Maitake Mushroom

Extended longevity has resulted in an increased number of patients with dementia. Therefore, new methods for treating and preventing dementia are highly desirable. Multiple health benefits have been reported for Grifola frondosa (maitake mushrooms). In this study, we investigated the safety and effects of continuous intake of maitake mushrooms on cognitive function in healthy older individuals. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial over 18 wk targeting 47 healthy Japanese individuals aged 60 y or older. The individuals were randomly divided into three groups: a Y10M group consumed bread containing 50 g of the maitake mushroom strain Y10M, a C5304 group consumed bread containing 50 g of the maitake mushroom strain C5304, and a placebo group consumed bread without maitake mushrooms. No participants discontinued the intervention due to adverse effects in any group. The Y10M group showed a significant improvement in cognitive assessment based on the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) score compared to the placebo group after the intervention. However, no difference was observed in the MoCA-J scores between the C5304 and placebo groups. The activity of natural killer cells, a type of immune cell, was also significantly augmented in the Y10M group and positively correlated with MoCA-J scores. These results suggest that improved cognitive function is, at least in part, attributable to the activation of the immune system. This study suggests that consumption of maitake mushrooms may help inhibit the decline in cognitive function in healthy older individuals.

Polysaccharide extracted from the Maitake mushroom (MP) is considered as a potential anticancer agent. The present study was performed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of MP and vitamin C (VC) alone and in combination on the viability of human neuroglioma M059 K cells in vitro. A combination of MP (1.0 mg/mL) and VC (0.4 mmol/L) led to a 53.10% reduction in cell viability and this treatment induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and apoptosis occurred in 38.54% of the cells. Results of Hoechst 33258 staining and Western blot showed apoptotic cells appeared and changes in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (upregulation of Bax and caspase-3, downregulation of Bcl-2, and activation of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase). Moreover, the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were enhanced in M059 K cells. The inhibiting effect of combined treatment with MP and VC on M059 K cells indicates the mechanism of anticancer activity involved induction of cell apoptosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect of a combination of D-fraction polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa (DFP) and vitamin C (VC) on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. DFP is a bioactive extract from the maitake mushroom. Anticancer activity was demonstrated using various concentrations of DFP alone or in combination with VC against the human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cell line. To investigate the anticancer mechanism, studies designed to detect cell apoptosis were conducted. Results from the MTT assay indicated that a combination of DFP (0.2 mg/mL) and VC (0.3 mmol/L) led to a 70% reduction in cell viability. Flow cytometry results indicated that DFP/VC treatment induced apoptosis in approximately 65% SMMC-7721 cells. Cell cycle analysis identified cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase following DFP/VC treatment for 48 hours. In addition, cellular morphological changes were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Western blot analysis revealed that the upregulation of BAX, downregulation of Bcl-2, activation of poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), and the release of cytochrome c were observed in cells treated with the combination of DFP/VC, which showed that the mechanism of anticancer activity in the SMMC-7721 hepatocarcinoma cells involved induction of apoptosis.

The maturation of dendritic cells into more-immunostimulatory dendritic cells by stimulation with different combinations of immunologic agents is expected to provide efficient, adoptive immunotherapy against cancer. Soluble β-glucan maitake D-fraction, extracted from the maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa, acts as a potent immunotherapeutic agent, eliciting innate and adoptive immune responses, thereby contributing to its antitumor activity. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of maitake D-fraction, in combination with a Toll-like receptor agonist, to treat tumors in a murine model. Our results showed that maitake D-fraction, in combination with the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide, synergistically increased the expression of dendritic cell maturation markers and interleukin-12 production in dendritic cells, but it did not increase interleukin-10 production, generating strong effector dendritic cells with an augmented capacity for efficiently priming an antigen-specific, T helper 1-type T cell response. Maitake D-fraction enhances cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide-induced dendritic cell maturation and cytokine responses in a dectin-1-dependent pathway. We further showed that a combination therapy using cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide and maitake D-fraction was highly effective, either as adjuvants for dendritic cell vaccination or by direct administration against murine tumor. Therapeutic responses to direct administration were associated with increased CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the tumor site and the induction of interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Our results indicate that maitake D-fraction and cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide synergistically activated dendritic cells, resulting in tumor regression via an antitumor T helper cell 1-type response. Our findings provide the basis for a potent antitumor therapy using a novel combination of immunologic agents for future clinical immunotherapy studies in patients. © Society for Leukocyte Biology.

HYPOTHESIS: Although several conventional therapeutic options for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are currently available, the unsatisfactory outcomes demand establishing more effective interventions. D-fraction (PDF), a bioactive proteoglucan of Maitake mushroom, demonstrates anticancer and immunomodulatory activities, which are also shown to be potentiated by vitamin C (VC). We thus hypothesized that a combination of PDF and VC (PDF + VC) could be an alternative approach to more effectively inhibit the growth of RCC. STUDY DESIGN: We examined the dose-dependent effects of PDF + VC on RCC cell viability and also performed biochemical assays to explore the growth regulatory mechanism. METHODS: Human RCC, ACHN cell line, was employed and exposed to varying concentrations of PDF or VC and their combinations. Cell viability at specified times was determined by MTT assay. Lipid peroxidation assay, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis were also performed. RESULTS: PDF or VC alone led to the significant reduction in cell viability at 72 hours with PDF >500 µg/mL and VC ≥300 µM. When various combinations of PDF and VC were tested, the combination of the ineffective concentrations of PDF (300 µg/mL) and VC (200 µM) resulted in ~90% cell death in 24 hours. Lipid peroxidation assay then indicated significantly (~2.5 fold) elevated oxidative stress with this PDF + VC. Cell cycle analysis also indicated a G1 cell cycle arrest following a 6-hour PDF + VC treatment. Western blots further revealed a downregulation of Bcl2, an upregulation of Bax, and proteolytic activation of PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) in PDF + VC-treated cells, indicating induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the combination of PDF and VC can become highly cytotoxic, inducing severe cell death in ACHN cells. This cytotoxic mechanism appears to be primarily attributed to oxidative stress, accompanied by a G1 cell cycle arrest. Such cell death induced by PDF + VC could be more likely linked to apoptosis, as indicated by the modulation of apoptosis regulators (Bcl2, Bax, and PARP). Therefore, as PDF and VC may work synergistically to induce apoptotic cell d

Bone marrow myelotoxicity is a major limitation of chemotherapy. While granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment is effective, alternative approaches to support hematopoietic recovery are sought. We previously found that a beta-glucan extract from maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa (MBG) enhanced colony forming unit-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM) activity of mouse bone marrow and human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), stimulated G-CSF production and spared HPC from doxorubicin toxicity in vitro. This investigation assessed the effects of MBG on leukocyte recovery and granulocyte/monocyte function in vivo after dose intensive paclitaxel (Ptx) in a normal mouse. After a cumulative dose of Ptx (90-120 mg/kg) given to B6D2F1mice, daily oral MBG (4 or 6 mg/kg), intravenous G-CSF (80 microg/kg) or Ptx alone were compared for effects on the dynamics of leukocyte recovery in blood, CFU-GM activity in bone marrow and spleen, and granulocyte/monocyte production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Leukocyte counts declined less in Ptx + MBG mice compared to Ptx-alone (p = 0.024) or Ptx + G-CSF treatment (p = 0.031). Lymphocyte levels were higher after Ptx + MBG but not Ptx + G-CSF treatment compared to Ptx alone (p < 0.01). MBG increased CFU-GM activity in bone marrow and spleen (p < 0.001, p = 0.002) 2 days after Ptx. After two additional days (Ptx post-day 4), MBG restored granulocyte/monocyte ROS response to normal levels compared to Ptx-alone and increased ROS response compared to Ptx-alone or Ptx + G-CSF (p < 0.01, both). The studies indicate that oral MBG promoted maturation of HPC to become functionally active myeloid cells and enhanced peripheral blood leukocyte recovery after chemotoxic bone marrow injury.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the combination of interferon (IFN)-alpha and maitake mushroom D-fraction (PDF), a bioactive mushroom extract, might potentiate the anticancer activity of IFN-alpha in bladder cancer T24 cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects of recombinant IFN-alpha(2b) (0-50 000 IU/mL), PDF (0-700 microg/mL), or their combinations were assessed on T24 cell growth at 72 h. Cell cycle analysis and assays for double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) were performed to explore possible antiproliferative mechanism of these agents. RESULTS: IFN-alpha(2b) was able to induce a significant ( approximately 50%) growth reduction at 20 000 IU/mL, which further declined to approximately 66% at 50 000 IU/mL. PDF had no effects up to 200 microg/mL, but there was an approximately 20% and approximately 53% growth reduction at 400 and 700 microg/mL, respectively. When the varying concentrations of IFN-alpha(2b) and PDF were combined, 10 000 IU/mL of IFN-alpha(2b) combined with 200 microg/mL of PDF resulted in an approximately 75% growth reduction. This was accompanied by a G(1) cell cycle arrest, shown by cell cycle analysis. Concurrently, DNA-PK activity in IFN-alpha(2b)/PDF-treated cells was almost three-fold higher than controls. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of IFN-alpha(2b) (10 000 IU/mL) and PDF (200 microg/mL) reduced growth by approximately 75% in T24 cells. This appears to be due to a synergistic potentiation of these two agents, inducing a G(1) arrest with DNA-PK activation. Therefore, the IFN-alpha(2b)/PDF combination could trigger DNA-PK activation that may act on the cell cycle to cease cancer cell growth.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence on maitake, including expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing. This review serves as a clinical support tool. Electronic searches were conducted in 10 databases, 20 additional journals (not indexed in common databases), and bibliographies from 50 selected secondary references. No restrictions were placed on the language or quality of the publications. All literature collected pertained to efficacy in humans, dosing, precautions, adverse effects, use in pregnancy and lactation, interactions, alteration of laboratory assays, and mechanisms of action. Standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for selection. Grades were assigned using an evidence-based grading rationale. There was a lack of systematic study on the safety and effectiveness of maitake in humans. However, based on popular use and supportive scientific data, three indications are discussed in this review: cancer, diabetes, and immunostimulation. Despite the lack of scientific evidence, maitake mushroom remains a popular agent in commercial products. Future randomized controlled trials are warranted.

This article reviews mushrooms with anti-breast cancer activity. The mushrooms covered which are better known include the following: button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei, Amauroderma rugosum, stout camphor fungus Antrodia camphorata, Jew's ear (black) fungus or black wood ear fungus Auricularia auricula-judae, reishi mushroom or Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma sinense, maitake mushroom or sheep's head mushroom Grifola frondosa, lion's mane mushroom or monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum, brown beech mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus, sulfur polypore mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom), Phellinus linteus (Japanese "meshimakobu," Chinese "song gen," Korean "sanghwang," American "black hoof mushroom"), abalone mushroom Pleurotus abalonus, king oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, tuckahoe or Fu Ling Poria cocos, and split gill mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Antineoplastic effectiveness in human clinical trials and mechanism of anticancer action have been reported for Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinula edodes.

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis with dysplastic bone marrow leading to peripheral cytopenia, risk of infection, and progression to acute myelogenous leukemia. Maitake mushroom beta-glucan, a dietary supplement, stimulates hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production, and recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes after bone marrow injury. This phase II trial examined the effects of Maitake on innate immune function in MDS. METHODS: Myelodysplastic syndromes patients with International Prognostic Scoring System Low- and Intermediate-1-risk disease received oral Maitake extract at 3 mg/kg twice daily for 12 weeks. Primary endpoints included neutrophil count and function tested as endogenous or stimulated neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry compared with age-matched healthy controls (HC). ROS activators were Escherichia coli, phorbol ester, and the bacterial peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Complete blood counts, chemistry panels, iron studies, and monocyte function were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 21 patients enrolled, 18 completed the study and were evaluable. Maitake increased endogenous (basal) neutrophil (p = 0.005) and monocyte function (p = 0.021). Pre-treatment monocyte response to E. coli was reduced in MDS patients compared with HC (p = 0.002) and increased (p = 0.0004) after treatment. fMLP-stimulated ROS production response also increased (p = 0.03). Asymptomatic eosinophilia occurred in 4 patients (p = 0.014). Other changes in albumin, hemoglobin, and total protein were not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS: Maitake was well tolerated. Enhanced in vitro neutrophil and monocyte function following treatment demonstrate that Maitake has beneficial immunomodulatory potential in MDS. Further study is warranted.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients commonly use dietary supplements to "boost immune function". A polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake extract) showed immunomodulatory effects in preclinical studies and therefore the potential for clinical use. Whether oral administration in human produces measurable immunologic effects, however, is unknown. METHODS: In a phase I/II dose escalation trial, 34 postmenopausal breast cancer patients, free of disease after initial treatment, were enrolled sequentially in five cohorts. Maitake liquid extract was taken orally at 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 3, or 5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks. Peripheral blood was collected at days -7, 0 (prior to the first dosing), 7, 14, and 21 for ex vivo analyses. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. RESULTS: No dose-limiting toxicity was encountered. Two patients withdrew prior to completion of the study due to grade I possibly related side effects: nausea and joint swelling in one patient; rash and pruritus in the second. There was a statistically significant association between Maitake and immunologic function (p < 0.0005). Increasing doses of Maitake increased some immunologic parameters and depressed others; the dose-response curves for many endpoints were non-monotonic with intermediate doses having either immune enhancing or immune suppressant effects compared with both high and low doses. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of a polysaccharide extract from Maitake mushroom is associated with both immunologically stimulatory and inhibitory measurable effects in peripheral blood. Cancer patients should be made aware of the fact that botanical agents produce more complex effects than assumed, and may depress as well as enhance immune function.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The antitumor effects of Grifola frondosa/maitake polysaccharide (GFP) have been reported in many preclinical studies, especially in vivo experiments. The present meta-analysis aimed to provide an in vivo evidence and theoretical basis for future clinical trials by assessing the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of GFP in tumor treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: English and Chinese databases were examined to include animal experiments to study the antitumor activity of GFP. Literature screening, data extraction, and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In addition, the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias (RoB) tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the included animal studies. RESULTS: Potentially relevant studies (442) were identified, and finally 24 eligible studies (all in English) were included. The meta-analysis revealed that GFP has significant effects in inhibiting tumor growth (high dose: mean difference (MD) = -1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [-1.73, -0.95]; low dose: MD = -5.68, 95% CI = [-7.27, -4.09]), improving tumor remission rate (odds ratio = 25.59, 95% CI = [9.08, 72.11]), and enhancing immune function in both cellular (CD4+ T cell percentage: MD = 3.03, 95% CI = [1.16, 4.90]; CD8+ T cell percentage: MD = 1.10, 95% CI = [-0.29, 2.49]) and humoral immunity (MD and [95% CI] of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α were 7.86 [6.29, 9.44], 35.95 [5.18, 66.72], and 10.03 [8.71, 11.36], respectively), and the differences between the two groups of the above indicators were statistically significant (all P < 0.01) except CD8+ T cell percentage. Additionally, the quality of the included studies was not high, and the risk of bias mainly concentrated on selection, detection, and reporting biases. CONCLUSION: GFP is a potential candidate for tumor treatment and clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The review protocol for this study was registered with the PROSPERO database before beginning the review process (CRD42018108897).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients seek clinical guidance on mushroom supplements that can be given alongside conventional treatments, but most research on such fungi has been preclinical. The current systematic review focused on clinical studies of mushrooms in cancer care conducted in the past 10 years. We searched Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Scopus (Wiley), and Cochrane Library to identify all mushroom studies conducted in humans published from January 2010 through December 2020. Two authors independently assessed papers for inclusion. RECENT FINDINGS: Of 136 clinical studies identified by screening 2349, 39 met inclusion criteria. The studies included 12 different mushroom preparations. A survival benefit was reported using Huaier granules (Trametes robiniophila Murr) in 2 hepatocellular carcinoma studies and 1 breast cancer study. A survival benefit was also found in 4 gastric cancer studies using polysaccharide-K (polysaccharide-Kureha; PSK) in the adjuvant setting. Eleven studies reported a positive immunological response. Quality-of-life (QoL) improvement and/or reduced symptom burden was reported in 14 studies using various mushroom supplements. Most studies reported adverse effects of grade 2 or lower, mainly nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Limitations included small sample size and not using randomized controlled trial design. Many of the reviewed studies were small and observational. Most showed favorable effects of mushroom supplements in reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy, improving QoL, favorable cytokine response, and possibly better clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, the evidence is inconclusive to recommend the routine use of mushrooms for cancer patients. More trials are needed to explore mushroom use during and after cancer treatment. © 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) is an ideal treatment for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The performance of CCRT induces severe toxicities in HNSCC patients and decreases the quality of life (QOL). Maitake D-Fraction is proteoglycan which has anti-tumor function associated with its immunomodulatory capacity. The polysaccharides of Maitake also have anti-radiation effect in radiation therapy during cancer treatment. This research aimed to illustrate Maitake D-Fraction effects on CCRT-associated adverse events and QOL. METHODS: During CCRT, Maitake capsules were taken orally 3 times a day, each time 4 capsules, one hour before meals. QOL were analyzed by EORTC QLQ-C30-Chinese version and EORTC QLQ-HandN-35-Chinese version. 141 patients were recruited and divided into an intervention group and a placebo group. RESULTS: Frequencies of severe CCRT-associated adverse events in intervention group were less than in placebo group. Global QOL score in intervention group was higher than in placebo group 5 weeks post treatment. The proportion of patients returning to baseline global QOL score at 6-month was increased by Maitake D-Fraction administration. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this randomized clinical trial demonstrated that in advanced laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients, the oral administration of Maitake D-Fraction alleviated CCRT-related adverse events and deterioration in QOL.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin-sensitizing drugs are used to induce ovulation. Recently, it was reported that an extract from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) improves insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to explore the effects of Maitake extract (SX-fraction: MSX) to induce ovulation in patients with PCOS in comparison with and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC). DESIGN: We conducted an open trial with 80 patients with PCOS at three clinics in Japan. Seventy-two (72) new patients were randomly assigned to receive MSX or CC monotherapy for up to 12 weeks. Eighteen (18) patients who did not respond to MSX or CC were subjected to combination therapy of MSX and CC for up to 16 weeks. Eight (8) patients with documented history of failure to CC received combination therapy from the beginning. Ovulation was assessed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Twenty-six (26) patients in the MSX group and 31 in the CC group were evaluated for ovulation. The ovulation rates for MSX and CC were as follows: 76.9% (20/26) and 93.5% (29/31), respectively by the patients (NS), and 41.7% (30/72) and 69.9% (58/83), respectively, by the cycles (p = 0.0006). In the combination therapy, 7 of 7 patients who failed in MSX monotherapy and 6 of 8 patients who failed in CC monotherapy showed ovulation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that MSX alone may induce ovulation in PCOS patients and may be useful as an adjunct therapy for patients who failed first-line CC treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of maitake mushrooms in inhibiting the elevation of liver and serum lipids in rats. DESIGN: Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperlipidemia were used to measure and compare the values of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides between cholesterol-fed rats and rats whose diets were fortified with 20% maitake mushroom dried powder. RESULTS: The values in maitake-fed rats were consistently less than those in the basic cholesterol-fed rats. The value of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which usually is decreased by taking high-cholesterol feed, maintained the level that it had at the beginning of the experiment. Weights of extirpated liver and epididymal fat pads were significantly less than those in the basic feed group. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that maitake mushrooms have the ability to alter lipid metabolism by inhibiting both the accumulation of liver lipids and the elevation of serum lipids. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of activity of maitake mushrooms and to establish whether their action in humans is similar to that in the animal model tested here.

INTRODUCTION: Grifola frondosa (maitake) is an edible and medicinal mushroom known for its diverse bioactive compounds, particularly polysaccharides, including biologically active β-glucans, which have been associated with immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and metabolic effects. However, a comprehensive assessment of the intellectual structure and global development of this research area has not yet been conducted. METHODS: We conducted a scientometric analysis of 605 English-language journal articles indexed in Scopus from 1980 to 2025. Bibliometric data were analyzed using Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to assess publication and citation trends, leading authors, institutions, countries, collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence, thematic evolution, conceptual structure, and emerging research frontiers. RESULTS: Publication output rose significantly after 2024, peaking in 2025, reflecting sustained global interest in G. frondosa bioactivity. Logistic growth modeling shows the field is nearing maturity. China and Japan showed the highest publication output and substantial representation in

Mushroom-derived polysaccharides are widely promoted as anticancer immune modulators, but interpretation is weakened by imprecise product identity, chemically non-equivalent preparations, and extrapolation across evidence levels. This critical narrative review evaluates beta-glucans, heteropolysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein complexes, crude fractions, modified derivatives, and multicomponent extracts as preparation-specific adjunct candidates. Receptor-level evidence is strongest for general fungal beta-glucan systems, particularly Dectin-1/Syk/CARD9 signaling and conditional complement receptor 3 cooperation; direct transfer of those mechanisms to individual mushroom preparations requires product-specific causal testing. Selected animal studies support myeloid remodeling, dendritic-cell and natural-killer-cell effects, and T-cell activation, but route, exposure, product characterization, and model limitations constrain

BACKGROUND: The large volume of supernatant generated during Grifola frondosa extraction is typically discarded, resulting in substantial resource waste and environmental pressure. Such agro-fungal processing by-products are rich in potentially bioactive macromolecules, but efficient recycling strategies and biofunctional verification remain limited. Meanwhile, safe natural antiviral ingredients for pediatric enterovirus infection are lacking. This study established a sustainable chromatographic bioprocess to recover a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide-peptide (LMWPP) from G. frondosa waste liquid, with the aims of achieving high-value circular utilization of fungal processing wastewater and exploring its anti-EV71 potential. RESULTS: Purified LMWPP with an average molecular weight of 1.252 × 104 Da possessed pyranose structures with α- and β-glycosidic bonds and consisted of multiple monosaccharides and leucine-dominant amino acids. Recovered LMWPP exerted marked anti-EV71 effects by mitigating cytotoxicity, inhibiting viral replication, downregulating VP1 mRNA expression, and alleviating cell apoptosis. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated its regulatory effects on the complement and coagulation cascades, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, and oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: This integrated separation strategy enables efficient valorization of G. frondosa liquid by-products and clarifies the structure-activity relationship of LMWPP. The recycled natural LMWPP shows promise as a pediat

INTRODUCTION: Grifola frondosa is an edible and medicinal mushroom rich in bioactive polysaccharides, but the relationships among molecular-weight distribution, compositional and linkage features, biological activity, and in vivo distribution remain incompletely characterized. METHODS: Polysaccharides from G. frondosa were extracted, purified, and separated into three molecular-weight fractions: PP-1 (>10 kDa), PP-2 (1-10 kDa), and PP-3 (< 1 kDa). The fractions were characterized by total sugar, acidic sugar and protein contents, monosaccharide composition, apparent molecular-weight distribution, and methylation analysis. Their preliminary bioactivities were evaluated using S180, HepG2, and RAW 264.7 cell-based assays. PP-3 was subsequently labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate followed by iodination, and iodine content was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate its preliminary in vivo distribution. RESULTS: Among the three fractions, PP-3 showed the highest sugar content and a relatively simple detected monosaccharide profile under the present Glc/Gal-standard-based analysis, with methylation analysis suggesting abundant terminal Glcp residues and limited inter

5. Carbohydr Polym. 2026 Oct 15;390:125672. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125672. Epub 2026 Jul 21. Structural characterization and systemic hypoglycemic effects of a new high-molecular-weight α-glucan from Grifola frondosa. Zhong W(1), Wang J(2), Ding Y(3), Huang L(4), Tian H(1), Ruan Q(4), Li X(4), Liu Y(4), Yong T(4), Chen S(4), Miao N(4), Guo H(4), Liang T(4), Hu H(5), Xiao C(6), Wu Q(7). Author information: (1)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China. (2)College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. (3)State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Natural Bioactive Molecules and Discovery of Innovative Drugs, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. (4)State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China. (5)State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Ma

BACKGROUND: Commercially available edible mushroom polysaccharide (EMP) products often contain impurities such as maltodextrin, proteins and polyphenols, which interfere with accurate quality evaluation. This study aimed to establish a pretreatment protocol to purify these products and investigate the structure-activity relationships of their antioxidant activities. RESULTS: Physicochemical analysis revealed that maltodextrin interfered with polysaccharide quantification. A pretreatment protocol using glucoamylase for maltodextrin removal and potassium ferrocyanide/zinc acetate for deproteinization was optimized. The purified crude polysaccharides were heteroglycans with broad molecular weight distributions. All nine EMPs exhibited antioxidant capacity, with Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Grey polysaccharide and Cordyceps militaris (L.ex Fr.) Link polysaccharide showing the most potent activities. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the contents of mannose, galactose, arabinose, fucose and uronic acid. CONCLUSION: The proposed pretreatment reduced interference from starch-based substances and proteins in the tested commercial products. Residual protein and phenolic-compound contents were associated with several in vitro antioxidant indicators, suggesting that coexisting components may influence the measured responses. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the antioxidant mechanisms of polysaccharides and highlights the need for standardized pretreatment in quality evaluation.

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common viral illnesses whose burden increases with age-related declines in innate immunity. Maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa) have immunomodulatory properties, but evidence in healthy humans, particularly regarding age-related innate immune responses, remains limited. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthy young adults (18-20 years) and middle-aged/older adults (40-85 years) consumed bread containing one of two maitake strains (Y10M or C5304) or a placebo daily for 11 weeks (young adults) or 18 weeks (middle-aged/older adults). While the overall incidence of URTI episodes did not differ between groups, symptom-specific analyses suggested strain-dependent differences. Y10M supplementation was associated with fewer cumulative days of fever and runny nose in both age groups and with sore throat in young adults, whereas C5304 showed limited effects. Notably, Y10M was associated with changes in innate immune parameters in middle-aged/older adults, including increased plasmacytoid dendritic cell frequency, activation of conventional dendritic cells, and upregulation of type I interferon-related gene expression and IL12A

Microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) was evaluated as a structuring strategy for β-glucans from Agaricus bisporus, Cyttaria espinosae, and Grifola gargal, using hot-air drying (HAD) as reference. MVD markedly intensified dehydration, increasing Page model drying constants by up to 20-40-fold compared with HAD, with excellent fitting (R2 = 0.9980-0.9995). Fresh β-glucan contents were species-dependent, reaching 55.02 ± 3.61 g/100 g d.b. in G. gargal, 31.00 ± 1.13 g/100 g d.b. in C. espinosae, and 9.42 ± 1.40 g/100 g d.b. in A. bisporus. FTIR confirmed preservation of the β-glucan chemical fingerprint, whereas DSC and SEM revealed drying-dependent supramolecular reorganization. All extracts were cytocompatible toward HDF cells. Notably, MVD-derived C. espinosae β-glucans reduced AGS and Caco-2 viability to 31.03 ± 4.90% and 41.27 ± 7.60%, respectively. These findings support MVD as a promising strategy to tailor mushroom β-glucan biofunctionality. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Grifola frondosa is a commercially important edible mushroom, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development in this species remain poorly understood. In this study, five sample types were collected from the same cultivation bag bearing mature fruiting bodies to represent different stages of a developmental continuum: spawn (S), white mycelial film (WM), gray mycelial mat (GM), fruiting body base (B), and pileus (P). Transcriptomic, biochemical, and morphological analyses were integrated to investigate the tissue-specific characteristics and potential roles of these tissues during fruiting body formation. The results revealed that S exhibited enhanced cellulase expression and activity, consistent with its proposed role in carbon supply for the developing fruiting body. WM showed upregulation of genes involved in H2O2 production and ATP synthesis, together with hydrophobin-related genes, consistent with active energy metabolism and a possible role in surface protection in this light-exposed layer. GM displayed distinct morphological features, including thicker hyphae with rounded tips and elevated expression of lectin, transcription-related, and signal transduction genes, consistent with its possible role as the site of primordium initiation. Both B and P specifically upregulated meiosis-related genes, suggesting their involvement in spore production. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive molecular resource for understanding tissue-specific genetic programs governing fruiting body formation in G. frondosa, while also highlighting candidate genes and testable hypotheses for future functional validation. Conflict of i

INTODUCTION: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that lacks hormone receptors and HER2 amplification, limiting targeted therapy options. Chemotherapeutics like cisplatin and taxol are commonly used but lack selectivity, often causing harsh side effects. These limitations have led to increased interest in natural health products (NHPs) as complementary treatments due to their potential anticancer benefits and lower toxicity. Black Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), used in traditional Chinese medicine, contains polysaccharides with reported anticancer activity. However, further research is needed on the whole extract, its mechanism, and its interaction with chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the anticancer effects of Black Maitake Odaira Extract - Prothera (BMOE; manufactured by Shogun Maitake Canada, London, ON) on the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. BMOE was evaluated alone and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and taxol using both 2D and 3D in vitro models. METHODS: Apoptosis was evaluated using Hoechst 33342, Annexin V, and propidium iodide staining. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was assessed via TMRM. A wound-healing assay measured cell migration. Structural effects were examined in 3D spheroid cultures following treatment. RESULTS: BMOE induced dose- and time-dependent apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization. In 3D models, BMOE disrupted spheroid structure. The wound-healing assay showed impaired TNBC cell migration. Most importantly, BMOE significantly enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy when combined with cisplatin or taxol. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the potential of BMOE as a non-toxic adjunct that

Grifola frondosa is a highly valued medicinal mushroom with diverse bioactive properties; however, its low mycelial biomass remains a major bottleneck affecting the efficiency of liquid fermentation. To address this issue, protoplast-mediated mutagenesis was employed in this study to breed a high-performance G. frondosa mutant with superior fermentation traits. Following optimization using intelligent strategies, the highest yield of protoplasts was achieved (6.573 × 106 protoplasts/g fresh weight) under suitable isolation parameters (fungal age of 7.9 days, lywallzyme concentration 2.1%, enzymatic hydrolysis time 5.2 hours, enzymatic temperature of 30 °C, and mannitol concentration of 0.6 mol/L). Subsequently, DES-induced protoplast mutagenesis yielded a stable G. frondosa mutant (D24) showing 62.78% greater mycelial biomass and 111.11% higher protein yield relative to the parental strain. Furthermore, fermentation kinetics profiling and phenotypic observation suggested that the mutant D24 exhibited a shortened lag phase, enhanced hyphal dispersion, and denser mitochondrial distribution compared with the original str

OBJECTIVES: Black maitake odaira extract-prothera (Grifola frondosa; BME), a β-glucan-rich natural product, has demonstrated anticancer activities including immunomodulation, inhibition of metastasis, enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity, and induction of apoptosis. This study investigated the effects of BME on human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT-116 and HT-29, evaluated its interaction with FOLFOX chemotherapy, and assessed selectivity using the healthy human colon epithelial cell line NCM-460. METHODS: Anticancer activity was evaluated in two- and three-dimensional colorectal cancer cell models by measuring apoptosis and mechanism of action using fluorogenic markers, cell viability via formazan reduction, and migration through wound-healing assays. Selectivity was assessed in healthy NCM-460 colon epithelial cells. In vivo antitumour efficacy was examined using xenografted immunocompromised mouse models. RESULTS: BME induced time- and dose-dependent apoptosis, reduced viability and migration, increased reactive oxygen species, and mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Positive interactions were observed with FOLFOX chemotherapy. In vivo, BME enhanced antitumour activity, while no apoptotic effects were detected in normal NCM-460 colon epithelial cells, indicating selectivity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest BME may have potential as an adjunct to colorectal cancer therapy and justify further clinical evaluation. © 2026 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Grifola frondosa is a popular mushroom, and its flavor is highly dependent on the cooking method. In this study, the volatile compounds of Grifola frondosa under different cooking methods were identified. HS-SPME-GC-MS identified 36 volatile compounds, mainly aldehydes and alcohols, e.g. nonanal, decanal, 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octanol. HS-GC-IMS indicated that volatile compounds in Grifola frondosa were optimally retained under microwaving cooking for 10 min. Among them, the content of typical mushroom flavor compounds 1-octen-3-ol and 2-butanone (D) reached the highest when microwaving cooking for 10 min. The content of isoamyl formate with plum odor was the highest in the stir-frying cooking sample for 10 min. The content of acetic acid hexyl ester and 2-pentylfuran with fruity flavor reached the highest in the sample with steaming cooking for 10 min. The flavor of boiling cooking samples was the weakest. This study can provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the flavor quality of Grifola frondosa. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

OBJECTIVES: Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancers, characterized by high metastatic potential and poor prognosis in advanced stages. While chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard treatment, its clinical utility is hindered by toxicity and limited specificity. This study evaluates Black Maitake Odaira Extract Prothera (BME) from the Grifola frondosa mushroom as a complementary treatment for melanoma, examining its apoptotic, anti-migratory, and anti-proliferative effects in 2D and 3D models. We aim to investigate the therapeutic potential of BME alone and in combination with standard chemotherapy in A375 melanoma cells. METHODS: A375 melanoma cells were treated with BME alone and in combination with TMZ. Cell viability was quantified via Trypan Blue exclusion assays. Apoptosis was assessed using Hoechst 33342, Annexin V, and propidium iodide staining, while mitochondrial depolarization was evaluated using TMRM staining. Cancer cell migration was analyzed through wound healing assays, and 3D spheroid cultures were used to evaluate how BME disrupts complex tumour-like structures. RESULTS: BME induced dose-dependent apoptosis in 2D cell models. BME enhanced the efficacy of TMZ in inducing apoptosis when treated in combination. Wound healing assays revealed a marked reduction in cell migration, particularly in combination treatments with TMZ. In 3D cell cultures, BME with TMZ exhibited increased mitochondrial depolarization. CONCLUSIONS: BME demonstrates pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory activity in melanoma cells, while improving the efficacy of standard chemotherapy. These findings support its potential as an effective adjuvant natural health product for melanoma treatment. © 2026 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Medicinal mushrooms have become an important component of modern dietary supplementation and functional nutrition due to their diverse biological activities and long-standing use in traditional medicine. Among the most widely studied and utilized species are Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Trametes versicolor, and Inonotus obliquus. Their therapeutic potential is associated with a wide range of biologically active constituents, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and other secondary metabolites. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that extracts derived from these species may support immune function, modulate inflammatory responses, and exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In addition to extensive in vitro and in vivo investigations, a growing number of clinical studies have evaluated the safety and potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal mushroom preparations in humans. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward their incorporation into nutraceutical formulations and functional foods aimed at supporting health and preventing chronic diseases. Advances in cultivation technologies and extraction methods have also contributed to improved availability and standardization of mushroom-derived products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of selected medicinal mushroom species commonly used in dietary supplements, focusing on their bioactive constituents, reported biological activities, and potential applications in contemporary medicine.

Culture medium formulation influences mushroom yield and composition, but its effect on the properties of edible fungal protein remains unclear. To explore the functional and nutritional properties of proteins from Grifola frondosa (GF) fruiting bodies, the study examined the structural, interfacial, gelling, and digestive properties of GF proteins grown in four culture media. The four GF proteins obtained were labeled GFP1-GFP4, respectively. The β-turn content and intrinsic fluorescence in GFP1 increased by 41.48% and 36.45% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to GFP4. GFP4 exhibited higher surface pressure at the air-water interface and lower interfacial force at the oil-water interface. In comparison with GFP4, the other GFPs showed a higher rate of interfacial film formation and greater film elasticity and strength. GFP2 had a minimum gelling concentration of 80 mg/mL, which is a 33.33% reduction from GFP4. The storage modulus (G') of GFP1 was 58 times higher than that of GFP4 (10 Pa), indicating a significant increase in gel elasticity (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to GFP4, GFP1 showed a 16.59% increase in total amino acid and a 6.82% increase in free amino group release (p < 0.05), although its digestibility decreased by 5.06% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the formulation of the culture medium alters the structures and interfacial properties of GFPs, thereby impacting their functionalities and applications in food colloid-based products.

Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) is a highly valued edible fungus, yet systematic studies on its processing and flavor characteristics remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for the Maillard reaction of G. frondosa enzymatic hydrolysates (GEH) under different amino acid, reducing sugar and reaction conditions, as well as the changes in volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of G. frondosa extract (GE), GEH and the Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Bromelain was identified as the most suitable protease, as it yielded the highest peptide content and degree of hydrolysis. In addition, its cleavage-site matching pattern and greater potential to generate highly reactive ε-amino groups further demonstrated its superiority in producing Maillard reaction precursors. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that the MRPs of the enzymatic hydrolysate prepared with 3% xylose and 5% glycine (120 °C for 20 min, pH 8) exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry and relative odor-active values analysis revealed that GE was dominated by mushroom-li

OBJECTIVES: Glioblastoma is an aggressive primary brain tumor marked by rapid growth, invasiveness, poor prognosis, and an over 90 % tumor recurrence rate. Current radiation and chemotherapy treatments are limited by non-selectivity and toxicity, creating a need for safer complementary treatments. Historically, natural health products (NHPs) have been used medicinally across cultures for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. More recently, they have gained recognition for their selective, non-toxic properties in cancer treatment, suggesting their potential as adjuncts to conventional therapies. Black maitake (Grifola frondosa) extract, a well-tolerated NHP with known immunomodulatory properties, has demonstrated anticancer effects in breast cancer models. This study investigates the ability of Black Maitake Odaira Extract - Prothera (BMOE; a trade name of the extract manufactured by Shogun Maitake Canada, London, ON) to induce cell death in the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line using 2D and 3D models, alone and in combination with the standard chemotherapy: temozolomide (TMZ). METHODS: Apoptosis was assessed via Hoechst 33,342, annexin V, and propidium iodide staining, along with morphological analyses. Mitochondrial depolarization was measured using TMRM, cell migration was assessed via wound-healing assays, and structural integrity was evaluated using 3D spheroids. RESULTS: BMOE, alone and with TMZ, induced dose-dependent apoptosis, mitochondrial depolarization, and impaired glioblastoma cell migration. BMOE also disrupted 3D spheroid structures and promoted nuclear condensation, consistent with apoptotic processes. Most notably, BMOE significantly enhanced the anti-cancer effects of TMZ. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the

19. Carbohydr Polym. 2026 Jun 15;382:125254. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125254. Epub 2026 Apr 1. Structural characterization and antitumor activity via immune modulation of an α-glucan from Grifola frondosa. Tian HX(1), Ruan QZ(2), Xie YZ(3), Chen W(4), Xiao C(4), Zhong W(4), Liu YC(4), Chen SD(4), Yong TQ(4), Hu HP(5), Li XM(6), Wu QP(7). Author information: (1)School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, NHC Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Microbiological Safety and Health International Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China. (2)National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, NHC Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Microbiological Safety and Health International Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. (3)Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China. (4)National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of

Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease of the skeleton characterized by a low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue structure, leading to increased fragility and susceptibility to fractures. It is often referred to as the "silent killer of bones" because it progresses without symptoms until a bone fracture occurs. Osteoporosis is a serious health problem, especially in aging societies, leading to fractures, limited mobility, and a decreased quality of life. Osteoporosis prevention through dietary modification should be the first step in protecting bone health before implementing any form of pharmacotherapy. The composition of the diet and nutritional patterns are considered the most important factors influencing the shaping of gut microbiota and its metabolites, which in turn affect the regulation of bone tissue metabolism. Mushrooms, as a source of vitamin D, can play a significant role in the prevention of osteoporosis. Additionally, the application of UV irradiation can rapidly increase the vitamin D2 content in mushrooms. A review of currently available studies reveals that many mushroom species contain substances (Ca, P, Se) that support bone formation by promoting remineralization. Mushrooms also induce bone regeneration after osteoporosis by balancing their reconstruction. This review systematically integrates the latest research on the use of mushrooms in the prevention of osteoporosis. The most promising species in the prevention of osteoporosis include: Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Pleurotus eryngii, Antrodia camphorata, Auricularia auricula, Agaricus bi

Rice bran (RB) and wheat bran (WB) are rich in bioactives but poorly utilized due to limited bioaccessibility. Here, a fungal fermentation strategy was developed to valorize RB-WB blends. A novel fermented product (FRBWB) was obtained via Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) fermentation, with conditions optimized for bioactive enrichment. After 13 days of fermentation, polysaccharide, polyphenol, and soluble protein contents increased from 86.56 to 126.93 mg/g, 1.38 to 1.67 mg/g, and 53.69 to 93.06 mg/g, respectively (P < 0.05), accompanied by marked improvements in water-holding capacity and solubility. The process altered substrate's microstructure, resulting in a looser, more porous surface. Untargeted metabolomics identified 445 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between FRBWB and the unfermented control (RBWB), among which ferulic acid methyl ester showed the highest upregulation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested a stable interaction between ferulic acid methyl ester and lignin peroxidase, dominated by van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding (ΔEMMPBSA = -79.73 ± 1.47 kJ/mol), which may help rationalize the observed

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is pathologically characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, yet effective therapeutic interventions for this condition remains limited. Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (GFP), an active component derived from the edible and medicinal mushroom G. frondosa, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. However, its renoprotective effects against CKD and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. RESULTS: Structural analysis revealed that GFP contained pyranose rings with both α- and β-glycosidic linkages. In the adenine-induced CKD mouse model, GFP administration significantly alleviated renal dysfunction and pathological damage, as evidenced by improvements in body weights, kidney index, serum biochemical parameters, and histological findings. Furthermore, GFP administration enhanced renal antioxidant capacities while reducing malondialdehyde contents. GFP also suppressed systemic and renal inflammatory responses, as evidenced by decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Importantly, GFP treatment suppressed renal fibrosis by down-regulation of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expressions, as well as modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that GFP exerted potent renoprotection against adenine-induced CKD in mice, mediated by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities. The anti-fibrotic mechanism was mediated via the suppression of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. These results highlighted the potential of

Gluten-free breads enriched with maitake (Grifola frondosa) were developed to enhance functional value and evaluated for technological quality, antioxidant capacity, colour, texture, mineral composition, molecular features (FTIR), and consumer acceptance. Formulations containing 0–20% maitake (flour basis) were baked under standardized conditions. Compared with the control, the addition of maitake resulted in higher bread yield and moisture content, accompanied by a gradual reduction in specific volume as the level of supplementation increased. The enrichment also led to a significant improvement in nutritional quality, including higher protein and fat contents as well as enhanced levels of bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content) and antioxidant capacity. Colour measurements indicated darker crumb colour with

Glowing skin is the aspiration of individuals especially women for enhancing the beauty and charm. Modern lifestyle attaches significant importance to skin care. Hence the cosmetic industry is paying immense attention to cosmetic product development. Cosmetic industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world in recent years. Majority of cosmetics contain synthetics as well as natural compounds. The risk associated with synthetic chemicals in cosmetics was realized by consumers and this awareness led to the demand for natural products-based cosmetics. As a result, cosmetic industries are compelled to pay adequate attention to raw materials from natural sources. Traditionally plants have been exploited for cosmetic product formulations. One of the natural resources that has caught the attention of cosmetic industry in recent years is the mushrooms. They are known to have strong antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and elastase inhibitory properties. Because of these attributes they are considered as multifunctional cosmetic bioactive ingredients. They have excellent antioxidant, antiaging, skin whitening, antiwrinkle and moisturizing properties. Common mushrooms frequently used in cosmetic formulation are Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, Tremella fuciformis, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Inonotus obliquus, and Hericium erinaceus. Mushroom based cosmetic products have substantial world market especially in USA, China, UK, Korea and Japan. Mushroom cosmetic market presents promising opportunities for expansion because of the growing d