits and reprogramming algal-bacterial metabolism in our synthetic system. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behal

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-induced NF-κB hyperactivation drives two devastating cell death cascades: megakaryocyte apoptosis causing thrombocytopenia (incidence 35%-59%), and neuronal apoptosis with microglial-mediated neuroinflammation causing cognitive dysfunction in up to 70% of survivors. Mechanistically, NF-κB-driven upregulation of pro-apoptotic mediators (cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c release) impairs megakaryopoiesis while simultaneously inducing hippocampal neuronal death and synaptic loss. The HAT regimen (hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and thiamine) modulates complementary nodes of this NF-κB/apoptosis axis, yet its cell-autonomous mechanisms of protecting megakaryocytes and neurons from sepsis-induced programmed cell death remain uncharacterized. METHODS: We employed a multi-level translational approach to interrogate HAT-mediated cell survival mechanisms. A retrospective cohort of 184 propensity score-matched sepsis patients with thrombocytopenia provided clinical validation. Mechanistic studies used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in C57BL/6 mice, with cell death profiling (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, Annexin V), blood-brain barrier integrity assays, and synaptic protein quantification. In vitro apoptosis and proliferation assays used MEG-01 megakaryoblasts as a preliminary screening platform (note: MEG-01 harbors BCR-ABL, which constitutively elevates baseline NF-κB activity; primary mechanistic conclusions are grounded in the CD34+ primary system) and primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, BV-2 microglia, and primary hippocampal neurons, combined with NF-κB pathway dissection (p65 nuclear translocation, IKK phosphorylation, IκBα dynamics), genetic validation by p65 siRNA knockdown, and transcriptomic/proteomic profiling, delineated component-specific pro-survival mechanisms. Pharmacological synergy was formally quantified by Chou-Talalay CI analysis. E-value sensitivity analyses were applied to primary clinical endpoints. RESULTS: HAT synergistically suppressed NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation by 52% in megakaryoblasts and 54% in hippocampal tissue, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines by 35%-42%. In megakaryocytes, HAT inhibited apoptosis by 48.6% and

Motile cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles performing essential roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Unlike the core scaffold, the distal regions remain relatively less explored and display great diversity across species. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized ciliary protein Jhc1 (just the head of cilia 1, Loc108698169), localizing at the extreme distal tip of multiciliated cell (MCC) cilia and encoded only in the genomes of non-mammalian vertebrates. Jhc1 is essential for normal cilia structure and function in Xenopus, and this activity is conserved in Jhc1 from reptiles and fish. Phylogenetic analysis and structure modeling suggest that Jhc1 arose by duplication and neofunctionalization of thiamine triphosphatase, and the residues crucial for that enzyme's function have been lost and replaced by residues essential for ciliary localization. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the broad diversification of the structures at the tip of motile cilia during vertebrate evolution.

Benthic cyanobacteria, notably the genus Microcoleus, are a common contributor to benthic harmful algal blooms globally and can produce neurotoxins. Microcoleus can thrive in nutrient-limited freshwater environments, which present significant environmental and public health challenges. In May 2023, we observed Microcoleus mat growing in a small tributary of the Virgin River in Zion National Park near the Temple of Sinawava and collected benthic mats from three rock and three sandy substrate (strata) sites in the Virgin River. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bottom substrate (sand versus rock) on the ecophysiology of cyanobacteria, primarily Microcoleus, and other coexisting bacteria. Toxin measurements revealed that all the benthic mat samples contained anatoxin-a (ATX377.13±18.05 µg/g of wet mat) and dihydroanatoxin-a (15±0.3 µg/g of wet mat), and anatoxin-A was also present in the water column (0.377 µg/L). Low chlorophyll-a levels and microscopy results indicate that the toxins in the water flowing into the Virgin River presumably originated from benthic sources rather than from planktonic algae. Community analysis showed strong cyanobacterial dominance (>60%) in mats. Biofilms, especially those formed on sand as compared to those formed on rocks, supported greater heterotrophic bacterial diversity. A single dominant toxigenic Microcoleus genotype occurred across both strata (rock and sand) at all sampled sites, and it is closely related to the Microcoleus anatoxicus previously found in the Russian River, CA. Bottom strata type effects were most prominent in phosphorus acquisition: rock-associated heterotrophic communities showed higher expression of phosphonate utilization genes (C-P lyase) and glycerophosphodiester utilization (ugp). Samples from both substrates showed strong expression of pst/pho regulators, indicating organic phosphorus uptake. Active nitrogen fixation genes were also found in some metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs), suggesting internal nitrogen cycling in Microcoleus mats. Despite producing dihydroanatoxin-a, Microcoleus MAGs from this study lack the anaK gene, which is hypothesized to convert anat

Microbiome homeostasis is crucial for host health and ecosystem function, yet the molecular and ecological mechanisms underlying community assembly and stability remain elusive. Here we uncover a conserved yeast-oomycete association that promotes their coexistence in the leaf microbiome. Using a continental-scale microbiome survey, we identified an asymmetric mutualistic interaction between two eukaryotic hub microbes: the yeast Dioszegia hungarica and the obligate oomycete Albugo laibachii. We show that Dioszegia facilitates Albugo colonization by supplying thiamine via a dedicated membrane permease, alleviating Albugo's auxotrophy. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses indicate that natural selection has acted on thiamine production in Dioszegia, shaping this metabolic complementation. In planta assays further suggest that Albugo presence supports Dioszegia persistence under glasshouse conditions. Our study illustrates how the evolution of nutrient cross-feeding mediates microbial coexistence and microbiome stability. Targeting microbial nutrient flows offers new strategies for engineering microbiomes and enhancing plant resilience in natural and agricultural systems. © 2026. The Author(s).

OBJECTIVES: Vitamin B1 status is typically assessed by measuring whole blood thiamine diphosphate (TDP). However, volumetric expression (nmol/L) may be misleading in anemia or polycythemia, as TDP is primarily carried within erythrocytes. While hemoglobin-normalized TDP (ng/g Hb) may provide a more robust biomarker-less influenced by hematological variations-reference interval (RI) data are scarce. Thus, we aimed to establish RIs for Hb-normalized TDP and evaluate the impact of its expression (ng/g Hb vs. nmol/L) on thiamine status classification. DESIGN AND METHODS: RIs for Hb-normalized TDP were established using 130 healthy adults (18-65 years) per CLSI EP28-A3c. Exclusion criteria included vitamin B1 supplementation, denutrition, hepatic disease, and other conditions affecting thiamine metabolism. TDP was quantified via HPLC with fluorescence detection. Outliers were excluded using Tukey's and Dixon's methods. A retrospective analysis of 5429 routine samples assessed reclassification rates using Cohen's weighted kappa and the net reclassification index (NRI). RESULTS: The Hb-normalized TDP RI was 249-531 ng/g Hb (90% CI: 241-268, 519-557), and the volumetric RI was 88-181 nmol/L (90% CI: 83-92, 175-189). The units were strongly correlated (r = 0.829, p 〈10-33). No sex- or age-specific partitioning was required (z = 2.14, z* = 3.12). Among routine samples, the reclassification rate was 11.3% (weighted κ = 0.682, good agreement), with an NRI of 8.58%. Notably, 88% of reclassifications were upward, and 68.5% of samples with low TDP in nmol/L were normal in ng/g Hb. The reclassification rate rose to 25.8% in anemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: We established RI for Hb-normalized TDP according to CLSI methodology. Our findings support adopting ng/g Hb for TDP assessment, particularly in anemic patients.

BACKGROUND: Olaparib is a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor used to treat several malignancies. Previous studies have reported that olaparib may induce ovarian injury by elevating reactive oxygen species and impairing cellular energy homeostasis. ATP is a central regulator of intracellular energy balance and antioxidant defense, whereas thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the active form of vitamin B1, supports ATP biosynthesis and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study compared the protective effects of ATP and TPP against olaparib-induced ovarian injury in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four female Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=6 each): healthy control (HG), olaparib-only (OLP), ATP plus olaparib (ATOL), and TPP plus olaparib (TPOL). Olaparib (100 mg/kg, orally, twice daily), ATP (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily), and TPP (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily) were administered for 14 consecutive days. Ovarian tissue levels of oxidant (MDA), antioxidants (tGSH, SOD, CAT), and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) were determined. Tissue specimens underwent histopathological (follicular and parenchymal degeneration) and double immunofluorescence analyses (IRE1α, cleaved Caspase-3, LC3B, and NF-κB p65 immunopositivity). RESULTS: Olaparib significantly increased oxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased antioxidant levels. Histopathology revealed severe follicular and parenchymal degeneration, and immunofluorescence analysis showed significantly increased IRE1α, cleaved Caspase-3, LC3B, and NF-κB p65 immunopositivity. Both ATP and TPP pre-treatment significantly attenuated olaparib-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, histopathological injury, and cellular stress marker immunopositivity. ATP demonstrated a more pronounced protective effect than TPP, particularly regarding follicular degeneration suppression and LC3B and NF-κB p65 immunopositivity. CONCLUSION: Olaparib induced ovarian injury accompanied by oxidative stress, cytokine-mediated inflammation, IRE1α-related endoplasmic reticulum stress, cleaved Caspase-3-related apoptosis, LC3B-related autophagy, and NF-κB-related

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a severe neurological condition caused by thiamine deficiency that remains underreported in pregnancy. We report a clinical diagnosis of WE in a 41-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 16 weeks of gestation. She presented with acute, painless visual impairment, severe dietary restriction, and marked weight loss secondary to severe hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Examination revealed reduced visual acuity, horizontal nystagmus, psychomotor retardation, and an ataxic gait. The initial diagnosis was delayed due to her atypical presentation and the absence of MRI or blood thiamine level confirmation. However, empirical treatment with IV thiamine was followed by rapid visual and cognitive recovery within 24 hours. The pregnancy was subsequently complicated by fetal growth restriction and preterm delivery. This case illustrates the necessity of empirical treatment for WE based on clinical criteria in pregnant patients with HG. Recognizing atypical presentations and administering thiamine promptly are critical because delayed treatment may result in irreversible maternal neurological complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Rubia cordifolia L. is an important Himalayan medicinal plant valued for its diverse therapeutic properties. The present study investigated the influence of altitude, habitat conditions, and edaphic factors on nutritional composition, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity of R. cordifolia populations collected from different habitats (open grassy, shady, and moist shady) in the western Himalaya. Significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in edaphic factors, nutritional components and phytochemicals, antinutritional factors and antioxidant activities. High-altitude populations showed higher accumulation of total phenolics (52.59 mg GAE/g dw), flavonoids (120.84 mg QE/g dw), alizarin (2.68 mg/g dw), and mollugin (23.77 mg/g dw). Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of altitude with phenolics, flavonoids, alizarin, catechin, amino acids, and thiamine. Whereas, soil pH demonstrated negative correlations with several metabolites. In contrast, altitude was negatively correlated (p ≤ 0.01) with salicylic acid in leaves and stems and tannin content in roots. Moist shady habitats showed greater accumulation of nutritional and bioactive compounds compared with open grassy and shady habitats. The results suggest that altitude, habitat conditions, and soil factors collectively regulate metabolic plasticity and antioxidant potential in R. cordifolia. High-altitude populations occuring in moist shady habitat may presents valuable germplasm for conservation, cultivation, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2026 The Author(s). Chemistry & Biodiversity published by Wiley‐VHCA AG.

BACKGROUND: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic nematode that causes eosinophilic meningitis in humans. Although its life cycle encompasses multiple developmental stages and hosts, the metabolic changes underlying its development and host interactions remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the dynamic metabolomic profiles of A. cantonensis across its entire life cycle and to identify metabolic signatures associated with development and different host environments. METHODS: Untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed on five key life cycle stages of A. cantonensis: first-stage larvae, third-stage larvae (L3), mouse-derived and rat-derived fourth-stage larvae (L4), fifth-stage larvae, and female and male adults. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminatory analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminatory analysis, were employed alongside univariate tests, random forest (RF) modeling, and pathway enrichment analysis to detect differential metabolites and key pathways. RESULTS: A total of 4517 and 2613 ion features were detected in positive and negative electrospray ionization modes, respectively. Metabolic profiles shifted markedly, especially during the L3-to-L4 transition, with over 2000 differentially regulated features (P < 0.05). A total of 127 unique putatively annotated compounds were identified, including fatty acyls, purine nucleosides, and steroids, among others. Putative metabolites such as hypoxanthine, inosine, and prostaglandins were upregulated at the fourth larval stage, whereas xanthosine peaked in female adults (P < 0.05). RF models identified daidzin and docosapentaenoic acid as key discriminators between L3 and L4, and 4-phenylbutyric acid as a discriminator between rat-derived and mouse-derived L4. Pathway analysis revealed that vitamin B6 metabolism, thiamine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism were significantly altered during L3-to-L4 transition and were also host-associated (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive metabolomic analysis of A. cantonensis provides a detailed map

Feline leukaemia virus subgroup A (FeLV-A) has generally been regarded as having a narrow, predominantly feline host range. Here, we characterize a naturally occurring FeLV-A isolate, strain F8701, that exhibits unexpectedly broad mammalian cell tropism. Using an infectious molecular clone of F8701, we show that F8701 infects canine cells efficiently and can utilize the canine orthologue of thiamine transporter 1, the canonical FeLV-A receptor. Compared with reference FeLV-A strains, F8701 displayed markedly higher infectivity in multiple non-feline cell lines, including canine and human cells. Sequence analysis of the envelope glycoprotein revealed that F8701 carries the previously described 83D/91D di-aspartic acid residue combination in variable region A, together with an additional K105N substitution whose functional contribution remains to be determined. Interference assays confirmed that F8701 belongs to FeLV subgroup A, indicating that broad cellular tropism can occur within a naturally occurring FeLV-A background. Although replication in cultured canine cells was observed, whether F8701 can establish productive infection or transmission in dogs in vivo remains unknown. These findings highlight the natural plasticity of the FeLV-A envelope and suggest that receptor compatibility can contribute to the expansion of mammalian cellular tropism, while additional host-level barriers are likely to determine cross-species infection in vivo.

Traditional methods for pesticide residue detection often rely on expensive instruments, are time-consuming, and lack cost efficiency. This investigation developed a fluorescence-based assay that utilizes cascade amplification through cholinesterase hydrolysis and thiamine (TH) oxidation for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). A Prussian blue analog (CoFe NPs) with high catalytic activity for TH oxidation was synthesized. Cholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine to produce thiocholine, which subsequently inhibits the CoFe NPs-catalyzed oxidation of TH. In the presence of paraoxon, acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, leading to restored TH oxidation and generating a strong fluorescence signal. The increase in fluorescence intensity is proportional to paraoxon concentration. This novel assay demonstrates a linear detection range of 0-10 ng/mL, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 ng/mL, indicating sensitivity superior to that reported in previous studies. This work presents a sensitive and innovative strategy for OPs detection.

Water-soluble vitamins participate in essential metabolic, redox, and coenzyme-dependent processes, yet their effective delivery can be limited by chemical instability, degradation during processing or storage, restricted membrane transport, and formulation-dependent loss of biological availability. Cyclodextrins have been widely investigated as molecular hosts and functional components of delivery systems capable of modifying these properties. This critical narrative review evaluates cyclodextrin systems involving thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, pantothenate, vitamin B6 vitamers, biotin, folates, cobalamins, and vitamin C, with particular emphasis on the relationship between molecular interaction mechanisms and functional or biological outcomes. The available evidence demonstrates that cyclodextrins can protect selected vitamins against photochemical, thermal, and chemical degradation, modify release profiles, facilitate local or transdermal delivery, and support pharmaceutical, food, biomedical, and analytical applications. However, these effects cannot always be attributed to classical cavity inclusion. Depending on vitamin structure, hydration, charge, and molecular size, the underlying mechanism may involve partial inclusion, external hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, multivalent association, or physical entrapment within cyclodextrin-containing materials. Distinguishing these mechanisms is essential for interpreting whether an observed improvement in stability, permeability, or biological performance can reasonably be linked to molecular complexation. Importantly, evidence that cyclodextrin association increases systemic vitamin bioavailability in vivo remains limited, and improvements in solubility or release should not automatically be considered evidence of enhanced biological availability. Future studies should therefore integrate rigorous molecular characterization with permeability, cellular, pharmacokinetic, and in vivo evaluation. Such an approach can establish a mechanistic link between cyclodextrin-vitamin interactions and their biological and translational significance.

Auricularia polytricha is an economically important edible and medicinal mushroom widely cultivated in China. Ear thickness, as a core commercial trait of this mushroom, directly determines its product quality and economic value. To explore the potential molecular regulatory mechanisms governing ear thickness, we performed comparative transcriptome sequencing on fruiting bodies of the main cultivar 'Zhang'er 4328' and its stable thick-ear mutant 'B2872' at three key developmental stages: primordium stage (PD), young ear stage (IF), and mature stage (MF). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. GO enrichment results showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in biological processes associated with metabolic activity, cellular component formation, and catalytic function. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a distinct stage-specific pattern: DEGs at the PD stage were primarily enriched in energy and substance synthesis pathways (e.g., thiamine metabolism, carbon metabolism); at the IF stage, DEGs were concentrated in pathways related to cell proliferation and structure formation (e.g., amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism); and at the MF stage, DEGs were enriched in pathways involved in protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis maintenance (e.g., ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum protein processing). Our findings indicate that pathways related to energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and protein synthesis provide essential energy and material support for ear thickness in A. polytricha. This exploratory study preliminarily fills the research gap in the molecular mechanism underlying ear thickness variation in A. polytricha and provides a preliminary theoretical reference for molecular marker-assisted breeding of thick-ear varieties. Copyright: © 2026 Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitches are the only riboswitch class identified in eukaryotes. They therefore provide a unique model for reconstructing the evolution of RNA-based gene regulation across life's domains. We investigated the molecular evolution, structural diversification, and genomic-context reassignment of the TPP riboswitch across archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, and land plants using phylogenetic reconstruction, covariance-model-guided sequence analysis, comparative secondary-structure analysis, genomic-context annotation, and covariation-based inference. Our analyses establish an early prokaryotic origin of the TPP riboswitch as a 5'- UTR-associated regulatory element. Archaea retain the most compact ancestral scaffold. The transition to bacteria is characterized by extensive compensatory evolution. Bacteria preserve the canonical fold but exhibit the strongest covariation. Within bacteria, cyanobacteria exhibit a reduced architecture while retaining a conserved ligand-binding core, indicating an early reform event. Methylogaea oryzae branches within the cyanobacterial clade, identifying horizontal acquisition of a thiC-TPP riboswitch cassette. The transition into the green lineage is marked by the repositioning of the riboswitch from the ancestral 5'-UTR to the 3'-UTR. This architecture is found in the charophyte Closterium, indicating that the plant-type 3'-UTR state predates land plants. Fungi retain mainly 5'-UTR organization but also contain a distinct 3'-UTR NMT1/thi5-associated clade, defining a second eukaryotic regulatory configuration derived through horizontal transfer from early green lineages. These results suggest a continuous evolutionary trajectory of the TPP riboswitch from an ancestral prokaryotic 5'-UTR regulator to the green-lineage repositioning of the 3'-UTR, to fungal functional reassignment, and the secondary emergence of an alternative 3'-UTR state. © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Background and Clinical Significance: Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a potentially reversible neurological emergency caused by thiamine deficiency. Although classically associated with alcohol use, it may also occur after gastrointestinal surgery and prolonged nutritional compromise, where diagnosis can be obscured by postoperative delirium or metabolic encephalopathy. Case Presentation: A 58-year-old woman with no history of alcohol use underwent a Whipple procedure for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. Her postoperative course included an anastomotic leak, prolonged open-abdomen management, severely restricted oral intake, and long-term total parenteral nutrition. Approximately 1.5 months after surgery, she developed fluctuating confusion, visual hallucinations, marked recent-memory impairment, diplopia, nystagmus, and gait ataxia, initially interpreted as postoperative delirium/metabolic encephalopathy. Approximately two years later, persistent anterograde amnesia, cerebellar and oculomotor findings, and neuropsychological deficits in attention, memory, and executive functions led to clinical suspicion of previous WE. Re-evaluation of the acute MRI showed bilateral medial thalamic and periaqueductal FLAIR hyperintensities that were absent on follow-up imaging, supporting the retrospective diagnosis; the persistent amnestic syndrome was compatible with Korsakoff syndrome. B-complex vitamin supplementation was initiated, followed by 10 weekly 60 min cognitive rehabilitation sessions and a family-supported home program. Family members reported improved retention of recent information and greater daily independence, but formal post-treatment neuropsychological reassessment could not be completed. Conclusions: This case highlights the difficulty of recognizing non-alcoholic WE during a complicated postoperative course. The observed functional changes cannot be attributed specifically to rehabilitation because vitamin supplementation, nutritional recovery, spontaneous recovery, and rehabilitation occurred within the same follow-up period.

Diabetes mellitus and obesity represent a growing global health burden with high morbidity and mortality. In the last several years, novel incretin-based therapies have been developed, and their use has risen dramatically. Beyond their proven metabolic, glycemic, cardiovascular, renal, and many other benefits, there are some observational data linking anemia development with their use. From the era of gliptins to retatrutide, in this review we tried to explore whether erythroid suppression is the hidden paradigm of advanced incretin-based therapies. Potential pathophysiological explanations include micronutrient vulnerabilities due to reduced food intake, lower dietary diversity, gastrointestinal intolerance, delayed gastric emptying, and weight loss. The most important concerns involve deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B2, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, along with others such as thiamine, folate, vitamin A, and potassium. The available evidence indicates a complex and heterogeneous relationship between incretin-based therapies and hematological parameters, with findings differing across therapies, study populations, and outcomes. Although observational studies suggest possible associations with anemia, iron deficiency, and nutritional deficiencies in selected populations, current evidence is insufficient to establish a direct causal relationship or a class-wide adverse effect. Further large-scale studies are needed, as well as increased clinician awareness of potential hematological and nutritional consequences that require laboratory follow-up before and during medication prescription.

Purpose To quantify seven dietary vitamins and estimate their mean daily intakes and major food sources among Cuban adults through the country's first Total Diet Study.Methods Standardized 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from 450 adults across Western, Central, and Eastern Cuba between October 2020 and March 2021. Foods were classified into 16 groups, prepared as consumed, homogenized, and analyzed using validated high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. Vitamin concentrations were combined with mean food consumption to estimate daily intakes, which were compared with nutritional reference values.Results Estimated mean daily intakes were 831 µg retinol equivalents for vitamin A, 6.8 mg α-tocopherol equivalents for vitamin E, 1.6 mg thiamine, 1.8 mg riboflavin, 32 mg niacin equivalents, 2.7 mg pyridoxine, and 220 µg dietary folate equivalents. Mean intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine exceeded the adult reference values used in the study, whereas vitamin E and folate reached 68% and 55% of their respective benchmarks. Dairy products, vegetables, fruits, and fish were major vitamin A sources; meats and legumes contributed substantially to thiamine intake, and vegetables and legumes were the leading folate sources.Conclusion The reported mean intake estimates identify vitamin E and folate as priorities for dietary improvement in Cuba. Promoting nutrient-rich foods and evaluating selective fortification could help address these gaps. These population mean estimates do not establish individual nutritional adequacy or deficiency prevalence; further assessment of usual intake distributions and nutritional biomarkers is warranted. © 2026. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

The use of cannabis and high-potency tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products has risen substantially among adolescents, and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is now an increasingly recognized complication of chronic use. CHS is characterized by recurrent episodes of intractable nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that resolve with cannabis cessation. Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), a neurologic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency, is classically associated with chronic alcohol use but is increasingly reported in nonalcoholic and pediatric patients, in whom atypical presentations complicate timely diagnosis. We report the case of a 15-year-old male patient with no significant past medical history and chronic cannabis use who developed WE in the setting of CHS. He initially presented with several days of intractable nausea, vomiting, and headache and was diagnosed with CHS. Symptoms persisted, and he returned weeks later with a 25- to 30-pound weight loss along with headache and dizziness. Repeat laboratory studies revealed worsening transaminitis and progressive hyponatremia, which was treated with fluid restriction and oral sodium supplementation. He was admitted for management of presumed CHS, and on admission demonstrated slowed speech, mild confusion, and episodes of unresponsiveness. Nephrology and gastroenterology were consulted. Several days into admission, he showed little cognitive improvement, remained bedbound, and developed an ataxic gait once movement was initiated. This was followed by new-onset horizontal nystagmus with blurred vision. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography were unremarkable, and a workup for encephalopathy was unrevealing. Given the constellation of nystagmus, ataxia, altered mentation, and protracted vomiting with significant weight loss, WE was suspected; a vitamin panel was ordered, and empiric thiamine was initiated. The vitamin panel subsequently confirmed thiamine deficiency. Within one day of thiamine supplementation, the patient's nystagmus, gait, and cognitive function improved, consistent with a clinical diagnosis of WE likely secondary to CHS-induced thiamine deficiency. At follow-up, he reported