Vitex (PMS/PCOS)

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the comprehensive and integrated modulatory effects of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on various ovarian dysfunctions. METHODS: We systematically searched for articles on animal experiments related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), and perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and four Chinese language databases. The search covered the period from inception to November 2023. We conducted a comparative analysis between the acupuncture group and the model group (untreated) based on eligible literature. Our primary outcomes encompassed serum sex hormones (Luteinizing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Testosterone, Estradiol, Progesterone, and Anti-Müllerian hormone) and ovarian weight. Dichotomous data were synthesized to establish the relative risk (RR) of notable post-treatment improvement, while continuous data were pooled to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) in post-treatment scores between the groups. Statistical analyses, including sensitivity analysis, Egger's test, and the trim-and-fill method, were executed using Stata 15.0 software. RESULTS: The meta-analysis encompassed 29 articles involving a total of 623 rats. In comparison to rat models of PCOS, the experimental group exhibited a reduction in serum levels of LH, T and LH/FSH ratio. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in AMH, FSH, E2 levels, and ovarian weight between the two groups. In the ovarian hypoplasia model rats, both acupuncture and electroacupuncture interventions were associated with an increase in E2 levels. However, the levels of LH and FSH did not exhibit a significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture or electroacupuncture facilitates the restoration of ovarian function primarily through the modulation of serum sex hormones, exerting regulatory effects across various types of ovarian dysfunction disorders. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022316279.

BACKGROUND: Women specific health complaints are common, and women are higher users of complementary therapies and medicines. Acupuncture is one modality used by women. The aim of this paper was to summarise the evidence from scientific trials and systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness of acupuncture to treat the most common women specific reproductive health complaints. METHODS: We conducted a search of the major databases PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to Sept 2009, to obtain English language texts of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. The following English Australian search terms were used: acupuncture and period pain or dysmenorrhea, or premenstrual syndrome, or poly cystic ovarian syndrome/PCOS, or menstrual headache, or irregular periods/menstruation, or amenorrhea, or heavy menses/periods, or menorrhagia, or menopause, and randomised controlled trial and systematic review. Both authors extracted data and reviewed each trial and systematic review for methodological quality. RESULTS: Five systematic reviews were included, and six RCTs. The symptoms of the menopause and dysmenorrhea have been subject to greater clinical evaluation through RCTs, and the evidence summarised in systematic reviews, than any other reproductive health complaint. The evidence for acupuncture to treat dysmenorrhea and menopause remains unclear, due to small study populations and the presence of methodological bias. Acupuncture to treat PMS, PCOS and other menstrual related symptoms is under-studied, and the evidence for acupuncture to treat these conditions is frequently based on single studies. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether metformin has a significant action in reducing visceral fat and improving other metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Reproductive medicine clinic. POPULATION: Forty women with anovulatory PCOS. METHODS: Participants were randomised into receiving metformin 500 mg three times a day or placebo for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fat distribution was measured by computed tomography scan. Secondary outcome measures included serum indices of the metabolic syndrome and evidence of ovulation. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in any of the measures of fat distribution between the placebo and metformin groups. The metformin group had significantly lower total cholesterol (P= 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P= 0.02) and cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (P= 0.05), but there was no statistically significant treatment effect on androgens, insulin, insulin resistance, triglycerides, ovulation or pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin has no clinically significant effect in reducing visceral fat mass, although it does have a beneficial effect on lipids. This trial lends support to the growing evidence that metformin is not a weight loss drug. Metformin might therefore be used as an adjunct to lifestyle modification in women with PCOS, but not as a substitute for it.

Vitamin D a fat-soluble steroid hormone signals through Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs) located throughout the ovaries, uterus, placenta, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, influencing immune regulation and female reproductive physiology. This review of studies from 2013-2025 found consistent associations between low vitamin D status and various disorders in women of childbearing age. In Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), deficiency correlates with higher symptom severity, and evidence shows that supplementation significantly reduces total PMS scores, particularly improving mood-related domains. For uterine pathologies such as fibroids, endometriosis, and adenomyosis, low vitamin D status is linked to increased risk and severity. Repletion trials suggest antifibrotic and analgesic benefits, although larger, more rigorously designed studies are still needed for definitive clinical guidelines. In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), low vitamin D links to adverse metabolic and hormonal profiles. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) confirm that correcting deficiency improves insulin resistance, lowers total testosterone and free-androgen index, raises sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and helps regularize menstrual cycles. Targeted supplementation is recommended, especially for insulin-resistant or obese phenotypes. During pregnancy, maternal deficiency is associated with adverse outcomes including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and pre-term birth risk. However, intervention trials have yielded inconsistent preventive results, often complicated because rising Vitamin D-Binding Protein (VDBP) may mask true vitamin D status. In Assisted Reproduction like In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), correcting deficiency early during pre-conception or early folliculogenesis appears beneficial. This early dosing enhances oocyte quality, promotes granulosa cell proliferation, and modulates local transcriptomes toward anti-inflammatory pathways. In contrast, single high-dose boluses administered shortly before embryo transfer show limited impact on outcomes. The overall evidence is limited by heterogeneous study designs, variable dosing, and reliance on total serum levels rather th

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are among the most common hormonal diseases affecting women worldwide. Although multiple conventional treatments exist, they are often insufficient or poorly tolerated by the patients. Withania somnifera (WS) (ashwagandha) could provide a synergistic or alternative method of symptom management due to its endocrine, neuropsychiatric, and anti-inflammatory properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: This narrative review aims to evaluate the current evidence regarding the usefulness of Withania somnifera in aiding women's hormonal balance, with a particular focus on its potential applications in PCOS and PMS. RESULTS: The current state of knowledge indicates that by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, normalization of gonadotropins and estradiol levels is potentially achievable with Withania somnifera. This, along with a well-documented lowering effect on cortisol, improvements in metabolic markers, and the restoration of ovarian function in preclinical PCOS models, shows therapeutic potential. Crucially, ashwagandha's impact on androgen levels appears sex-specific, as it does not seem to elevate testosterone in women, unlike in male study groups. In PMS, ashwagandha's neuropsychiatric properties, most likely associated with GABAergic signaling and HPA modulation, may be beneficial in lowering fatigue, anxiety, and stress reactivity. Some studies also indicate possible analgesic activity of Withania somnifera. CONCLUSIONS: Ashwagandha rises as a strong candidate for supportive treatment for managing the symptoms of PCOS and PMS by means of combined hormonal, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric effects. However, as current evidence relies heavily on preclinical models and extrapolation from other populations, further large-scale, randomized clinical trials using standardized extracts are necessary to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and confirm its clinical efficacy and safety.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are common hormonal disorders in reproductive-aged women. Conventional treatments often have side effects, highlighting the need for natural alternatives such as seed cycling, a dietary strategy involving flax, pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower seeds consumed in specific phases of the menstrual cycle. This systematic review evaluated studies from 2015 to 2025 (PubMed, Scopus) on seed cycling or its components in women aged 15-49 years with PMS or PCOS diagnosed using standardized criteria. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control, observational, quasi-experimental, and case series. Non-human studies, reviews, opinion pieces, conference abstracts, and studies outside the age range or before 2015 were excluded. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed, and the Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies Tool assessed risk of bias. Primary outcomes included changes in hormonal markers (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, LH/FSH ratio, testosterone), symptom scores for PMS, and metabolic parameters (e.g., BMI, lipid profile, insulin resistance). Ten studies (n = 635) with low to medium risk of bias reported that seed cycling, particularly flax and sesame seeds, was associated with improved menstrual regularity, reduced PMS symptom severity, favorable modulation of sex hormone levels, and improvements in metabolic profiles. While findings suggest that seed cycling is a low-cost, safe, and potentially effective adjunct for managing PMS and PCOS, the conclusion is based on small sample sizes and moderate-quality evidence, underscoring the need for larger randomized controlled trials and standardized intervention protocols.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between essential trace element levels in FF and PCOS and to determine whether this association was mediated by the antioxidant stress indicator cysteine (Cys). In addition, the effect of ambient PM exposure on the mediation effect of Cys was examined. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, which involved 420 patients with PCOS and 408 controls. The levels of eight trace elements (Cr, Mn, Se, Sn, Cu, Co, Fe, and Zn) and Cys in the FF were detected. The exposure levels of PMs in the participants within 30 days before FF collection were estimated. The combined effect of trace elements on PCOS development was evaluated using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Moreover, the major trace elements were selected. Subsequently, the mediating effect of Cys on the linear relationship between elements and PCOS was analyzed using the conventional mediation model, and the mediating effect of Cys on the non-linear association was tested using the piecewise mediation model. Next, the relationships between PMs and Cys were examined using a distributed lag linear model to determine the presence of an inverse association. Finally, stratification analyses of PM exposure were performed to demonstrate that PMs can modify the mediation effect of Cys. RESULTS: The BKMR indicated that increased levels of trace elements in FF were related to a reduced odds of PCOS. The mediation analysis identified Cys as a significant mediator of the inverse relationships observed between Sn (ACME (average causal mediation effect): -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Co (ACME: -0.01 [-0.02, 0.00]), Cu (ACME: -0.01 [-0.03, 0.00]) and PCOS. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between PM exposure and Cys level in FF. Interestingly, stratification analyses revealed that in the lower PM exposure group, Co and Cu were negatively associated with PCOS by positively mediating the Cys level change, with mediation proportions of 14.0 % and 50.6 %, respectively; in contrast, in the higher PM exposure group, the mediation effect of Cys was absent. CONCLUSIONS: Sn, Co, and Cu were found to be negatively associated with PCOS as they posit

<p>Background: Obesity management in women presents distinct challenges across their lifespan. However, there is limited evidence or recommendations focused solely on women living with obesity. Summary: This European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) position statement is based on an expert comprehensive review and summary of the available scientific evidence on women living with obesity. It aims to guide the health and medical assessment of these women during their reproductive life (fertility, preconception, pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding). Key Messages: 1. To better diagnose obesity in women beyond BMI, the use of at least one additional anthropometric measure, like waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), is strongly recommended. When available, the use of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis is encouraged. 2. Women with obesity should be offered obesity management counseling and psychological support. 3. Obesity can negatively impact fertility; weight loss of 5-10% over 6 months improves fertility. 4. In women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), treatment with metformin and GLP-1 receptor agonists or surgery can be considered. 5. Current recommendations for pregestational obesity suggest a gestational weight gain (GWG) of 5-9 kg. Lower GWG targets should be considered, particularly for class II or III obesity. 6. There is limited clinical data on the safety and efficacy of obesity medication during pregnancy or lactation. 7. All pregnant women with obesity should be offered prenatal screening for fetal anomalies, with discussion of the potential limitations of diagnostic tests and additional growth ultrasounds offered on an individual basis. 8. All pregnant women with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 should be screened for gestational diabetes in early pregnancy. Measures to prevent preeclampsia should be taken and the need for thromboprophylaxis assessed. 9. Intrapartum fetal surveillance is recommended during active labor. 10. Postpartum weight management is needed to mitigate the risk of adverse outcomes for the mother and for subsequent pregnancies. The assessment of appropriate contraceptive methods during the postpartum and breastfeeding period is cruci

Prebiotics are the indigestible components of meals that promote the formation of probiotics, that contain living bacteria that have positive effects. Synbiotics combine the two. These components may be found in foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, fermented foods like yogurt and pickles, or pharmaceutical preparations and functional meals made specifically to improve gut health. Consolidating current knowledge and study findings, this paper examines the body of literature on the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on women's health. Thus, these components' advantageous modes of action are examined, offering insight into how they support the general well-being of the GIT and, consequently, the host. Probiotics, for instance, are crucial for restoring the gut flora. Conversely, prebiotics are thought to be a dietary source that promotes the development and activity of good bacteria. This promotes the synthesis of fatty acids, which are essential for a healthy gut and have anti-inflammatory properties, and increases microbial diversity. By combining the advantages of pre and probiotics, the synergistic impact of synbiotics makes them a more potent strategy for boosting gut flora and promoting health outcomes. These include probiotics, which have been shown to alleviate the symptoms of GIT disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Additionally, it is known to help prebiotics improve gut health by boosting beneficial bacteria that improve immunity and digestion. Synbiotics stimulate immunity, enhance nutrient absorption, and encourage good digestion by encouraging a varied and balanced gut microbiota. This in turn aids in the treatment of particular medical conditions including menopause, challenging high-risk pregnancies, and hormonal changes. Including probiotics and prebiotics in the diet can control insulin resistance, assist in managing pain and oxidative stress, and encourage a normal gut microbiome all of which are advantageous in the treatment of female health-related issues such as PCOS, Osteoporosis, PMS, etc.

BACKGROUND: Gynecological diseases significantly impact the reproductive health in women of childbearing age (WCBA). However, there is currently a lack of analysis on the specific burden and forecast of common gynecological diseases for this population. The aim of this study was to provide new details for gynecological disorders in WCBA from 1990 to 2021 worldwide based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data. METHODS: Employing data from the GBD 2021, we analyzed the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence for thirteen types of gynecological disorders by socioeconomic development index (SDI), age, year, and location in WCBA. Age-standardized rates were used to compare the burdens across various time periods and locations. Temporal trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis from 1990 to 2021, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model projected the disease burden through 2031, and the Nordpred model conducted a sensitivity analysis of the prediction results, which validated the findings' reliability. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) and mortality rate (ASMR) of combined gynecological diseases (CGDs) increased by AAPC of 0.28% (95% CI 0.19 to 0.36) and 0.53% (95% CI 0.25 to 0.82) among WCBA. Furthermore, the projections showed a declining trend in the next decade, with ASDR and ASMR dropping by 11.06% and 25.23%, respectively. Notably, HIV/AIDS, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were the key drivers behind the increased ASDR of CGDs. In 2021, HIV/AIDS (16.38 million), PMS (7.43 million), and cervical cancer (4.18 million) topped the list for the absolute number of DALYs globally among WCBA. CGDs burdens were negatively correlated with and SDI. Women aged 15-24 years showed the most significant rise in CGDs burdens, highlighting its increasingly affecting younger women. The DALYs and death of malignant gynecological tumors are most significant in women aged 40-49 years, the incidence of PCOS predominantly occurs in 15-19 years, and infertility prevalence peaks at 30-39 years. CONCLUSIONS: The global CGDs burden has increased over the last 3

BACKGROUND: Menstrual health is critical for women of reproductive age. It is also evident that menstrual disorders have contributed to the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases. OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, no literature review explicitly addresses the prevalence, risk factors, and health-seeking behaviour of menstrual disorders in India. Therefore, the current study aims to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the prevalence and risk factors of menstrual disorders in India over the last two decades. METHODS: We followed PRISMA guidelines to conduct the review. We used Google Scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, Scopus, and Sci Direct search engines to find eligible research studies and extracted data from 2000 to 2022. We also conducted quality appraisals of included studies in the review. RESULTS: Results show that the prevalence of any menstrual disorders ranges from 3% to 87%. Among all menstrual disorders, Dysmenorrhea was reported to be high (46% to 76%) among women, followed by premenstrual symptoms (PMS) (40% to 71%), while PCOS (3% to 14.14%) was less. The study further found that irregular lifestyle, obesity, inadequate diet, age at marriage, family history, smoking, and place of residence factors is associated with menstrual disorders in India. As far as health-seeking for menstrual disorders is concerned, one-third of women sought treatment for menstrual disorders. CONCLUSION: The present study has revealed that most women reported high rates of Dysmenorrhea, while Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is less prevalent. The study findings suggest that health-seeking behaviour is the most important factor in reducing menstrual disorders, which has long-term effects of increasing other comorbidities. Plain Language Summary: Main findings: This literature review findings indicate that studies included in the review reported that more than half of the women have experienced one or more of the menstrual disorders. There is a great need to understand the menstrual disorders burden.Added knowledge: This review adds to the existing literature on menstrual disorders and their risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity, inadequate diet, age at mar

BACKGROUND: The relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and female reproductive endocrine diseases has gained significant attention and research interest in recent years. However, there is still limited understanding of the exact impacts of LTL on these diseases. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the genetic causal association between LTL and female reproductive endocrine diseases by employing Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS: Instruments for assessing genetic variation associated with exposure and outcome were derived from summary data of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was utilized as the main analysis method to investigate the causal relationship between LTL and female reproductive endocrine diseases. The exposure data were obtained from the UK Biobanks GWAS dataset, comprising 472,174 participants of European ancestry. The outcome data were acquired from the FinnGen consortium, including abnormal uterine bleeding (menorrhagia and oligomenorrhea), endometriosis (ovarian endometrioma and adenomyosis), infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Furthermore, to account for potential confounding factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, insomnia, body mass index (BMI) and a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was also conducted. Lastly, a series of pleiotropy tests and sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the reliability and robustness of our findings. P < 0.0063 was considered to indicate statistically significant causality following Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Our univariable MR analysis demonstrated that longer LTL was causally associated with an increased risk of menorrhagia (IVW: odds ratio [OR]: 1.1803; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0880-1.2804; P = 0.0001) and ovarian endometrioma (IVW: OR: 1.2946; 95%CI: 1.0970-1.5278; P = 0.0022) at the Bonferroni significance level. However, no significant correlation was observed between LTL and oligomenorrhea (IVW: OR: 1.0124; 95%CI: 0.7350-1.3946; P = 0.9398), adenomyosis (IV

BACKGROUND: Non-neoplastic gynecological diseases substantially impact women of childbearing age (WCBA), contributing to global burden. Despite growing awareness, disparities in healthcare access remain widespread across regions and socioeconomic groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, the study assess the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of 7 non-neoplastic gynecological diseases in WCBA across 231 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardised rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were used to assess temporal trends. Additionally, the socio-demographic index (SDI) was explored for its association with disease burden. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates of the non-neoplastic gynecological diseases remained relatively stable (EAPC: 0.00%, -0.20%). In contrast, the absolute number of prevalent cases increased markedly, largely reflecting population growth and changes in age structure. Female infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) demonstrated increasing trends in both prevalence (EAPC: 0.69%, 0.74%) and DALYs (EAPC: 0.71%, 0.72%). In 2021, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) showed the highest prevalence (889.97 per 100,000) and DALY rate (74.27 per 100,000). North Africa and Middle East showed the highest ASR of prevalence (ASPR, 70,265.65) and DALYs (ASDR, 1,812.41) globally. Age-specific analyses indicated that prevalence and DALYs peaked among women aged 35-44 years. In addition, higher SDI correlated with lower ASPR and ASDR in overall non-neoplastic gynecological diseases, while PCOS exhibited upward trends. CONCLUSION: The global burden of non-neoplastic gynecological diseases among WCBA remains substantial, with marked heterogeneity across regions and conditions. These findings underscore the importance of strengthened disease surveillance, improved and equitable access to reproductive health services, and greater integration of mental health support in women's health strategies. © 2026 Sun et al.

BACKGROUND: Female reproductive system diseases, including malignant tumors such as breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers, and non-neoplastic disorders such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), represent major health challenges in Asia. While malignant diseases receive considerable attention due to high mortality, the long-term burden of non-malignant conditions affecting fertility, psychological well-being, and quality of life remains underestimated. METHODS: Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 were used to quantify the burden of female reproductive system diseases in 47 Asian countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed, together with age-standardized rates. Temporal trends were assessed using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and disease burden patterns were examined across Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels. Associations between major modifiable risk factors and disease burden were described. RESULTS: In 2021, female reproductive system diseases accounted for over 33 million DALYs and approximately 600,000 deaths in Asia. Breast and cervical cancers were the leading contributors to mortality and DALYs, whereas PMS and infertility accounted for a substantial burden among younger women. From 1990 to 2021, absolute case numbers and deaths increased with population growth and aging, while most age-standardized rates declined, particularly for cervical cancer. In contrast, PCOS and infertility showed the fastest increases. High body mass index and elevated fasting glucose were strongly associated with breast and uterine cancer burden, while smoking was closely associated with cervical cancer burden. CONCLUSION: Female reproductive system diseases impose a substantial and heterogeneous burden across Asia. Although malignant cancers remain the main contributors to mortality and DALYs, non-malignant disorders increasingly affect reproductive health, particularly among younger women. Prevention strategies tailored to SDI levels and major risk factors are needed to reduce the o

PURPOSE: The global prevalence and trends of gynecological diseases (GDs) among women of childbearing age (WCBA) remain unclear and may be underestimated. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GDs at global, regional, and national levels and assess changes from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: Data on the annual prevalence of major GDs, including uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), female infertility, endometriosis, genital prolapse, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and other GDs, were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The study analyzed women aged 15-49 years across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) in the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) were calculated to quantify temporal trends, by age and socio-demographic index (SDI). RESULTS: In 2021, the global prevalence of GDs among WCBA was estimated at 1.21 billion cases, corresponding to a ASPR of 62,091.73 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI: 62,088.24 to 62,095.23). While the ASPR for GDs remained stable from 1990 to 2021 (EAPC = 0% [95% CI: -0.03 to 0.02]), the number of prevalent cases doubled over the same period. In 2021, the most prevalent GD globally was PMS, followed by uterine fibroids, PCOS, and female infertility. Conditions such as uterine fibroids, PCOS, and female infertility showed a significant upward trend in ASPR over time. Additionally, the ASPR of most GDs generally decreased with rising SDI, except for PCOS, which exhibited an increasing trend with higher SDI. The prevalence of GDs also increased with age, peaking in the 40-44 years age group. However, a shift in the burden of GDs toward younger women was observed, with significant increases in prevalence rates for uterine fibroids, PCOS, female infertility, and PMS in women aged 20-29 years. CONCLUSIONS: GDs among WCBA remain a global concern, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions, especially for younger populations and in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. Prioritizing early intervention, addressing environmental risk factors, and removing barriers to healthcare access will mitig