Bacopa Monnieri (300mg)

BACKGROUND: Growing cognitive health interest fuels 8.3% market growth. Bacopa monnieri Wettst. (Brahmi) and Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo) are among the most studied natural nootropics, but their effects have not been directly compared. This study aimed to evaluate and compare their efficacy in healthy adults using a network meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and EBSCO Open Dissertations in November 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on healthy adults receiving Brahmi or Ginkgo extracts and reported cognitive outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias version 2. Cognitive outcomes were analyzed using standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) under a random-effects model. Interventions were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). RESULTS: Twenty-nine RCTs (n = 2107) were included. High-dose Brahmi (≥600 mg/day) significantly improved working memory compared to low-dose Brahmi (300 to <600 mg/day), high-dose Ginkgo (≥240 mg/day), low-dose Ginkgo (60 to <240 mg/day), and placebo, with SMDs (95% CI) of 1.84 (1.05-2.64), 1.94 (1.10-2.77), 2.04 (1.24-2.84), and 2.03 (1.28-2.78), respectively. A SUCRA of 100% further supports the strong efficacy of high-dose Brahmi. It also demonstrated significantly greater benefits for short-term memory. For delayed memory, low-dose Brahmi outperformed both low-dose Ginkgo and placebo. No significant differences were observed in sustained attention, selective attention, or processing speed. CONCLUSION: Brahmi, particularly in high-dose formulations, shows promise as a cognitive enhancer compared to Ginkgo in healthy adults. However, the lack of direct comparisons may limit the strength of this evidence. OTHER: The authors are grateful for financial support from The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (RGJ-Ph.D. Program), Thailand Research Fund (TRF) (N41A670299). This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251034900).

BACKGROUND: With the accelerating global population aging, age-related cognitive decline has become a significant health concern for the older adults. The limited efficacy and common side effects of pharmacological interventions have made the exploration of safe non-pharmacological strategies an urgent need. Plant active substances have drawn much attention due to their multi-target neuroprotective properties, there is a lack of systematic comparative research on cognitive function in healthy older adults. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of plant active substances on various domains of cognitive function in healthy older adults through a network meta-analysis (NMA). METHODS: Comprehensive searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (up to 31 December 2024). Primary outcomes included learning and memory, complex attention, executive function, language, and perceptual-motor skills. NMA was performed using Stata 15.1, with cumulative ranking curve area (SUCRA) for intervention ranking; consistency and publication bias were examined. RESULTS: After screening, 25 eligible studies with 1861 healthy older adults, evaluating 10 plant active substances, were included. Specifically, 23 studies included learning and memory functions, 18 studies included complex attention, 16 studies included executive functions, 4 studies included language functions, and 3 studies included perceptual-motor functions. The research results showed that based on the SUCRA values, raisins (95.1%) and tart cherry (89.5%) were the most likely to be the best intervention for improving learning and memory functions. The bacopa monnieri compound (91.3%), curcumin (89.3%), and tart cherry (88.9%) ranked in the top three in the executive function domain. Bacopa monnieri compound (93%) and raisin (80.7%) ranked in the language function category. Guarana (90.3%) had the highest probability in the perceptual-motor domain. The intervention effects on complex attention functions were generally limited. CONCLUSION: The NMA results indicate that in terms of learning and memory functions, raisin and tart cherry ranked higher; in terms of executive functions, the bacopa mon

The incidence of cognitive disorders is rising, and medications to address cognitive impairments are limited. Phytochemical compounds have had some success in improving cognitive outcomes in preclinical studies. However, the evidence surrounding the implementation of these compounds routinely in (1) improving cognition in healthy individuals or (2) as prophylaxis and treatment against the cognitive sequelae of neurological insult has not been collated. To address this, the evidence base surrounding the impact of phytochemical agents on cognitive function in healthy individuals was reviewed. Web of Science, PubMed, PsycNET, and AYUSH Research Portal were systematically searched for double-blind and single-blind randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of Curcuma longa, Bacopa monnieri, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Camellia sinensis, Centella asiatica, Ganoderma lingzhi, and Rosmarinus officinalis on cognitive function. Seven studies met inclusion. These examined the impact of B. monnieri, O. tenuiflorum, or C. sinensis. There was no benefit of B. monnieri or C. sinensis on processing speed, attention, working memory, language, psychomotor function, or overall cognitive performance. O. tenuiflorum improved reaction times on an executive function task. Further, more methodologically robust trials of longer duration are recommended to investigate the efficacy of phytochemical supplementation for cognition. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the CINP.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of different supplements, such as L-theanine, caffeine, Ginkgo biloba L., and Bacopa monnieri for improving ADHD symptoms, to determine the most effective supplement and provide insight for medical practice. METHODS: International databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus) were searched for English-language RCTs, open-label studies, and cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Studies on L-theanine, caffeine, Ginkgo biloba L., and Bacopa monnieri have shown various effects on ADHD symptoms. L-theanine improved sleep efficiency but not other sleep parameters. Caffeine showed no significant benefits, although its combination with L-theanine may enhance attention. Bacopa monnieri consistently improved inattention, hyperactivity, and memory, whereas Ginkgo biloba L. reduced ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention, but was less effective than methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence revealed the potential use of supplements as complementary ADHD treatments under clinical guidance. The limited effect of supplements cannot replace the well-documented efficacy of stimulants for ADHD treatment. Additional studies are needed to ascertain the most effective dosages and the safety of these supplements as adjunctive treatments for ADHD.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is a growing interest in plant-derived antioxidants as functional food ingredients, given their potential to address oxidative stress-related diseases, notably neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants that have been approved by the Thai FDA for dietary supplementation, with the goal of further utilizing them as food-functional ingredients to prevent neurodegenerative conditions. METHODS: A systematic review-based methodology was employed on a list of 211 medicinal plants, and 21 medicinal plants were chosen based on their documented antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity. The 21 commercially available standardized extracts were subjected to evaluation for their phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as their antioxidant activities utilizing metal-chelating activity, DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and superoxide anion scavenging techniques. RESULTS: Among the 21, six extracts-Bacopa monnieri, Camellia sinensis, Coffea arabica, Curcuma longa, Tagetes erecta, and Terminalia chebula-emerged as the most promising. These extracts exhibited elevated levels of phenolic (up to 1378.19 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram) and flavonoids, with Coffea arabica and Curcuma longa showing the strongest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, indicating their potential for use in functional foods aimed at delaying neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Due to their high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, along with strong metal-chelating abilities and significant free radical scavenging activities, these standardized extracts show potential for functional food applications that may help delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Phytotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dutta T(1), Anand U(2), Mitra SS(1), Ghorai M(1), Jha NK(3), Shaikh NK(4), Shekhawat MS(5), Pandey DK(6), Proćków J(7), Dey A(1). Author information: (1)Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India. (2)CytoGene Research & Deve

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder affecting approximately 0.32% of the global population. Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments, many patients with schizophrenia continue to experience significant impairments, and approximately one-third of these patients do not respond to antipsychotic drugs. However, various studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of herbs in managing schizophrenia due to the diverse biological activities of phytochemicals, including neuroprotective activity, anti-oxidant potential, modulation of neurotransmission, and anti-inflammatory activity. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a widely studied herb used in the treatment of the central nervous system. This study conducted a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of Brahmi in managing schizophrenia. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched between February and March, 2024. A total of 103 articles were found, with only 9 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Data analysis was done by using themes. The review found that Brahmi could reverse positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. It does this by changing the glutamatergic pathway and GABAergic transmission, lowering MDA levels, raising GSH levels, slowing down the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and maintaining the density of neurones. It is recommended that additional research elucidating the effects of Brahmi in other models of schizophrenia and the possible mechanisms of action be conducted.

166. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024 Sep;30(9):54-64. Therapeutic Evaluation of Unani Medicine, Including Single Drugs and Polyherbal Formulations with Special Reference to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Imran S, Ahmad W, Saltanat S. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Unani remedies are considered safe and can be utilized as a healthcare resource due to the adverse effects of conventional pharmaceuticals. For instance, Donepezil, used to treat alzhemier's disease exerts many adverse effects such as dizziness, vertigo, dryness of mouth. Similarly, Memantine used to slow the neurotoxicity involved in alzhemier's disease also exerts adverse effects like vomiting, tremors and sleep disturbance. Over sixty percent of drugs are derived from synthetic basis, highlighting the potential benefits of natural Unani treatments as a safer alternative. Neurodegenerative disorders are illnesses characterized by structural and functional deterioration due to abnormal protein aggregation, resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system. In unani system of medicine all current brain ailments, including alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, mania, anxiety, melancholia and others are classified under the general category of neurodegenerative disorders Their pathogenic variables and soociated symptoms and therapeutic modalities are similar. This study focuses on evidence-based Unani herbs and polyherbal formulations for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. It reveals that 43 ethnomedicinal plants can be employed to treat the symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders. The material was gathered from several sources that tabulated the specific details of individual herbs and polyherbal formulations and highlighted the importance of various phytoconstituents on neuroprotective action. The research provides in vivo and scientific evidence to support the use of ethnomedicine in treating neurodegenerative disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to validate the efficacy of Unani medicines, traditionally used for neurodegenerative diorders through evidence-based research. METHODS: To scan single and polyherbal formulations for neurodegenerative

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) substantially increases dementia risk and is often conceptualised as the preclinical asymptomatic phase of the cognitive decline continuum. Due to the lack of pharmacological interventions available to treat SCI and reduce dementia risk, and the popularity of herbal and nutritional medicines, the primary aim of this review was to investigate the efficacy on cognitive function and safety of herbal and nutritional medicines (relative to a control) for older adults with and without SCI. The secondary aims were to describe the study characteristics and assess the methodological quality of included studies. METHOD: Five databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and EMBASE) were searched from database inception with weekly alerts established until review finalisation on 18 September 2022. Articles were eligible if they included the following: study population of older adults with and without SCI, herbal and nutritional medicines as an intervention, evaluated cognitive outcomes and were randomised control trials. RESULTS: Data were extracted from 21/7666 eligible full-text articles, and the risk of methodological bias was assessed (with SCI = 9/21; without SCI = 12/21). Most studies (20/21) employed parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled designs and were 12 weeks in length. Herbal supplements were widely used (17/21), namely a form of Ginkgo biloba (8/21) or Bacopa monnieri (6/21). Measures of cognition varied across studies, with 14/21 reporting improvements in at least one domain of cognitive functioning over time, in the intervention group (compared to control). A total of 14/21 studies were deemed as having an overall high methodological risk of bias, 6/21 had some concerns, and only one study (using an SCI population) was assessed as having a low risk of methodological bias. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this review found that there is a low quality of evidence regarding the efficacy of cognitive function and safety of herbal and nutritional medicines for older adults with and without SCI, due to a high risk of bias across studies. Additionally, further work needs to be done in classifying and understanding SCI and

9. Front Pharmacol. 2022 May 3;13:827411. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827411. eCollection 2022. Phytotherapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dutta T(1), Anand U(2), Mitra SS(1), Ghorai M(1), Jha NK(3), Shaikh NK(4), Shekhawat MS(5), Pandey

Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. Ginkgo biloba was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bacopa monnieri is a plant used in Ayurvedic medicine with traditional uses for memory and cognitive function. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of supplementation with a Bacopa monnieri extract (Bacumen®) on cognitive function, stress, and fatigue in adults with self-reported memory and attention problems. STUDY DESIGN: Two-arm, 12-week, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Overall, 101 volunteers aged 40-70 years with self-reported memory and attention problems were supplemented with 300 mg daily of a Bacopa monnieri extract (Bacumen®) (n = 50) or a placebo (n = 51). Outcome measures included several computer and researcher-administered cognitive tasks assessing verbal learning, attention and working memory (primary outcome measures) and self-report measures assessing memory, mood, and fatigue (secondary outcome measures). Changes in blood concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, malondialdehyde, and acetylcholine esterase activity were also examined. Cognitive assessments, blood collections and self-reported questionnaires were completed in person on day 0 and week 12. Moreover, self-report questionnaires were completed online at weeks 4 and 8. Participants, researchers and the statistician were blinded until all data was collected and a blind review was completed. RESULTS: Of the 101 participants randomized, 87 participants completed the study, 47 in the placebo group and 40 in the Bacopa monnieri group. On the basis of complete data collected from 87 participants, there were no between-group differences in changes in the primary outcome measures comprising verbal learning (p = 0.391), attention (p = 0.713), and working memory (p = 0.610). However, in the Bacopa-supplemented participants, there were greater reductions in overall self-reported stress reactivity (p = 0.03); and fatigue and stress levels after exposure to a cognitive-demanding computer task (secondary outcome measures). There were no group differences in changes in blood concentrations of measured markers. Bacopa monnieri supplementation was generally well-tolerated, with no serious adverse react

INTRODUCTION: Mild cognitive impairment is the middle level of natural cognitive impairment during primary steps of dementia. There are a few studies about improving the cognitive performance and sleep quality in patients with a limited dementia. So, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive performance and sleep quality of patients with mild cognitive impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 62 patients with mild cognitive impairment were categorized into two groups of control and intervention. The intervention group received one pill of 160 mg Bacopa monnieri extract in 2 months, and the control group received a pill containing starch powder. The cognitive impairment and sleep quality was assessed using a questionnaire containing demographic information, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index in three time-points of before the study, one months after the intervention and 2 months after the intervention (the end of study). RESULTS: The results showed no statistically significant difference between two groups in all three time-points in overall cognitive performance score and its 6 parameters (P > 0.05). While in the field of attention at the end of the first month (P = 0.033) and the end of the second month (P = 0.004), it was significant difference between the study groups. Also, in the field of verbal fluency at the end of the second month, this difference was significant (P = 0.003). The cognitive performance overall score showed no significant difference between two groups in first (P = 0.939) and second time-points (P = 0.661), although it was significant at third time-point (P = 0.029). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in all time-points for sleep quality overall score (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that Bacopa monnieri can improve the cognitive performance overall score and some of its parameters, but it had no effect on sleep quality.

Objective: This study assessed whether polyphenolic rich supplement containing Bacopa monnieri (BM: 300 mg), Panax quinquefolius ginseng (PQ: 100 mg) and whole coffee fruit extract (WCFE: 100 mg) could enhance cognitive performance, affect and cerebral-cortical activation over 28-days of intervention. Method: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-group study of 52 healthy adults between 35 and 65 years (M = 50.20, SD = 9.37) was conducted. Measures of cognition, affect and brain activity were measured at three time points: baseline, 28 days post intervention and 14 days post washout. At each time point, haemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Results: The polyphenolic-rich supplement reliably improved positive affect and delayed recall compared to placebo following 28 days of supplementation. For the brain, those in the active condition showed greater PFC activation on performance of the 2-back tasks post supplementation compared to placebo (p < .05, d = 0.6). Discussion: This is the first report of a 28-day supplement intervention and 2-week follow-up study to assess changes in affect, cognition, cerebral haemodynamic response and BDNF in healthy middle-aged adults. The potential synergistic effects of polyphenolic compounds on neurocognitive function in middle-aged adults through emotional-cognitive processing and cognitive reserve are important for promoting brain and cognitive health.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. could be of interest in the control of symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but clinical evidence of its efficacy is lacking. This clinical trial assessed the effects of an extract of B. monnieri on parameters that are related to Parkinson's diseases. Twenty volunteers with Parkinson's disease were recruited for a primary, interventional, controlled, parallel, double-blind clinical study. The volunteers were assigned to treatment with either a commercial B. monnieri extract (225 or 450 mg/day) or placebo. The Parkinson's Disease Quality-of-Life (PDQL) questionnaire was applied, and motor activity was assessed before treatment and 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment with the B. monnieri extract or placebo. Characteristics such as age, body weight, and height were also collected. No differences in parkinsonian and systemic symptoms, emotional function, or social function were observed between. The delta percent (Δ%) showed time-dependent improvements in emotional function with B. monnieri treatment at the daily dose of 450 mg. A strong correlation was found between quality of life and motor outcomes at baseline and 30 days of treatment with B. monnieri, and a moderate correlation for 60 and 90 days of treatment with B. monnieri when compared with baseline time. A moderate correlation was found between motor outcomes and Hoehn and Yahr stages at baseline. Our results suggest that B. monnieri extract can improve emotional function in Parkinson's disease patients, but further clinical trials are needed to confirm this possibility.

The current study investigated the efficacy of extract of Bacopa monnieri (BM; CDRI 08®) in reducing levels of inattention and hyperactivity in young children. BM has demonstrated improvements in cognitive outcomes in adults, yet little research is available on its effects in younger populations. A 14-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with placebo run-in and run-out phases, investigated the effects of BM on behavioural, cognitive, mood, and sleep effects in male children aged 6 to 14 years against placebo. One-hundred and twelve participants were recruited into the trial, with 93 datasets available for analysis. No significant behavioural differences were noted between treatment groups. Cognitive outcomes indicated decreased error-making in children taking CDRI 08® (p = .04) and increased speed of reaction time in those taking placebo (p = .04) at study end. Improvements in cognitive flexibility (p = .01), executive functioning (p = .04), interpersonal problems (p = .02), and sleep routine (p = .04) were noted in those consuming CDRI 08® over placebo. CDRI 08® did not improve behavioural outcomes, but may have cognitive, mood and sleep benefits in children aged 6 to 14 years. Further study is required to support the findings presented here. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Brahmi essence, developed from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. standardized extract and mulberry juice, was proven to improve the memory speed of healthy participants aged 55-80 years old, following a 12-week dietary program. However, the metabolites have not yet been reported. Our objective was to characterize the altered metabolites in the plasma, urine, and feces of healthy volunteers after consumption of Brahmi essence for 12 weeks, using the LC-MS metabolomics approach. The altered metabolites were selected from OPLS-DA S-plots; 15 metabolites in the plasma, 7 in the urine, and 17 in the feces samples were tentatively identified by comparison with an online database and literature. The metabolites in the plasma samples were in the classes of amino acids, acylcarnitine, and phospholipids. Benzeneactamide-4-O-sulphate and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid were found in urine samples. The metabolites in the class of amino acids, together with jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin, were identified in the fecal samples. The aminoacyl-tRNA, aromatic amino acids, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways were mainly related to the identified metabolites in all three samples. It could be implied that those metabolites and their pathways might be linked with the effect of Brahmi essence on memory speed.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine as a neural tonic for improving intelligence and memory. Several studies highlighted its efficacy in neuropsychiatric diseases but there is no evidence regarding anhedonia. Aim of the present work was to preclinically and clinically test against anhedonia a standardized B. monnieri extract (20% bacosides). In a mouse model of a depressive-like syndrome induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the daily administration of the extract (50-200 mg kg-1 , p.o.) for 1 week, dose-dependently counteracted the immobility time in Porsolt and Tail suspension tests (p < .01). At the sucrose preference test (directly related to the ability for feeling pleasure) the extract treatment (100 and 200 mg kg-1 ) counteracted the reduction of sucrose intake induced by LPS (p < .01). Moreover, B. monnieri significantly reduced cytokines, cortisol, and artemin LPS-dependent alterations in plasma while increased the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels (p < .05). The efficacy of the same extract was tested in a clinical study in which 42 patients with significant degree of anhedonia (evaluated as Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale [SHAPS] score ≥ 3) were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups and treated with citalopram or citalopram associated with B. monnieri (300 mg bid) for 4 weeks. The Pears Sample T-test showed a significant improvement (p < .05) in relevant scales (Hamilton depression rating scale, SHAPS, and strength and difficulties questionnaire) in the extract-treated group in comparison to citalopram alone was recorded. These data suggest that B. monnieri extract may be effective for the management of anhedonia and therefore should be considered for future controlled trials. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of senile dementia is increasing worldwide, especially in the developed countries. Nevertheless, drug therapy isn't often enough to treat this condition. Researchers are evaluating the possible impact of a preventive approach, based on an improvement of lifestyle and the intake of micronutrients. Moreover, there is an increasing interest for combined nutraceuticals that can act as memory and learning enhancers, with a significant and beneficial potential on the cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a rational assemblage of nutraceuticals on cognitive functions in a sample of 30 elderly subjects. DESIGN: Double bind, cross-over designed trial versus placebo Setting: outpatient clinical practice. PARTICIPANTS: 30 elderly subjects with basal Mini-Mental State Examination score between 20 and 27 and self-perceived cognitive decline. INTERVENTION: Treatment with a combination of nutraceuticals based on Bacopa monnieri, L-theanine, Crocus sativus, copper, folate and vitamins of B and D group. After2 months of treatment or placebo. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Index and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SRDS). RESULTS: MMSE and PSQ Index significantly improved in the active treatment arm, both versus baseline and versus the parallel arm. Both groups experienced a significant improving in the SRDS scores. CONCLUSIONS: We obtained a good and significant improvement of the cognitive functions tested with the MMSE, PSQ-Index and SRDS score, after 2 months of combined therapy of nutraceuticals. Further confirmation will be needed to verify these observations on the middle and long term in a larger number of subjects.

Clinical diagnoses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the use of prescription medications for its treatment have increased in recent years. Current treatments may involve the administration of amphetamine-type substances, a treatment path many parents are apprehensive to take. Therefore, alternative pharmacological treatments are required. Few nutritional or pharmacological alternatives that reduce ADHD associated symptoms (hyperactivity and inattention) have been subjected to rigorous clinical trials. Bacopa monnieri is a perennial creeping herb. CDRI 08 is a special extract of Bacopa monnieri which has been subjected to hundreds of scientific studies and has been shown in human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to improve memory, attention, and mood. It is hypothesised that chronic administration of CDRI 08 will improve attention, concentration and behaviour in children with high levels of hyperactivity and/or inattention. This paper reports the protocol for the first 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel groups trial examining the efficacy and safety of CDRI 08 in male children aged 6-14 years with high levels of inattention and hyperactivity. The primary outcome variable will be the level of hyperactivity and inattention measured by the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS). Secondary outcome variables include cognition, mood, sleep, and EEG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12612000827831.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The enigmatic etiology of neurodegenerative diseases poses a challenge for the development of novel and efficient drugs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a polyherbal (test) formulation on cognitive functions, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in healthy elderly as well as senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) patients. METHOD: A randomized double-blind placebo- and active-controlled clinical trial was performed in healthy elderly subjects and SDAT patients with an age range of 60-75 years. The polyherbal test formulation along with a placebo was given to healthy elderly subjects while the SDAT patients received either the test formulation containing extracts of Bacopa monnieri (whole plant), Hippophae rhamnoides (leaves and fruits) and Dioscorea bulbifera (bulbils) at a dose of 500 mg or donepezil drug (Aricept) at a dose of 10 mg, twice daily, for a period of 12 months. After every three months, cognitive functions were assessed by determining the mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, digital symbol substitution (DSS; subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised), immediate and delayed word recall (digital memory apparatus-Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), attention span (Attention Span Apparatus-Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), functional activity questionnaire (FAQ) and depression (geriatric depression scale) scores. Further inflammatory markers and level of oxidative stress were analyzed using standard biochemical tests. RESULTS: The trial was performed in 109 healthy subjects and 123 SDAT patients of whom 97 healthy subjects and 104 SDAT patients completed the study. Administration of the test formulation for a period of 12 months was effective in improving cognitive functions in the SDAT patients, when compared to the donepezil-treated group, as determined by the DSS (38.984 ± 3.016 vs 35.852 ± 4.906, P = 0.0001), word recall immediate (3.594 ± 1.003 vs 2.794 ± 0.593, P < 0.0001) and attention span (4.918 ± 1.239 vs 4.396 ± 0.913, P = 0.0208) scores. A significant improvement in the FAQ (11.873 ± 2.751 vs 9.801 ± 1.458, P < 0.0001) and depression (16.387 ±

This narrative review proposes the 'Brain Health Triad' as a novel integrative framework for neurorehabilitation and cognitive enhancement, built upon three interdependent biological pillars: neurostimulation, neurotrophy, and neuroprotection. We illustrate how the synergistic interplay between a 'core triad' composed of Hericium erinaceus, Bacopa monnieri, and L-Theanine targets these pillars with high specificity. Hericium erinaceus fosters neurotrophy by inducing Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) synthesis through erinacines and hericenones; Bacopa monnieri complements this by enhancing neurostimulation and synaptic plasticity via bacosides; and L-Theanine regulates neurotransmitter balance and alpha-wave activity to stabilize the neural signaling environment. This core architecture is further reinforced by adjunctive nootropic clusters-including withanolides, ginkgolides, citicoline, cordycepin, macamides, and fulvic acid-which provide essential support for mitochondrial resilience and the mitigation of amyloid-β and tau toxicities. By synthesizing molecular evidence from the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling axis and the Nrf2/NF-κB homeostatic switch, we demonstrate that this multi-target strategy offers a more robust path to neuronal resilience than traditional single-target approaches. We conclude that this integrated model provides a solid framework for future clinical applications in the management of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cisplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, is widely employed in the treatment of various malignancies. However, its clinical utility is restricted by dose-limiting hepatorenal toxicities, primarily driven by oxidative stress, inflammation, and direct cytotoxicity. The present in vivo study was designed to evaluate the protective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri extract against cisplatin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in male Wistar rats, utilizing biochemical parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, histopathological assessment, and the early renal injury marker Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 per group): control (normal saline), cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally on day 7), and three intervention groups receiving B. monnieri (BM) extract orally at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg daily for 10 consecutive days concomitantly with cisplatin. Urine samples were collected on day 9 for KIM-1 quantification. On day 11, animals were euthanized, and blood, liver, and kidney tissues were obtained for biochemical assays (liver and kidney function tests, malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Administration of BM at 200 and 300 mg/kg significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase (all p < 0.001 versus the cisplatin group). Total protein and albumin levels were restored toward control values in the 300 mg/kg group. Urea concentrations decreased significantly at 300 mg/kg, while creatinine levels were reduced at both 200 and 300 mg/kg doses (p < 0.001). Urinary KIM-1 concentrations remained elevated in all cisplatin-exposed groups without significant mitigation by BM. Dose-dependent improvements in antioxidant status were observed, with increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities and decreased malondialdehyde levels in both liver and kidney tissues (p < 0.001 at higher doses). These biochemical findings were strongly supported by histopathological evidence showing reduced inflammato

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) is a well-known medicinal herb widely used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for enhancing memory, cognition, and mental health. The medication serves as a treatment for patients who experience stress-related conditions and anxiety disorders and epilepsy symptoms and age-related cognitive deterioration. The research builds upon conventional ethnopharmacological methods by using scientific data which demonstrates Bacopa monnieri safeguards brain cells from ischemic damage thus validating its historical application for neurological disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The research evaluated Bacopa monnieri (BM) as a brain protector against MCAO-induced brain damage in male Wistar rats through its effects on brain function and chemical composition in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham control, MCAO, BM-pretreated MCAO, and BM-treated sham. The researchers used 40 mg/kg BM to treat Wistar rats through oral administration for 15 days before they performed 2h MCAO +22h reperfusion to create temporary focal brain ischemia. The research used three neurobehavioral assessment methods which consisted of rotarod tests and grip strength measurements and Morri's water maze performance evaluation. The researchers used TTC staining to determine infarct size while they assessed oxidative stress markers (TBARS and GSH) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx, GR and GST) in both hippocampal and frontal cortical areas. RESULTS: The MCAO procedure led to severe damage of motor functions and cognitive abilities and biochemical systems which also caused increased lipid peroxidation and total breakdown of antioxidant defense systems. The BM pretreatment protocol introduced beneficial changes which improved motor coordination and grip strength and spatial memory performance, but it also reduced brain tissue damage and decreased TBARS levels and glutathione depletion and restored normal antioxidant enzyme activities in brain areas. CONCLUSION: The research demonstrates that BM protects brain tissue from stroke damage through its power to

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Family: Scrophulariaceae) is a well-known edible plant used in ethnic and Ayurveda medicine for centuries to improve memory deficit, enhance cognitive function, and treat nervous system disorders. Despite accumulating in vivo evidence for its cognitive benefits, the detailed mechanisms by which its bioactive compounds act on primary neurons remain elusive. In the present study, we dissect the mechanism by which Bacopa monnieri promotes neuronal development by treating primary hippocampal neuronal cultures with its ethanolic extract (BMEE) and integrating insights from in silico network pharmacology. We identified that BMEE at different concentrations promotes neuritogenesis and has a remarkable impact on early neuronal maturation, and axonal and dendritic outgrowth. Also, BMEE regulated synaptic plasticity by increasing the expression of NMDA receptors. Metabolites of BMEE were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, from which a network pharmacology model was constructed, in which BMEE metabolites were projected to regulate the neurotrophin signaling pathway. Indeed, the BMEE-mediated neuritogenic effect was abolished by the presence of a TrkA receptor-specific inhibitor, suggesting that the neuritogenic effect of BMEE is TrkA-dependent. Also, molecular docking following MD simulations supported the idea that BMEE metabolites, particularly δ-Tocopherol and O-methyl-, bind with high affinity to the TrkA receptor (NGF-binding domain). This study collectively illuminates the TrkA-mediated pathway through which Bacopa monnieri promotes neuronal development and suggests that bioactive metabolites from BMEE might hold potential as a source for designing therapeutic agents for various cognitive disorders.

Background/Objectives: Adaptogens are plant-derived substances that enhance the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, chemical, biological, and psychological stressors by normalizing physiological functions. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of seven key plant adaptogens-Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Bacopa monnieri-in the context of chronic stress and lifestyle-related diseases. Methods: A review of the scientific literature is performed, including preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, and studies employing network pharmacology analyses, molecular docking, and genomic techniques such as gene expression profiling. The interactions of active constituents with signaling pathways, molecular targets, and synergistic mechanisms were analyzed based on publications from the years 2010-2025. Results: Adaptogens exhibit pleiotropic activity: they regulate the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis); induce Hsp70/Hsp16 expression; modulate SAPK/JNK, FOXO, and NF-κB pathways; and demonstrate antioxidant and mitoprotective effects. Specific mechanisms include: salidroside from R. rosea activating PI3K/Akt; schizandrin B from S. chinensis stimulating Hsp70; withanolides from W. somnifera inhibiting PDE4D; ginsenosides from P. ginseng suppressing FKBP51; and bacosides from B. monnieri enhancing acetylcholine synthesis. Clinical studies confirm reductions in cortisol levels (14-30%), decreased fatigue, and improved cognitive function without adverse effects. Conclusions: Understanding the molecular mechanisms of adaptogens supports their application in integrative medicine for the treatment of stress-related disorders, depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases. Further clinical studies are needed to optimize dosages and standardize extracts.

Temozolomide (TMZ) is the primary chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but its effectiveness is limited by resistance, recurrence, and toxicity. Combining natural compounds with TMZ is a promising approach to overcome these challenges. Bacoside-A, a brain tonic derived from Bacopa monnieri with proven anticancer properties, was evaluated for its chemotherapeutic potential in U87MG cells. Our study demonstrates that the combination of Bacoside-A and TMZ significantly enhanced intracellular TMZ accumulation and promoted ROS-mediated apoptosis through Ca2+ influx, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and subsequent cell death by Apoptosis. Additionally, inhibition of EGFR-driven MAPK signalling and suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation were observed, highlighting modulation of key survival pathways. These findings suggest that Bacoside-A potentiates TMZ efficacy while enabling dose reduction, thereby minimizing toxicity. Overall, this combinatorial approach provides mechanistic insights and a potential therapeutic strategy for improving GBM treatment outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Aging is an irreversible process shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Beyond physical and mental decline, it involves complex biological mechanisms. Programmed theories propose aging follows a biological clock, while error theories attribute it to environmental damage. A key mechanism is telomere shortening; once critically shortened, cells enter senescence. Telomerase preserves telomeres, but its activity decreases with age. Aging also causes cognitive decline, measurable through tools like electroencephalography (EEG). STUDY DESIGN: This two-arm, double blind, placebo-controlled superiority randomized controlled trial evaluates the effects of Bacopa monnieri freeze-dried herbal decoction (BMFD) on aging and cognition. Elderly participants (MoCA ≥24) will be randomized to receive BMFD or placebo, administered as 120 mL twice daily for 45 days, with assessments at baseline, 45, and 90 days. Conducted at the Clinical Trial Center, Faculty of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, the trial tests BMFD's ability to stabilize aging processes and enhance neurocognitive functions. OUTCOMES: Primary outcomes include telomerase activity and telomere length (qPCR). Secondary outcomes include neurocognitive function [validated MoCA for the Sri Lankan population], neurophysiological functions-nerve conduction test (NCT) for upper and lower limb nerves and brain electrical activity (EEG)-and assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using a validated questionnaire. DISCUSSION: This trial will provide evidence on BMFD's potential to preserve telomere length, support cognitive functions, and slow aging processes. Integrating Ayurvedic principles, including constitution (Prakriti), it aims to enable early detection of cognitive decline and aging-related changes. Findings are expected to inform preventive and personalized strategies, contributing to evidence-based applications of Bacopa monnieri in healthy aging. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN64126920, identifier ISRCTN64126920.

Bacopa monnieri (BM) is a known leafy vegetable with reported uses in traditional medicine in many countries. In traditional medicine, B. monnieri has been used to manage neurological disorders, enhance memory, and address sleep problems. As it is already recognized as a leafy vegetable suitable for consumption by both children and adults, it is timely to investigate its potential in addressing one of the most prevalent health issues in modern society-sleep disorders. This review connects traditional medicinal knowledge and modern scientific findings by examining the chronotherapeutic potential of B. monnieri. Relevant studies on B. monnieri and its effects on circadian rhythm and sleep quality were identified through a systematic and comprehensive examination of the literature. A total of 160 references, including research articles, review articles, and book chapters, were identified and summarized to provide the current scientific evidence on the effects of B. monnieri in improving sleep quality. After a thorough review, three possible pathways were identified: B. monnieri's effects on brain neurotransmitters responsible for circadian rhythm, hormonal regulation, and its effect on stress levels, which indirectly affect sleep quality. Scientific evidence supporting the use of B. monnieri for sleep or circadian regulation remains limited and has shown mixed results. Some studies report improved sleep duration and reduced stress, with strong evidence suggesting that B. monnieri has significant potential to improve sleep quality; others show no significant effect on sleep quality. Therefore, more standardized studies are needed to confirm whether B. monnieri is effective in improving sleep quality.

Bacopa monnieri, a plant of Scrophulariaceae, has a long history of medicinal use and is recognized as a traditional medicinal herb in multiple countries. Neurological disorders, due to their extensive damage to neural functions, have become a major public health challenge and garnered worldwide attention. In ancient times, B. monnieri was documented for treating cognitive and memory impairments. Recent studies have elucidated its pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic targets underpinning the neuroprotective effect. However, the molecular mechanisms of its active ingredients have not been systematically summarized. This study is the first to integrate the target sites of its core ingredients across multiple categories of neurological disorders. It summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms of B. monnieri as well as its active ingredients and derivatives in various neurological diseases, which exert neuroprotective effects through multi-target interactions. This paper provides novel strategies for developing botanical drugs targeting diseases like Alzheimer's and epilepsy and aims to offer evidence-based guidance for the development and application of B. monnieri in functional foods, health supplements, and pharmaceuticals.

Background/Objectives: Chronic stress leads to sustained elevations in cortisol levels, which promote neuronal damage and impair memory. Prolonged stress also enhances proinflammatory signaling. Adaptogens are plant-derived compounds associated with the ability to increase the body's resistance to stress, thereby improving mental and physical performance. To identify potential interventions capable of attenuating stress-related memory alterations, this study investigated a formulation combining the adaptogen Bacopa monnieri L. with phosphatidylserine and choline (BPC). Methods: An in vitro model of stress-related neuroinflammation was established by exposing BV2 microglial cells to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, 100 nM). SH-SY5Y cells exposed to conditioned medium from CRH-stimulated BV2 cells or to iron(II) sulfate and L-ascorbic acid (Fe/Asc) were used as models of neurotoxicity. Results: BPC attenuated CRH-induced proinflammatory microglial morphology, as well as the reduction in cell viability and cell number. BPC treatment restored the levels of stress-related markers, including SIRT-1, Nrf-2, and phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK). Furthermore, BPC protected against neurotoxicity induced by CRH and Fe/Asc and promoted cholinergic activation by restoring basal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels. The combined BPC formulation showed superior efficacy compared with its individual components across all experimental assays. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings indicate that the BPC formulation developed in this study effectively attenuates stress-related neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. BPC may represent a promising strategy to help limit the progression of early cognitive dysfunction under conditions of prolonged stress.