Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

Previous studies have reported inconsistent effects of green tea and its extract, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on cancer prevention. We aimed to uncover the protective effects of green tea or EGCG against cancer, and to assess the dose-response relationship between cancer risk and green tea consumption by performing a comprehensive meta-analysis of cohort studies. A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, AMED, CancerLit, AACR, and CBM databases was conducted from the date of database creation to October 26, 2023, to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies on the association between green tea or green tea extract EGCG intake and the risk of cancer occurrence. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 software and Stata 16 after an independent screening of the literature, extraction of information, and evaluation by two investigators of the risk of bias in included studies. Funnel plots were used to evaluate the publication bias. Dose-response relationships were evaluated using a two-stage restricted cubic spline regression model. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023484787). The search yielded 2334 papers, and 43, including 7 RCTs and 36 cohort studies, were finally included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that green tea (relative risk [RR]: 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-0.96) and EGCG (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54-0.97) could reduce the risk of cancer to a certain extent compared to controls. It had an especially notable effect in reducing the risk of prostate cancer (RR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22-0.83), oral cancer (RR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.01-0.87), gallbladder cancer (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51-0.94), and hematological cancers (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.49-0.95), with statistically significant differences. Additionally, the dose-response meta-analysis revealed a significant negative linear correlation between high doses, long-term consumption of green tea, and cancer risk. Green tea or EGCG intake can prevent some cancers. High doses and long-term consumption of green tea could achieve better benefits, providing a basis for the dietary guidelines for green tea in preventing cancer. However, given the hete

Background: Excess adiposity induces low-grade inflammation, including increased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Green tea contains epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), with anti-inflammatory potential. EGCG metabolism is influenced by individual variations in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotypes. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on circulating inflammatory cytokines among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity and differing COMT genotypes. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a random subset (N = 97) from the Minnesota Green Tea Trial (MGTT), a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. The intervention was a high-dose GTE supplement (843 ± 44 mg EGCG/day) or placebo for 1 year. Serum CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. Absolute changes in inflammatory cytokines from baseline to month 12 were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, physical activity, and vitamin supplement use. Results: The changes from month 0 to month 12 were not statistically different between the groups for any of the inflammatory cytokines measured. The overall treatment effect was not statistically significant for CRP (p = 0.24), IL-6 (p = 0.59), TNF-α (p = 0.36), nor for the interaction between treatment group and time (all Ps > 0.40). There was no significant interaction between treatment group and COMT genotype for the stated markers. Conclusions: A high-dose GTE supplement consumed daily for one year did not significantly decrease inflammatory cytokines among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. The COMT genotype did not modify the effects of GTE supplementation on inflammatory cytokines. Future studies with a larger sample size among those at high risk of systemic inflammation are warranted.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity result from excessive fat accumulation and pose significant global health challenges linked to various diseases. Recent research suggests that gut microbiota, particularly dysbiosis, is vital in obesity development. Next-generation probiotics, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, alongside compounds found in green tea extract and konjac glucomannan, offer promise in obesity management by enhancing gut microbiota balance and metabolic function. This research investigates a unique supplement that integrates these elements, proposing that it will outperform lifestyle changes alone in improving anthropometric measures, body composition, metabolic metrics, blood pressure, and appetite among overweight or obese adults. METHODS: This study will include 72 overweight or obese patients, who will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group within a randomized, triple-blind controlled clinical trial. The intervention group will consume 2 g of beverage sachets containing pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila, green tea extract, and konjac glucomannan three times daily. In comparison, the control group will take 2 g of microcrystalline cellulose three times daily for 8 weeks. Evaluations of anthropometry (body mass index, waist and hip circumference), body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, total body water, etc.), appetite using a visual analogue scale, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters including fasting blood glucose (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) will be conducted. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will provide evidence for the synergistic effects of Akkermansia muciniphila combined with prebiotics in the management of obesity and its associated metabolic states. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20250222064807N2) (2025/03/26). © 2025. The Author(s).

Background/Objectives: This study assessed the individual and combined effects of green tea extract and ginger supplementation on endurance performance, metabolic responses, perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and muscle soreness in normothermic and cold environmental conditions. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind crossover trial, sixteen recreationally active males (age: 23.4 ± 0.4 years; VO2 max: 46.8 ± 2.8 mL/kg/min) were tested in eight conditions (placebo [maltodextrin], green tea [500 mg], ginger [1000 mg], combined), all in normothermic (21-24 °C) and cold (5-7 °C) environments. All supplements and the placebo were encapsulated in identical capsules to ensure blinding. Participants completed a submaximal time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at 70% VO2 max on a cycle ergometer. TTE, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TSS), and muscle soreness via a visual analog scale (VAS), assessed 24 h post-exercise, were measured. Results: In normothermic condition, green tea and combined supplementation significantly increased TTE and reduced RER compared to the placebo (p < 0.05), and that combined supplementation lowered RPE relative to the placebo and ginger (all p < 0.05). In cold conditions, combined supplementation significantly enhanced TTE, reduced RER, and improved TSS compared to the placebo and ginger (p < 0.05), while all supplements decreased VAS relative to the placebo (p < 0.05). Ginger alone showed no significant effect on TTE or RER but improved TSS and VAS in cold compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). Cold placebo conditions exhibited significantly higher RPE and VAS than all normothermic conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Green tea enhances endurance and fat oxidation in normothermic conditions, while its combination with ginger can optimize performance, thermal comfort, and recovery in cold environments. These findings suggest a practical nutritional strategy for mitigating environmental stress during exercise, specific to the acute supplementation in males. Trial Registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT07150533).

INTRODUCTION: Dietary (poly)phenols have beneficial properties that may play a relevant role in the management of overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors, modulating physiological and molecular pathways involved in energy metabolism, adiposity and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Prevention/Precision Diet in Araucanía (PREDIET-ARAC) trial is a randomised, single-blind, parallel arm, placebo-controlled, clinical trial designed to assess the potential health benefits of (poly)phenol intake through either diet or supplementation. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of a healthy plant-based diet (PBD) rich in (poly)phenols compared with (poly)phenol supplementation during a caloric restriction intervention.A total of 99 adults (aged 25-45 years) with overweight or obesity (body mass index: 25-35 kg/m²) and cardiovascular risk factors will be recruited from primary health centres in Temuco, Araucanía Region, Chile. Participants will be randomised (stratified by age: <35 vs ≥35 years, and sex) in a 1:1:1 ratio into one of three 12-week intervention groups, all undergoing a caloric deficit: (i) the PBD group follows a healthy hypocaloric PBD rich in (poly)phenols, (ii) supplementation group follows a healthy hypocaloric diet and receives polyphenol supplementation (≈26 g/day from maqui, green tea, olive oil leaf, cranberry and grape extracts, corresponding to ~800 mg/day of (poly)phenols) and (iii) control group that will receive a healthy hypocaloric diet with placebo supplementation. The primary outcome is body weight, while cardiometabolic risk factors serve as secondary outcomes.Dietary data will be collected using dedicated software through three 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline and post-intervention. (Poly)phenol intake will be estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. The main data collection will include general and lifestyle questionnaires, anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements, blood pressure assessments using sphygmomanometers, physical activity monitoring through accelerometers and strength evaluations via dynamometry. Blood samples will be collected at both baseline and after 12 weeks. For the an

Obesity is known to induce diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and reducing obesity is important from the perspective of disease prevention. Oligonol, a standardized oligomerized-polyphenol from Litchi chinensis fruit extract, is expected to have high absorption and body fat reduction. In this study, the effects of Oligonol intake on abdominal fat were examined in overweight Japanese participants. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed including 66 overweight adult men and women (body mass index [BMI] of 25 or more and less than 30 kg/m2) who were assigned to receive a daily dose of placebo or 200 mg Oligonol (40 mg as monomers and dimers of flavanols from lychee and tea) for 12 wk. The primary endpoint was a reduction of the visceral fat area (VFA) as quantified by computed tomography scanning after continual intake of test foods for 12 wk. In addition, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, peripheral blood tests, and general urinalysis were performed. Of 66 participants (33 per group), 63 were included in the efficacy analysis (placebo n=32; Oligonol n=31). Intake of 200 mg Oligonol significantly reduced abdominal VFA compared with the placebo group. No clinically relevant adverse events related to the intake of Oligonol were observed. These results indicate that Oligonol had the abdominal visceral fat reduction effect in overweight participants.

Background/Objectives: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, even in healthy individuals. Kanzaki mulberry leaf and water chestnut tea (MW tea), a blend of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves and water chestnut (Trapa japonica) leaves and husks, is rich in polyphenols and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and may suppress postprandial glucose spikes, but evidence regarding its short-term daily intake is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the postprandial glycemic response and safety of two-week MW tea consumption using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover trial involving 31 participants. Each intervention period lasted two weeks, separated by a one-week washout. Participants consumed either MW tea or a placebo before meals. Interstitial glucose levels were measured every 15 min using CGM. Postprandial glucose responses were recorded every 15 min for 180 min after a standardized meal on the first day of each period. The primary outcome was the coefficient of variation (CV) in glucose levels, calculated using data from the central 10 days of each intervention period. Safety was assessed using CGM-derived hypoglycemia metrics and blood test results. Results: The CV of glucose levels during the MW tea period was significantly lower than during the placebo period (mean difference: 0.02, p = 0.0006). A significant reduction in 1 h postprandial glucose area under the curve was also observed. No significant differences were found in hypoglycemia occurrence, liver/renal/inflammatory markers, or self-reported adverse symptoms. Notably, 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels significantly increased during MW tea intake, suggesting improved glycemic control. Conclusions: Short-term consumption of Kanzaki MW tea effectively suppressed postprandial glucose variability without safety concerns. These findings support MW tea as a promising natural supplement for glycemic management and the prevention of diabetes.

Interactions between the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier may contribute to the pathophysiology of high-altitude illnesses. This study aimed to determine the effects of targeting the gut microbiota using dietary supplementation with a blend of fermentable fibers and polyphenol sources on gut microbiota composition, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and intestinal function and permeability during hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Healthy adults participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Food products containing oligofructose-enriched inulin, galacto-oligosaccharide, high-amylose corn starch, cocoa, green tea and cranberry extracts, and blueberry powder (FP) or maltodextrin (placebo; PL) were consumed daily during three 2-wk phases separated by a ≥1-wk washout. During the final 36 h of each phase, participants resided in a hypobaric chamber simulating low (LA; 500 m) or high (HA; 4,300 m) altitude creating three experimental conditions: PL + LA, PL + HA, and FP + HA. Twenty-six participants completed ≥1 study phase and 13 [12 male; 21 ± 3 yr; body mass index (BMI) 25.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2] completed all three phases. Results demonstrated that FP mitigated hypoxia-induced increases in intestinal permeability within the small intestine and proximal colon while increasing Bifidobacterium relative abundance and decreasing gut microbiota α-diversity and colonic pH. Higher Bifidobacterium relative abundance and lower colonic pH were associated with greater reductions in intestinal permeability. However, FP did not alter fecal SCFA concentrations and increased gastrointestinal symptoms and altitude sickness during hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Findings suggest that targeting the gut microbiota with a combination of fermentable fibers and polyphenols can prevent hypobaric hypoxia-induced increases in intestinal permeability but that benefit does translate into a reduction in altitude illness symptoms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dietary supplementation targeting the gut microbiota may provide novel approaches to improving physiologic responses to environmental stressors such as those experienced during sojourn at high terrestrial altitudes. This study demonstrated t

Poststroke cognitive decline is a major form of disability in stroke survivors. Although dietary interventions have shown potential in improving cognitive outcomes in stroke-free populations, their effects on stroke survivors remain unclear. This review aimed to evaluate associations between diet and cognitive function in stroke survivors. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and CINHAL were searched for studies from inception to 16 December, 2024. Eligible articles were observational and interventional studies on adult stroke survivors that evaluated the association/effect of any nutritional exposure/intervention on cognitive performance and dementia risk. Studies were excluded when an intervention was combined with nonnutritional treatment. Random-effects meta-analysis was used for similar randomized clinical trials. This review included 20 clinical trials and 14 observational studies assessing the intake of energy and proteins and a variety of single nutrients, as well as dietary patterns, single foods, and phytochemicals. Meta-analyses revealed a positive effect of energy-protein supplementation on global cognition [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15, 1.08; P = 0.009], and a negative effect of B-vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12) (SMD: -0.40; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.08; P = 0.02). Adherence to the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and plant-based diets, as well as higher consumption of fruits, milk, coffee, vitamin E, and selenium, were related to better cognitive outcomes; no significant association was observed for adherence to DASH and Mediterranean diets and consumption of vitamins D and C. Butter and sugar intake and calcium supplementation were associated with negative cognitive outcomes. Mixed results were seen for omega (ω)-3, tea, and plant extracts. The available evidence indicates that energy-protein supplementation may benefit cognition after stroke, whereas B-vitamin supplementation has no effect. The substantial heterogeneity among studies hinders conclusions about other dietary strategies. This review was registered with PROSPERO as CRD4

BACKGROUND: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the impact of green tea supplementation on measurement/indices of adiposity was investigated. METHODS: Using predefined keywords, online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant studies, published from inception up to February 2024. Data were extracted and registered. Subgroup analyses and the investigation of linear and non-linear associations were carried out. RESULTS: Green tea supplementation reduced BW (WMD: -0.74 kg; 95% CI: -0.97, -0.51), BMI (WMD: -0.29 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.19), WC (WMD: -1.04 cm; 95% CI: -1.55, -0.53), BFP (WMD: -0.65%; 95% CI: -1.03, -0.27), and leptin (WMD: -0.92 ng/ml; 95% CI: -1.71, -0.14), but did not change adiponectin levels (WMD: 0.20 µg/ml; 95% CI: -0.17, 0.57). CONCLUSION: Supplementation with green tea seems to be effective in reducing excess adiposity.

AIMS: Flavan-3-ols, found in cocoa, tea, and certain fruits, show promise in improving blood pressure (BP) and vascular function, but are currently not used for cardiovascular prevention. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of flavan-3-ol-rich interventions on BP and endothelial function. METHODS AND RESULTS: PubMed was searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published 1946-03/2024 on BP and flow-mediated dilation after flavan-3-ol-rich food, beverage, or supplement intake. Random-effects meta-analysis of 109 publications including 145 RCTs and 5205 participants was performed (PROSPERO: CRD42023454691). Flavan-3-ol interventions included epicatechin, epigallocatechin-gallate, cocoa products, tea, grape extract, and apples delivering 586 mg (95% CI 510, 662) total flavan-3-ols. Interventions decreased office (-2.8 [95% CI -3.9, -1.7]/-2.0 [-2.6, -1.3] mmHg) and 24 h-ambulatory BP (-3.7 [-5.8, -1.6]/-2.6 [-4.5, -0.8] mmHg) after chronic repetitive consumption. Effects were larger with elevated and hypertensive baseline BP or categorical hypertension (office: -5.9 [-10.0, -1.8]/-2.7 [-4.4, -1.0] mmHg, 24 h ABP: -6.8 [-16.3, 2.8]/-5.1 [-12.5, 2.2] mmHg). Meta-regression analysis confirmed that the magnitude of BP lowering was inversely related to baseline BP, but not to proportion of participants with CVD, diabetes mellitus, and study duration across all studies, and was dose-dependently related to epicatechin dose only in cocoa studies. Flow-mediated dilation increased after acute (+2.0% [1.6, 2.3]) and repetitive (+1.7% [1.3, 2.2]) consumption independent of BP. Reported adverse events were minor and low (0.4%). The considerable heterogeneity of effect sizes (I2 > 50%) between studies was not explained by the investigated factors limiting the strength of evidence to 'moderate'. CONCLUSION: Flavan-3-ol-rich foods considerably reduce elevated BP and improve endothelial function independent of blood pressure supporting their use for cardiovascular prevention. Plain Language Summary: This analysis of 145 studies shows that foods containing high amounts of flavan-3-ols including tea, cocoa, apples, and grapes possess vascular health effects and should be

Previous epidemiological studies have suggested that green tea catechins, including Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea, may be associated with reduced serum folate levels. This is of particular interest as women of childbearing age may be consuming EGCG from tea, dietary supplements, or involved in active clinical trials studying EGCG or green tea extract. EGCG was reported to shrink uterine fibroids in preclinical and clinical studies. This observation led to the development of a multicenter NICHD-funded clinical trial to evaluate the safety of EGCG for treating women with fibroids and unexplained infertility (NCT04177693). To answer the question of whether green tea extract standardized to EGCG led to a reduction in folate, 39 women aged ≥ 18 to ≤ 40 years, with/without uterine fibroids, were evaluated. These women were randomized to receive either EGCG, EGCG + clomiphene, or EGCG + letrozole for 30 days. A daily dose of 720 mg of highly characterized green tea extract containing EGCG was used. Participants were genotyped for polymorphisms at positions 677 and 1298 in MTHFR and for the -19 bp deletion polymorphism of DHFR. During the intervention with EGCG, folate levels remained in the normal range in all subjects. Our data suggest that in reproductive-age women, a 30-day course of EGCG 720 mg daily taken alone or in combination with clomiphene citrate or letrozole (for 5 days) is well-tolerated and is not associated with folate deficiency even in the presence of MTHFR and/or DHFR polymorphisms known to negatively impact folate synthesis. Trial Registration: Clinical trial: NCT01311869. © 2025 The Author(s). Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a challenging metabolic disorder with a strong emphasis on its prevention and management. Polyphenols, a group of naturally occurring plant compounds, have been associated with a decreased risk of various metabolic disorders related to NAFLD. The current systematic review aims to critically assess evidence about the ameliorative effect of polyphenol supplementation on NAFLD patients. A PRISMA systematic search appraisal was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and all relevant studies published prior to April 2024 and met the inclusion criteria were included. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comprised 1840 NAFLD patients. The studies primarily examined eleven phenolic compounds, including turmeric, curcumin, resveratrol, genistein, catechin, green tea extract, hesperidin, and silymarin. Turmeric and curcumin decreased liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and NAFLD score, while resveratrol did not present consistent results across all the studies. Most studies on silymarin showed a reduction in liver enzymes and lipid profile; however, no changes were observed in inflammatory cytokine levels. The dietary supplementation of hesperidin and naringenin or green tea extract caused improvements in liver enzyme, lipid profile, and inflammatory cytokine, while genistein supplementation did not modulate blood lipid profile. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of polyphenols could potentially prevent and ameliorate NAFLD. Still, the inconsistent results across the included RCTs require further clinical research to establish optimal dosage and duration.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus based on the existing literature regarding the effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on blood pressure. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize existing data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of AGE supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. METHODS: We searched English web databases including, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science until August 2024. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95 % CI for the outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, nine RCTs with584 participants met inclusion criteria. AGE tea supplementation reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -4.03; %95CI: -6.87, -1.20; I2: 57.1 %) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD: -1.44; 95 % CI= -2.87, -0.02; P = 0.052; I2: 36.8 %; P: 0.105). Moreover, subgroup analysis indicated that higher doses of AGE supplementation in hypertensive patients significantly decreased DBP, and SBP. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that AGE supplements may be beneficial for improving blood pressure in hypertensive patients, but significant effects are observed only at doses over 1200 mg/day. To confirm these results, well-designed future trials will be needed.

PURPOSE: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in young adults to examine the dose-dependent (600 mg versus 1200 mg), acute effects of consumption of an Ilex guayusa tea extract (GLE) on mood, cognitive and motor-cognitive performance, as well as its acute cardiovascular effects. METHODS: Twenty-five adults (mean ± SD, age = 28 ± 7 y; 9 M/16 F) completed familiarization and then three randomly ordered experimental visits where they consumed either 600 mg (GLE600) or 1200 mg (GLE1200) GLE or placebo (PLA). Following supplement consumption, participants completed a mood state survey, assessments of perceived jitteriness, energy, and focus, and neurocognitive and motor-cognitive testing. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and QT interval length were determined before and after supplementation. RESULTS: GLE600 significantly improved total mood disturbance (mean ± SE difference = -6.9 ± 2.6 au, p = 0.034), fatigue-inertia (-2.84 ± 0.89 au, p = 0.008), perceived energy (+13.00 ± 4.49 au; p = 0.02), motor speed (+4.52 ± 1.42 au, p = 0.008), and psychomotor speed (+7.20 ± 2.16 au, p = 0.005) relative to PLA. GLE1200 also improved psychomotor speed (+5.08 ± 2.16 ms, p = 0.045) and uniquely increased motor-cognitive performance as reflected by a decrease in reaction time (-0.106 ± 0.04 ms, p = 0.026) during a neurocognitive hop test. The effect of GLE on jitteriness was both dose- and sex-dependent. Jitteriness increased with increasing GLE dose in women only (p < 0.001). Both GLE600 and GLE1200 similarly increased systolic and diastolic BP by 4-5 mmHg (p ≤ 0.022). Neither GLE600 nor GLE1200 acutely influenced QTc length (p = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: The goal of GLE supplementation should be considered when selecting a dosing strategy. Lower dosages of GLE (e.g. 600 mg) appear to optimize cognitive and mood-related outcomes while limiting side-effects such as jitteriness in women, and higher dosages may be necessary (e.g. 1200 mg) to promote improvements in motor-cognitive performance.

Different nutraceuticals are often considered by parents of infants and children with abdominal pain and disorders of the gut-brain interaction. Herb extracts and natural compounds have long been used in traditional medicine, but clinical pediatric trials are very limited. This narrative review based on relevant studies identified through a search of the literature in Pubmed and Medline updated to October 2023 focused on the effect of nutraceuticals in infantile colic, functional abdominal pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Significant reductions in colic episodes and crying time were reported in two studies on fennel (seeds oil or tea), in three studies on different multiple herbal extracts (all including fennel), in one study on Mentha piperita, and in at least two double-blind randomized controlled studies on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 (108 CFU/day for at least 21 days) in breast-fed infants. Compared to a placebo, in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome, a significant reduction in pain was reported in two studies supplementing peppermint oil capsules or psyllium fibers, and in one study on corn fiber cookies, partial hydrolyzed guar gum, a specific multiple herbal extract (STW-5), or vitamin D supplementation. To date, there is moderate-certainty evidence with a weak grade of recommendation on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (108 CFU/day) in reducing pain intensity in children with functional abdominal pain and for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (1-3 × 109 CFU twice daily) in reducing pain frequency and intensity in children with IBS. Further large and well-designed pediatric studies are needed to prove the efficacy and safety of different herbal extracts and prolonged use of studied products in infants and children with pain disorders of the gut-brain interaction.

1. Eur J Cancer. 2026 Nov 17;248:117445. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2026.117445. Epub 2026 Oct 1. A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on EBV reactivation in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in remission -the TCOG T2312 study. Tsai HJ(1), Cheng SH(2), Yang SN(3), Tsou HH(4), Hsiao CF(4), Chang YF(5), Liu WS(6), Tsai JT(7), Hsieh CY(8), Tsai YC(9), Tsai MH(10), Ko JY(11), Hua CH(10), Ting LL(12), Lien MY(8), Wu YH(13), Tsai ST(14), Chen JY(15), Lin JC(16), Liu TW(17). Author information: (1)National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan. (2)Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Taitung Christian Hospital, Taitung City, Taitung County, Taiwan. (3)Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan. (4)Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan. (5)Department of Hematology and Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. (6)Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. (7)Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. (8)Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. (9)Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei City, Taiwan. (10)Department

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely studied semiconductor whose interfacial redox properties strongly influence its photocatalytic and biological performance. In this work, TiO2 nanomaterials were surface-functionalized with green tea waste extract (GT) and subsequently impregnated with silver to obtain redox-active nanocomposites with tunable optical and biological properties. HPLC, FTIR, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and density functional theory (DFT) analyses demonstrated the formation of an organic-inorganic interface through adsorption of green tea-derived ligands. DFT calculations revealed complementary interfacial roles of the adsorbed constituents, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inducing interfacial charge-transfer (ICT) states that enable visible-light absorption, as reflected by the decrease in the apparent optical bandgap from ~3.48 eV for pristine TiO2 to ~1.83 eV for TiO2/EGCG. ICP-OES analysis further quantified the Ag loading in TiO2/GT/Ag at 5.1 wt%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments demonstrated that GT functionalization shifts the interfacial redox balance toward radical scavenging by suppressing excessive radical generation, whereas silver incorporation partially restores oxidative pathways, particularly under irradiation. These differences in interfacial redox behavior direct

This research demonstrates a green synthesis and subsequent functionalization process of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) utilizing matcha green tea extract as a sustainable reducing and functionalizing agent. UPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of significant bioactive phytochemicals, notably epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is implicated in the reduction process. Thorough characterisation (XRD, FT-IR, SEM) verified the synthesis of pure, crystalline, monoclinic CuO NPs with an average size of 16-24 nm. The nanoparticles had considerable antibacterial activity, exhibiting robust efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 µg/ml. CuO NPs-matcha exhibited significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 carcinoma cells, with IC₅₀ values of 122.1 and 161.9 µg/ml, respectively. Crucially, they demonstrated markedly reduced toxicity towards non-cancerous Vero cells (IC₅₀ = 333.2 µg/ml), yielding selectivity indices of 2.73 and 2.06, which confirms a favorable selective profile. Although the positive control doxorubicin showed greater potency (lower IC₅₀), the CuO NPs-Matcha demonstrated significantly higher selectivity for cancer cells, suggesting a potentially improved safety profile despite its lower efficacy. These findings underscore the matcha-synthesized CuO NPs as a highly promising and biocompatible nano

Green tea polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are widely recognized for their beneficial preventive effects against chronic diseases including cancer and obesity. These effects are traditionally attributed to EGCG's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. In conditions characterized by persistent oxidative stress, the disrupted redox signaling further creates a unique vulnerability that EGCG may exploit through a dual redox mechanism. Emerging evidence therefore suggests that EGCG not only mitigates oxidative damage but could also induce selective pro-oxidant stress in cancer cells, enhancing its therapeutic potential. To investigate this duality, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen to identify genetic determinants of EGCG sensitivity and resistance. Our chemogenomic analysis revealed that loss of key antioxidant genes, including PRDX1, CAT, GSS, GCLM, and GCLC, significantly heightened cellular susceptibility to EGCG and green tea extract (GTE), underscoring the critical role of glutathione biosynthesis and redox homeostasis in mediating cytotoxicity. In contrast, knockouts of Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) and peroxisome-associated PEX genes conferre

Background: Preventing the emergence and persistence of cancer stemness represents a promising strategy to reduce tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic failure. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which contribute significantly to therapy resistance, recurrence, and metastasis, are sustained in part by metabolic reprogramming that enhances survival and self-renewal under stress conditions. Methods: To model the hypoxic core of solid tumors, three-dimensional (3D) glioblastoma (GBM) spheroid cultures were generated using human U87, U118, U138, and U251 cell lines and compared to their respective two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Total RNA was extracted, and gene expression was analyzed via RT-qPCR and targeted gene arrays. Transient gene silencing was performed using specific siRNAs, while pharmacological intervention involved treatment with (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive phytochemical derived from green tea. Adipogenesis was evaluated using Oil Red O staining. Results: Compared to conventional 2D cultures, 3D spheroids exhibited elevated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), identified through adipogenesis array screening. Adipogenic activity persisted in the 3D spheroid model, and EGCG treatment effectively suppressed the upregulation of HIF-1α and PPARG transcripts. This led to a significant downregulation of adipogenic genes (CEBPD, FOXO1, BMP2, BMP7) and CSC-associated markers (C

Green tea contains a bioactive polyphenol called epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which may be used as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer (BC). This review examines the pharmacological and chemical properties of EGCG, which may make it a valuable therapeutic agent for treating breast cancer. The distinctive physicochemical characteristics of EGCG, such as its solubility, stability, and bioavailability, are based on its molecular structure, which is also crucial for its medicinal uses. Furthermore, the availability of EGCG as a naturally occurring substance, its production in "Camellia sinensis," and the use of sophisticated extraction methods are also covered. Apoptosis is induced via caspase activation and mitochondrial failure. Metastasis-related enzymes are inhibited, and key signaling pathways, including PI3k, Akt, and MAPK, are modulated as part of EGCG's multifaceted anti-cancer actions. The synergistic benefits of EGCG with traditional chemotherapies, in combating drug resistance and enhancing their effectiveness, significantly improve the therapeutic value of these treatments. Limited bioavailability is addressed via liposomal delivery, nanoparticle encapsulation, and structural optimisation. Pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and clinical studies all support its safety and effectiveness. This study highlights the promise of EGCG as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer, exploring its molecular interactions, new formulations, and the integration of chemistry and molecular mechanisms

Female hormone-dependent cancers rely on estrogen for growth and include breast, uterine and ovarian cancers. Although preclinical studies indicate that green tea extracts and polyphenols derived from green tea exhibit anti-tumor effects without mimicking estrogen like phytoestrogens, clinical evidence remains scarce. To explore the potential of green tea products in inhibiting these cancers, we conducted a meta-analysis of preclinical data. We evaluated the effects of green tea extract (GTE), green tea polyphenol-enriched product (GTP), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on tumor growth indices in mouse and rat models of breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (1998-2024) identified 20 studies for inclusion. Pooled analysis showed significant reductions in tumor volume (Hedge's g = -2.332, 95% CI = -3.067 to -1.596, p = 0.000) and tumor weight (Hedge's g = -2.105, 95% CI = -2.746 to -1.463, p = 0.000). Subgroup analysis revealed that GTE and EGCG reduced breast and ovarian tumors, while EGCG had no significant impact on uterine cancer. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies. No consistent adverse effects were reported in the included studies, though liver function parameters were not assessed. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted clinical trials to assess the distinct benefits of each tea-based product for various cancer types.

Green tea, derived from the unoxidized leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, is one of the least processed types of tea and is rich in antioxidants and polyphenols. Among these, catechins-particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-play a key role in regulating cell signaling pathways associated with various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent clinical studies focused on the therapeutic benefits and potential risks of interventions involving green tea extracts or EGCG. A systematic literature survey identified 17 relevant studies, classified into five key areas related to catechin interventions: toxicity and detoxification, drug pharmacokinetics, cognitive functions, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and obesity and metabolism. Findings from these clinical studies suggest that the health benefits of green tea catechins outweigh the potential risks. The review highlights the importance of subject genotyping for enzymes involved in catechin metabolism to aid in interpreting liver injury biomarkers, the necessity of assessing drug-catechin interactions in clinical contexts, and the promising effects of topical EGCG in reducing inflammation. This analysis underscores the need for further research to refine therapeutic applications while ensuring the safe and effective use of green tea catechins.

Catechin is a group of bioactive flavonoids found in various plant sources such as tea, cocoa, and fruits. Recent studies have suggested that catechins has significant potential in preventing and treating cancer. Catechin exhibits a variety of biological activities that may contribute to its anticancer effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties. Studies have demonstrated that catechin can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis across multiple cancer types, including skin, breast, lung, liver, prostate, and colon cancers. Furthermore, catechin has shown the ability to inhibit angiogenesis, a critical process for tumor growth and metastasis, by restricting new blood vessel formation. Catechin's impact on cancer extends beyond its direct effects on cancer cells. It modulates various signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, such as those associated with cell survival, inflammation, and metastasis. Despite these promising findings, additional research is needed to clarify the precise mechanisms of catechin's anticancer action, optimal dosing strategies, and long-term safety in cancer prevention and treatment. This review will explore the current research landscape on tea polyphenols, particularly catechin, and their potential role in cancer prevention and therapy. © 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an important active component extracted from green tea, has attracted much attention due to its multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Meanwhile, metformin (Met), a classic drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, exhibits additional benefits such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. However, metformin often causes gastrointestinal reactions when used alone, affecting patients' quality of life. In view of this, we proposed an innovative technique for the fabrication of a carrier-free, dual-loaded nanodrug, Met-EGCG nanoparticles (Met-EGCG NPs), via self-assembly. The method for preparing Met-EGCG NPs is simple, rapid and cost-effective. In addition, the carrier-free Met-EGCG NPs nanodrug inherits the strong antioxidant capacity, good biocompatibility and excellent aggregation-induced fluorescence effect of EGCG, and even offer significant advantages in enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, while effectively reducing the occurrence of side effects. Moreover, this Met-EGCG NPs nanodrug exhibits a synergistic therapeutic effect of EGCG and metformin, thereby significantly enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy, and demonstrates excellent potential in anti-cancer applications. This study not only successfully prepared Met-EGCG NPs but also experimentally verified their superior performance, opening a new path for the application of EGCG in drug therapy. This carrier-free, du

BACKGROUND: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is already in the top ten of all types of cancers, with more than 4 %. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic compound extracted from green tea, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of various tumors. However, limited studies have demonstrated the effect of EGCG on RCC and its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: After exposure to gradient concentration (0,5,10,20,40,60,80,100 μM) of EGCG, the cell viability of RCC cells was determined by MTT assay. The migration and invasion abilities of RCC cells were investigated by wound healing and transwell assays. The expression levels of proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy were explored by Western blotting assays. The formation of autophagosome was detected by electron microscope and LC3 puncta assays. Nude mouse xenograft model was used as the model system in vivo. RESULTS: In the present study, EGCG significantly inhibited the migration, invasion and EMT of RCC cells in a concentrated manner. Further exploration of its mechanism indica

OBJECTIVES: Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally. Accumulating new evidence suggests considerable benefits of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for oral health. This review aims to explore the role and application of EGCG in main oral diseases. METHODS: This narrative review thoroughly examines and summarizes the most recent literature available in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) reporting advances in the role and application of EGCG within the dental field. The major keywords used included "EGCG", "green tea extract", "oral health", "caries", "pulpitis", "periapical disease", "periodontal disease", "oral mucosa", "salivary gland", and "oral cancer". CONCLUSIONS: EGCG prevents and manages various oral diseases through its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Compared to traditional treatments, EGCG generally exhibits lower tissue irritation and positive synergistic effects when combined with other therapies. Novel delivery systems or chemical modifications can significantly enhance EGCG's bioavailability, prolong its action, and reduce toxicity, which are current hotspots in developing new materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: this review provides an exhaustive overview of the biological activities of EGCG to major oral diseases, alongside an exploration of applications and limitations, which serves as a reference for preventing and managing oral ailments.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The recurrence rate of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) after cure is always high. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether green tea extract (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has an effective preventive effect on the recurrence of CRC. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effects of taking EGCG or placebo on disease recurrence in patients after colon polyp removal. RESULTS: Five Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included in this review. A double-blind drug trial involving 1389 participants involved EGCG and placebo. The results showed no significant publication bias or heterogeneity in the five studies (I2 = 38%; p = 0.17). Patients taking EGCG had a lower recurrence rate of CRC than those in the placebo group. The results were statistically significant (Z=2.83, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that long-term EGCG can prevent CRC recurrence to a certain extent.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). The main bioactive component of green tea polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exerts protective effects against diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of EGCG on the amelioration of neural damage in a chronic PD mouse model induced by α-synuclein preformed fibrils (α-syn-PFFs). A total of 20 C57BL/6J female mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (saline, n = 6), model group (PFFs, n = 7), and prevention group (EGCG+PFFs, n = 7). A chronic PD mouse model was obtained by the administration of α-syn-PFFs by stereotaxic localization in the striatum. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate PD-related anxiety-like behavior and motor impairments in the long-term PD progression. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immuno-positive neurons and Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn (p-α-syn) were identified by immunohistochemistry. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. EGCG pretreatment reduced anxiety-like behavior and motor impairments as revealed by the long-term behavioral test (2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months) on PD mice. EGCG also ameliorated PFF-induced degeneration of TH immuno-positive neurons and accumulation of p-α-syn in the SN and striatum at 6 months. Additionally, EGCG reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting the re

Update of doi: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551282. doi: 10.7554/eLife.89763.1. doi: 10.7554/eLife.89763.2. Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by skeletal and brain structural malformations, cognitive impairment, altered hippocampal metabolite concentration and gene expression imbalance. These alterations were usually investigated separately, and the potential rescuing effects of green tea extracts enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG) provided disparate results due to different experimental conditions. We overcame these limitations by conducting the first longitudinal controlled experiment evaluating genotype and GTE-EGCG prenatal chronic treatment effects before and after treatment discontinuation. Our findings revealed that the Ts65Dn mouse model reflected the pleiotropic nature of DS, exhibiting brachycephalic skull, ventriculomegaly, neurodevelopmental delay, hyperactivity, and impaired memory robustness with altered hippocampal metabolite concentration and gene expression. GTE-EGCG treatment mod

Cancer, a disease that modern medicine has not fully understood and conquered, with its high incidence and mortality, deprives countless patients of health and even life. According to global cancer statistics, there were an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020, with the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of 201.0 and 100.7 per 100,000, respectively. Although remarkable advancements have been made in therapeutic strategies recently, the overall prognosis of cancer patients remains not optimistic. Consequently, there are still many severe challenges to be faced and difficult problems to be solved in cancer therapy today. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from tea leaves, has received much attention for its antitumor effects. Accumulating investigations have confirmed that EGCG can inhibit tumorigenesis and progression by triggering apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, invasion, and migration, altering tumor epigenetic modification, and overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, its regulatory roles and biomolecular mechanisms in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, and immunotherapy remain obscure. In this article, we summarized the most recent updates about the effects of EGCG on tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic reprogramming, and anti-cancer immunotherapy. The results demonstrated EGCG can promote the anti-cancer immune response of cytotoxic lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), attenuate the immunosuppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhib

INTRODUCTION: Uterine fibroids affect 30%-77% of reproductive-age women and are a significant cause of infertility. Surgical myomectomies can restore fertility, but they often have limited and temporary benefits, with postoperative complications such as adhesions negatively impacting fertility. Existing medical therapies, such as oral contraceptives, gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues and GnRH antagonists, can manage fibroid symptoms but are not fertility friendly. This study addresses the pressing need for non-hormonal, non-surgical treatment options for women with fibr

Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, breast cancer remains the leading cause of death in many countries. Green tea (GT) has been proposed to play a crucial role in cancer chemoprevention. Although extensive research has been conducted on GT phytochemicals, most experimental studies concentrate mainly on commercial formulations or isolated catechins. This study presents a comparative investigation into the anticancer properties of green tea extract (GTE) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in a three-dimensional (3D) MCF-7 breast cancer cell culture. MCF-7 spheroids were exposed to GTE or EGCG, and effects on 3D culture formation, growth, cell viability, and migration were examined. GTE inhibits cell migration and the formation of breast cancer spheroids more effectively than EGCG, while inducing more pronounced morphological changes in the spheroids' structure. These findings suggest that the food matrix improves GTE effects on breast cancer spheroids, supporting the hypothesis that a mixture of phytochemicals might enhance its anticancer potential.

BACKGROUND: Viral infections cause damage and long-term injury to infected human tissues, demanding therapy with antiviral and wound healing medications. Consequently, safe phytochemical molecules that may control viral infections with an ability to provide wound healing to viral-induced tissue injuries, either topically or systemically, are advantageous. Herein, we hypothesized that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea, might be effective as a wound healing, antiviral, and antifibrotic therapy. RESULTS: The antiviral activities of EGCG against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) as well as its wound healing activities against different monolayer tissue (continuous and pri

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol present in green tea (Camellia sinensis), which has revealed anti-cancer effects toward a variety of cancer cells in vitro and protective potential against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Unfortunately, EGCG presents disappointing bioavailability after oral administration, primarily due to its chemical instability and poor absorption. Due to these limitations, EGCG is currently not used in medication, but only as a dietary supplement in the form of green tea extract. Therefore, it needs further modifications before being considered suitable for extensive medical applications. In this article, we review the scientific literature about EGCG derivatives focusing on their biological properties and potential medical applications. The most common chemical modifications of epigallocatechin galla

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the combined effects of Crila and green tea extract, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), compared with single treatments, on human uterine fibroid cells. DESIGN: Human uterine leiomyoma (HuLM) cells were treated with different concentrations of Crila, alone or in combination with EGCG, and several experiments were employed. SETTING: A laboratory study. PATIENTSS: N/A. INTERVENTIONS: Crila, EGCG. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cell proliferation assay, drug synergy using combination index, protein and gene expression analysis of proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and apoptosis marker BAX using western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: Results showed that tested Crila concentrations, when combined with 25 and 50 μM EGCG, exerted synergistic growth inhibitory effects on HuLM viability. This inhibitory effect on HuLM cell viability was because of decreased cell proliferation, as shown by a decrease in the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen at messenger RNA and protein levels, rather than inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our study concludes that the utility of natural compounds may provide a safe and cost-effective alternative to currently used short-term hormonal therapies against uterine fibroids.

Here we have chosen to highlight the main natural molecules extracted from Camellia sinensis, Andrographis paniculata, and Curcuma longa that may possess antioxidant activities of interest for skin protection. The molecules involved in the antioxidant process are, respectively, catechins derivatives, in particular, EGCG, andrographolide, and its derivatives, as well as various curcuminoids. These plants are generally used as beverages for Camellia sinensis (tea tree), as dietary supplements, or as spices. The molecules they contain are known for their diverse therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, and dermatological treatment. Their common antioxidant activities and therapeutic applications are widely documented, but their use in cosmetics is more recent. We will see that the use of pharmacomodulated derivatives, the addition of co-antioxidants, and the use of various formulations enable better skin penetration and greater ingredient stability. In this review, we will endeavor to compile the cosmetic uses of these natural molecules of interest and the various structural modulations reported with the aim of improving their bioavailability as well as establishing their different mechanisms of action.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most notorious malignancies globally, has a high fatality and poor prognosis. Though remarkable breakthroughs have been made in the therapeutic strategies recently, the overall survival of HCC remains unsatisfactory. Consequently, the therapy of HCC remains a great challenge. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from the leaves of the tea bush, has been extensively investigated for its antitumor effects. In this review, we summarize the previous literature to elucidate the roles of EGCG in the chemoprophylaxis and therapy of HCC. Accumulating evidence has confirmed EGCG prevents and inhibits the hepatic tumorigenesis and progression through multiple biological mechanisms, mainly involving hepatitis virus infection, oxidative stress, proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and tumor metabolism. Furthermore, EGCG enhances the efficacy and sensitivity of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy in HCC. In conclusion, preclinical studies have confirmed the potential of EGCG for chemoprevention and therapy of HCC under multifarious experimental models and conditions. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to explore the safety and efficacy of EGCG in the clinical practice of HCC.

INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia (CIA) is a stressful effect associated with cancer therapy, mainly affecting hair follicles. Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol, can be used for its antioxidant and hair growth-promoting effects. Hence, in this study, an EGCG- and olive oil-loaded emulgel was formulated to treat CIA. METHOD: EGCG-loaded emulgel was formulated using a factorial design with a QbD approach. Characterisation included rheological studies, transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, spreadability, and swelling index analysis. In vitro release and ex vivo studies were also performed. An in vivo study was conducted in rats, and the presence of EGCG in serum was detected by HPLC. RESULTS: The optimised emulgel showed optimum rheological behaviour, and the particle size was 0.470 ± 0.14 μm with a zeta potential of -32.9 ± 2.3 mV. The in vitro release study showed maximum release of 59.44 ± 3.10% at the 7th hour. Ex vivo studies showed measurable skin deposition (212.08 ± 7.22μg/cm²) and limited transdermal permeation (23.50 ± 2.14% at 12 h). In vivo studies in a rat model demonstrated significant hair growth in the group treated with the optimised formulation. Furthermore, HPLC analysis of serum samples showed no detectable EGCG peak above the limit of detection of the method, suggesting minimal or no systemic absorption under the current analytical conditions. DISCUSSION: The CIA adversely affects quality of life, and current treatments have limited efficacy. EGCG and olive oil show hair growth-promoting and antioxidant effects but suffer from poor dermal delivery and stability. Emulgel enhanced the stability and also provided significant sustained release

OBJECTIVE: Hair loss is a common condition that affects both men and women and can significantly affect the quality of life. However, existing substances used to treat hair loss have several side effects. Here, we show that a novel Mito-Activator Complex (MiAc), consisting of nicotinamide and its derivatives (nicotinamide riboside chloride, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and epigallocatechin gallate, stimulates mitochondrial activity and promotes hair growth. METHODS: In vitro analyses such as ATP assay and mitochondrial content assay, etc. were conducted in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs), and a 6-month human application tests for two formulations on adult men and women were also conducted to confirm changes in hair count, skin safety, etc. RESULTS: In vitro analyses showed that ATP level, mitochondrial content and expression of mitochondrial factors and the hair growth secretome increased following treatment with MiAc. An exploration of the link between mitochondrial activity and hair growth using dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor that regulates mitochondrial homeostasis, showed that MiAc rescued dorsomorphin-induced suppression of the expression of mitochondrial factors and the hair growth secretome, confirming that mitochondrial activity is closely related to hair growth. The Mito-Activator Complex also improved cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level and cell migration in hDPCs and dermal hDFs. Furthermore, a clinical trial evaluating formulations with MiAc showed significant improvements in hair density and growth over 24 weeks, with no adverse effects reported. CONCLUSION: The approach of this study to promote hair growth through mitochondrial activation was successful. In addition, when applied to the human body beyond the in vitro level, a significant increase in hair growth was obtained with

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered oxidative eustress can stimulate regenerative signaling, yet its therapeutic window remains narrow. Mitochondrial respiratory complexes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are canonical enzymatic sources of intracellular H2O2. Here we report a biomimetic polyphenol-amino acid nanozyme (PEAs) that couples the semiquinone radical of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) with the Arg143 residue of Zn/Cu-SOD1. Through self-assembling epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and L-arginine (L-Arg), PEAs enable O2 adsorption and activation with controlled H2O2 generation. The H2O2 output is finely tuned by modulating the nitrogen (N) content from L-Arg. Integrated experimental and computational analyses reveal that the N-sites introduced by L-Arg promote semiquinone electron delocalization, increase semiquinone abundance, thereby strengthening O2 adsorption, facilitating electron/proton transfer, and lowering the reaction barrier for H2O2 synthesis. Using the genetically encoded H2O2 sensor

Green tea, long consumed across Southeast Asia, is highly esteemed for its medicinal properties and is often favored over conventional treatments in Eastern cultures. Its health benefits are largely attributed to its minimal processing, which preserves pharmacologically active compounds, particularly catechins, a key class of polyphenols, with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) being the most abundant and bioactive. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and antiangiogenic properties. Beyond systemic health, EGCG has diverse applications in dermatology, including the treatment of viral warts, psoriasis, lichen sclerosus, acne, vaginal dryness, alopecia, and UV-induced skin damage. Emerging research also highlights its promise in aesthetic medicine for mitigating skin oxidative stress, improving skin brightness and neutralizing free radicals, responsible for wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and loss of elasticity. The aim of this review is to examine the most recent literature on the wide-ranging clinical applications of Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) and to assess its potential use as a daily foundational supplement to enhance both physical and mental well-being, focusing on the dermatological benefits. Conflict of

Hair follicle growth process through several well-organized stages with specific input by several signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog with GSK3β in this process. As such, this research focus on investigating the efficacy of molecules that are able to inhibit GSK3β action in inducing hair regrowth. Applying computational techniques, three compounds NMN, Resveratrol and EGCG were analyzed for their GSK3β inhibition. It was established that EGCG has the highest values of molecular docking scores and, in the case of the stability criteria such as RMSD and RMSF, presented the most stable dynamic simulation. EGCG has shown considerable TEMPORAL STABILITY with GSK3β in the complex, because over a period of 200 nanoseconds the molecules remained

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are crucial for the growth and development of hair follicles (HF). (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the primary catechin identified in green tea, which has antioxidant effects and regulates cell activity. This study demonstrates that EGCG could promote the proliferation of DPCs. In addition, EGCG treatment significantly upregulated the expression of PCNA, CCND1, HIF-1α, VEGFA, and Bcl-2 mRNAs in DPCs, while significantly reducing the gene expression of Bax. The optimal concentration of EGCG addition was screened. When detecting the antioxidant ability of DPCs, treatment with 0.5 μM EGCG could intensify the relative activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, promoting the antioxidant ability and migration of DPCs. Subsequently, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the EGCG treatment in DPCs were identified by RNA sequencing, revealing 21 DEGs, including VEGFA, POSTN, CLU, SERPINE2, and NPY. As the candidate gene, the role of VEGFA in regulating HF growth and development was investigated. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that EGCG treatment enhanced the fluorescence intensity of VEGFA and CLU in DPCs. After VEGFA overexpression and knockdown in DPCs, it was found to regulate the HF growth and the expression of development-related genes, enhance the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and promote DPCs proliferation. EGCG could also rescue the siRNA-VEGFA effect in DPCs. Thus, th

7. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023 Jun 1;22(6):559-564. doi: 10.36849/JDD.7403. Real-World, Open-Label Study of the Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Serum in Androgenetic Alopecia. Rapaport J, Sadgrove NJ, Arruda S, Swearingen A, Abidi Z, Sadick N. Pattern-type hair loss is a highly prevalent condition affecting the majority of men and women at some point in their lifetime. Although genetics and androgens are instrumental in the pathogenesis of this type of hair loss, it is increasingly recognized that inflammation, stress, and environmental factors play a central role. The few and widely used monotherapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, such as minoxidil or finasteride, are not efficacious in all people and cause adverse events that prevent patient compliance. Therefore, new treatments that are easy to use and that holistically address the multi-factorial pathophysiology of pattern-type hair loss are needed. Clinical studies have already demonstrated the safety and efficacy of a plethora of bioactive natural products, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Vitis vinifera seed extract, Glycyrrhiza root extract, apigenin, and saw palmetto extract to name a few, in improving hair follicle homeostasis via anti-inflammatory, anti-androgen, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant action. Here, we present a novel topical serum, REVIVV&reg;, that contains a proprietary blend of phytochemicals designed to stimulate hair growth, reduce shedding, and restore homeostasis to the hair follicle. The serum&rsquo;s safety and efficacy were assessed in 150 participants in a real-world clinical setting. Findings demonstrate that twice-daily use of the serum significantly improves hair growth, and reduces shedding after 8 weeks of use. All participants rated the serum as easy to use and stated plans for continued use. Overall, the topical serum REVIVV&reg; showed evidence of good efficacy related to hair growth and had positive cosmetic properties warranting further evaluation in clinical studies. Rapaport J, Sadgrove NJ, Arruda S, et al. Real-world, open-label study of the efficacy and safety of a novel serum in androgenetic alopecia. J Drugs Dermat

Interest in transdermal delivery methods for stimulating hair regrowth has been increasing recently. The microneedle approach can break the barrier of the stratum corneum through puncture ability and improve drug delivery efficiency. Herein, we report a dissolvable microneedle device for the co-delivery of rapamycin and epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles that can significantly promote hair regeneration. Compared with the mice without any treatment, our strategy can facilitate hair growth within 7 days. Higher hair shaft growth rate and hair follicle density with inconspicuous inflammation were exhibited in C57BL/6 mice, elucidating its potential for clinical application.

Finasteride is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia or APA). The local administration of formulations with increased solubility and controlled release of finasteride are proposed using gallate-containing compositions within embolic microparticles or paste. Finasteride solubility in either epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) or tannic acid (TA) solutions was assessed using HPLC. Poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres (100-400 μm) containing finasteride and EGCG or TA were effectively manufactured. Embolic particles were loaded with finasteride/EGCG/TA. Dermal uptake of TA/EGCG/finasteride topical compositions was measured in pig skin. The solubility of finasteride was dramatically increased using EGCG- or TA-based compositions. Finasteride loaded microspheres released over two months which was increased by EGCG or TA inclusion. Embolic particles soaked up finasteride and EGCG or TA and released the encapsulated drug over two weeks. Dermal uptake of finasteride from EGCG- or TA-based formulations was enhanced between 10 and 50 fold in layers as deep as 500 μm when compared to a generic control formulation. Gallate-based formulations of finasteride increase drug solubility and allow for effective release of the drug from embolic formulations. Paste or powder EGCG- or TA-based formulations of finasteride greatly increase dermal penetration of the drug.

Αndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common hair disorder, affecting approximately 50% of men and women. A topical lotion that contains two patented formulas (Redensyl and Sepicontrol A5), has been introduced as an alternative approach to standard therapies for AGA. Forty-four patients with AGA were randomized either to apply the active lotion or the vehicle, twice daily for 24 weeks. Subjects were evaluated at 0, 12, and 24 weeks by clinical examination, photographic documentation, quality of life evaluation (DLQI), and trichogram (anagen-to-telogen ratio). Forty-one patients, 18 males and 23 females, completed the study. Among patients receiving active treatment (n = 26), 7.7% had great improvement, 73.1% had moderate improvement, and 19.2% remained stable. The median self-assessment score increased from 4 at baseline to 6 at 24 weeks (P < .001), while the DLQI improved from 4 to 3, respectively (P < .001). The median anagen-to-telogen ratio increased from 2.25 to 4.00 to 6.02 at weeks 0, 12, and 24, respectively. No significant adverse events were reported. This new topical active blend is effective in the treatment of AGA, with high degree of patients' satisfaction, improvement of quality of life, and an excellent safety profile. Thus, it may represent a useful alternative therapeutic approach for AGA. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is associated with Interferon- γ (IFN-γ) mediated T-lymphocyte dysfunction and increased circulating Interleukine-17 (IL-17) levels. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) specifically inhibits IFN-γ pathways and unlike Janus Kinase 1 and 2 (JAK1/JAK2) inhibitors (tofacitinib, ruxolitinib), EGCG is safer, more cost-effective, and is a topically active agent. Our objective is to test the mode of action of EGCG in vitro and ex vivo using HaCat, Jurkat cell lines, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AA patients and healthy controls (HCs), respectively. METHODS: distribution of T helper cells (Th1, Th17), and cytotoxic cells (CD8) in PBMCs isolated from 30 AA patients and 30 HCs was investigated by flowcytomterty. In vitro treatment of HaCat and Jurkat cells with 40 μm EGCG for 48 h was performed to measure the level of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription protein STAT1, and replicated in ex vivo model using

BACKGROUND: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induces androgenic alopecia by shortening the hair follicle growth phase, resulting in hair loss. We previously demonstrated how changes in the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile influenced DHT-mediated cell death, cell cycle arrest, cell viability, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and senescence. Protective effects against DHT have not, however, been elucidated at the genome level. OBJECTIVE: We showed that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea, protects DHT-induced cell death by regulating the cellular miRNA expression profile. METHODS: We used a miRNA microarray to identify miRNA expression levels in human dermal papilla cells (DPCs). We investigated whether the miRNA expression influenced the protective effects of EGCG against DHT-induced cell death, growth arrest, intracellular ROS levels, and senescence. RESULTS: EGCG protected against the effects of DHT by altering the miRNA expression profile in human DPCs. In addition, EGCG attenuated DHT-mediated cell death and growth arrest and decreased intracellular ROS levels and senescence. A bioinformatics analysis elucidated the relationship between the altered miRNA expression and EGCG-mediated protective effects against DHT. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results suggest that EGCG ameliorates the negative effects of DHT by altering the miRNA expression profile in human DPCs.