Catalase

BACKGROUND: Postoperative recovery from cataract surgery in elderly patients can be complicated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which may affect clinical outcomes. Mingmu Dihuang Tang (MDT), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is postulated to offer antioxidative and anti-inflammatory benefits in this context. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of MDT as an adjunctive therapy for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in elderly patients after cataract surgery. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients were allocated to either a control group (conventional Western medicine) or an experimental group (conventional treatment plus MDT). Serum and aqueous humor levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured. Visual acuity and lens opacity were also assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activities (GSH-Px, CAT, SOD, TAC) and IL-2 levels, alongside lower nitric oxide, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations (P<0.05). The MDT group also showed superior visual acuity recovery, reduced lens clouding and a lower complication rate (6.21% vs. control, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive therapy with MDT enhances antioxidant capacity, modulates inflammation and improves clinical outcomes in cataract surgery recovery, demonstrating significant value for clinical application.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular diseases are strongly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Lifestyle modifications and hazelnut consumption have shown potential benefits in managing hypercholesterolemia. The aim was to compare the effects of a diet supplemented with Gevuina avellana with those of a low-fat diet on plasma oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in adults with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: A six-month randomized controlled trial was conducted in adults with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol >200 mg/dL). Participants were allocated by block randomization, stratified by sex, to either an experimental group following a Chilean diet supplemented with G. avellana (30 g/day) or a control group adhering to a low-fat diet (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT07087704). Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention to assess lipid profiles, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), homocysteine, nitrotyrosine (%NTYR), folic acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The primary outcome was the change in oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Biochemical analyses and statistical evaluations were performed in a blinded manner, and data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. A total of 106 participants were recruited and randomized, of whom 81 completed the intervention (experimental, n = 47; control, n = 34). Both groups exhibited a significant increase in HDL-C (+11%) and folic acid (+64%), along with a 35% reduction in LDH. CRP decreased significantly in both groups (p = 0.037), declining from 9.32 ± 2.45 to 5.20 ± 1.63 mg/dL in the control group and from 5.01 ± 1.13 to 2.82 ± 0.69 mg/dL in the experimental group. CAT activity significantly increased in both groups after the intervention period (p = 0.015), rising from 9.01 ± 1.34 to 16.26 ± 2.72 nKat/L in the control group and from 9.26 ± 1.10 to 18.10 ± 2.20 nKat/L in the experimental group, whereas no changes were observed in SOD activity. Homocysteine levels decreased by 35% in the control grou

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress (OS) is a significant challenge in the in vitro embryo culture of patients of advanced age. The Erzhi Tiangui (EZTG) formula has been shown to alleviate OS-induced apoptosis in granulosa cells (GCs) of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of the EZTG formula on OS and apoptosis in GCs of patients with advanced age. METHODS: A total of 240 patients aged 35 to 42 years were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EZTG formula) or the control group (placebo). The experimental group received 3 g of EZTG formula three times daily, starting from the menstrual period preceding the IVF cycle for approximately 45 days, while the control group received a placebo. The primary outcome measure was the number of high-quality embryos, while secondary outcomes included additional indicators related to oocytes, embryos, and pregnancy outcomes. GCs were collected from advanced-age patients during oocyte retrieval. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are key signaling molecules associated with OS prevention. These molecules potentially link the EZTG formula, OS mitigation, and embryo quality through Nrf2 activation. We examined the protein and mRNA levels of Nrf2/HO-1 and the activities of downstream antioxidant enzymes in GCs to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Apoptosis-related protein and gene expression involved in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway were analyzed using Western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, the active glutathione (GSH) levels in GCs were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The number of high-quality embryos and fertilization rates were significantly increased in the EZTG group compared to the control group (both P < 0.05). GCs from the EZTG group showed significant upregulation of GSH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels (both P < 0.05). Western blot and qPCR analyses indicated that the EZTG formula alleviated OS by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Specifically, the p

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the pathophysiology of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Evidence regarding the influence of umbilical cord clamping timing on neonatal oxidative balance remains limited. This study evaluated the effect of delayed cord clamping (DCC) on oxidative stress biomarkers in IUGR and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) neonates. METHODS: This single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial included 90 neonates born at ≥ 29 weeks of gestation. Participants were randomized into four subgroups: IUGR-DCC (n = 25), IUGR-ECC (early cord clamping)(n = 32), AGA-DCC (n = 17), and AGA-ECC (n = 16). DCC was defined as clamping at 120 ± 30 s and ECC within 60 s after birth. Umbilical cord blood was analyzed for total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), catalase activity, and oxidative stress index (OSI). RESULTS: In IUGR infants, DCC was associated with higher TAS (2.01 ± 0.20 vs. 1.69 ± 0.22 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and catalase activity (74.5 ± 13.7 vs. 63.8 ± 11.1 kU/L, p = 0.004), and lower TOS (31.8 ± 6.2 vs. 42.7 ± 7.5 µmol/L, p < 0.001) and OSI (15.8 ± 3.2 vs. 25.4 ± 4.8, p < 0.001) compared with ECC. Similar differences were found among AGA infants: TAS (2.12 ± 0.18 vs. 1.87 ± 0.20, p < 0.001), catalase (78.1 ± 10.6 vs. 69.3 ± 12.6, p = 0.006), TOS (26.2 ± 5.2 vs. 36.1 ± 6.7, p < 0.001), and OSI (12.5 ± 2.7 vs. 19.1 ± 3.6, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed DCC as an independent predictor of improved oxidative markers. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed cord clamping improved oxidative stress profiles in both IUGR and AGA neonates, with greater benefit in growth-restricted infants. These results provide biochemical support for DCC, though larger multicenter trials are required to determine long-term clinical relevance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number NCT07031583 on 13 June 2025. © 2025. The Author(s).

Table tennis is an enjoyable sport which can enhance physical fitness and motor-cognitive skills for athletes and regular players. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week table tennis training on physical fitness and blood redox status of healthy adults aged 55-65, who were beginners in the sport. The participants were randomly allocated into the Table Tennis group (11 males and 25 females) or the Control group (11 males and 23 females). The measurements of single-leg stance, reaction time, hand-grip strength, body composition and serum antioxidant variables were carried out at baseline and after the intervention. The training program resulted in significant improvements in the duration of single-leg stance, reaction time, and hand-grip strength, particularly among the female participants. The training also maintained favorable body composition. Especially, the serum catalase activity in the Table Tennis group demonstrated a significant enhancement compared to those of its own baseline level and the Control group. Furthermore, a substantial reduction in malondialdehyde content was observed within the Table Tennis group when compared to their baseline data. Therefore, the table tennis training is effective to improve physical fitness and serum antioxidant parameters for older adults. © 2025. The Author(s).

BACKGROUND: Obesity and periodontal diseases are associated with oxidative stress activation. Periodontitis and gingivitis are inflammatory diseases that cause systemic and local production of reactive oxygen species, leading to tissue damage. Obesity exacerbates systemic free radical oxidation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) as potential pharmaceutical agents for targeting oxidative stress activation in patients with obesity and periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Young patients with obesity and generalized gingivitis were randomly allocated into 2 groups. In the first group (n = 28), a professional oral hygiene procedure was performed, followed by the local application of the Nanosept solution (a formulation comprising CNPs and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG)). Over the next 5 days, the subjects were instructed to administer the Nanosept solution twice a day on the gums using a cotton sponge for 5 min. The second group (n = 30) was additionally prescribed the antioxidant Cerera (CNPs) for 10 days. RESULTS: Following treatment in both groups, a complete resolution of gingivitis was registered. In both groups, a significant decrease in salivary mucopolysaccharides and total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was observed. However, a significant decrease in oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, as well as an increase in catalase activity were registered only after systemic administration of CNPs. Similarly, the normalization of colonization resistance (CR) was observed only in the second group. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic administration of CNPs in the treatment of obese patients with generalized gingivitis resulted in a decrease in oxidative and nitrosative stress activation in the oral cavity, enhanced antioxidant capacity of the saliva, and normalized the level of CR of the oral cavity.

In this randomized clinical trial, we compared the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) and topical clobetasol on the salivary antioxidant profile in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and explored their relationships with clinical outcomes. Ninety adults with OLP were randomly allocated to ALA-PDT (five weekly sessions) or clobetasol (twice daily for 14 days). Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline (T0), immediately after treatment (T1), and at 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6). The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (Px) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined, and nonparametric statistics were applied, including Friedman tests with Dunn's post hoc comparisons and Spearman's rank correlations. Both therapies induced an early decline in CAT, Px and GSH at T1, followed by partial recovery at later time points. SOD activity changed significantly over time in the clobetasol group, but not in the PDT arm. At T6, Px and GSH remained below baseline in both groups despite improvement from the immediate post-treatment nadir. No significant between-group differences were observed at individual time points, although GSH at T6 showed a non-significant trend favoring PDT. Exploratory analyses revealed modest, treatment-dependent associations between salivary antioxidant activity and lesion size, as well as between the former and pain intensity. Overall, ALA-PDT and topical clobetasol both modulated the salivary redox profile, primarily through short-term depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants with incomplete recovery over 6 months, and no clear redox superiority of one modality over the other was demonstrated. These findings are hypothesis-generating and underscore the need for larger, longer-term studies with broader redox panels and more advanced between-group analyses.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether the consumption of Origanum majorana tea (Omt) affects oxidative stress biomarkers, potentially alleviating symptoms or slowing disease progression in volunteers with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PACTR202205801626909) was conducted, including healthy volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either Omt (experimental group, n = 30) or a placebo tea (control group, n = 25) once daily for 30 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from each volunteer at two time points: one day before the study (Day1) and one day after its conclusion (Day31). Oxidative stress biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, uric acid, and carbonylated proteins, were analyzed. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. In the experimental group, Day31 measurements showed a significant increase in SOD (19.28 U/mg) and catalase (130.1 µmol/L) compared to Day1, while carbonylated protein levels decreased by 0.18 nmol/mg protein. Additionally, on Day31, the experimental group exhibited significantly higher SOD and catalase levels and lower carbonylated protein levels than the control group. Significant interaction effects between time (Day1 vs. Day31) and group (control vs. experimental) were observed for SOD, catalase, and carbonylated proteins. CONCLUSION: Origanum majorana infusion may enhance or regulate antioxidant status and reduce oxidative damage in patients with PD. Further studies are warranted to explore its potential therapeutic benefits.

BACKGROUND: The eccentric exercise performed during the day, whether in the morning or evening, may affect hormonal fluctuations and immune function. Furthermore, athletes frequently incorporate eccentric exercises into their training regimens or competitive events at these times, yet the inflammatory responses linked to this type of exercise remain unclear. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of day time (morning vs. evening) eccentric exercise on inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, and hormonal responses in physically active men. METHODS: Using a randomized crossover design, twelve active men engaged in a session of plyometric type eccentric exercise (i.e., depth jump, 15 sets of 10 repetitions) in the morning and evening sessions, with blood samples collected pre (T1), immediately post (T2) and 1-h post-exercise (T3), to assess alterations in inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-10, IL-1ra, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), antioxidant enzymes (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), and hormonal changes (testosterone and cortisol). RESULTS: Both the morning and evening eccentric exercise sessions indicated elevations in the cytokines with peak values at T2 (p=0.001), and enhancements of CAT and SOD with peaking values at T3 (p=0.001). While in the GPx, both the groups indicated their peaking elevations at the T2 (p=0.001). Morning group exhibited greater testosterone and cortisol concentrations than the evening group (p < 0.05), but these concentrations remained unchanged after the eccentric exercise session. A significant group × time interaction was observed in IL-6 (p=0.014), IL-10 (p=0.039), IL-1ra (p=0.001), TNF-α (p=0.021), CAT (p=0.046), SOD (p=0.001), GPx (p=0.016), testosterone (p=0.002) and cortisol (p=0.001), revealing greater changes for the evening compared to the morning exercise session. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, and hormonal responses to eccentric exercise in physically active young male are influenced by the time of day, with more pronounced responses observed in the evening than in the morning.

Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that plays a critical role in public health. It is a vital component of numerous enzymes and proteins called selenoproteins, thus affecting a wide range of biological activities. Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. In addition to being a critical micronutrient for thyroid health, selenium has a direct association with liver health. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Selenium on lipid factors, thyroid factors (anti-TPO and TSH), and liver enzymes. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted, enrolling 40 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in two equal control (placebo) and intervention (Selenium) groups. Participants received 200 micrograms of Selenium over 60 days, with blood samples collected before and after the intervention. The spectrophotometric method was employed to measure total blood catalase, anti-TPO, TSH, malondialdehyde, serum lipid profile, and liver factors. The results were then subjected to statistical analysis. The study revealed a significant decrease in plasma MDA levels in response to selenium consumption. Additionally, a notable increase in hemoglobin levels was observed in the experimental group following the intervention, reaching a statistical significance of P<0.05. However, catalase enzyme, lipid profile components, and liver enzymes in the intervention group remained largely unchanged compared to the pre-intervention and control groups (P>0.05).TSH and anti-TPO levels exhibited a relative decrease in the intervention group (P>0.05). The findings of this study suggest a potential association between selenium consumption and improved serum lipid factors, liver enzymes, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, MDA, and HGB levels in individuals diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is the most aggressive kind of prostate cancer (PCa). Because the traditional taxane-based therapy is ineffective, cabazitaxel (CBZ), a second-generation, semisynthetic taxane, has been developed. Despite it demonstrating efficacy in patients resistant to docetaxel and paclitaxel, two commonly used taxanes, and representing one of the second-line therapeutic options for patients with mCRPC, CBZ has limitations, including considerable side issues and reduced drug susceptibility that gradually emerge and constitute the primary cause of therapeutic failure. For the purposes of this study, the application of nature-derived adjuvants in chemotherapy is emerging as a promising area of research. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside that serves as the major methyl donor for numerous methyltransferases, which is a key metabolite in the cell, participating in a broad range of essential biochemical processes. In the current research, we bring attention to the effectiveness of the combination of AdoMet and CBZ during treatment of mCRPC cells. Using mCRPC cell lines DU 145 and PC-3, we found that the combination of CBZ and AdoMet worked better than either agent alone in suppressing cancer cell growth. This synergistic effect may be mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a weakening of the cancer cells' antioxidant defenses, including reductions in glutathione, GPX4, and catalase. The resulting oxidative stress caused DNA damage and interference with mitotic spindle assembly, which induces cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death. These data indicate that AdoMet is capable of intensifying CBZ responsiveness in mCRPC cells, making the treatment more effective. © 2026 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

OBJECTIVE: Neuroinflammation is a chronic disease of the nervous system, and timely prevention and treatment could effectively prevent its progression to severe diseases. Essence of chicken (EC) is a mixture of peptides and amino acids extracted from whole chickens which has been proven to alleviate neuroinflammation and improve cognition. The aim of the present study was to screen for potential peptides possessing excellent effects in alleviating neuroinflammation and to explore their synergistic effects. METHODS: BV2 cells were treated with 0.1, 1, or 10 mM dietary peptides found in EC in the presence of 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 16 h to screen for potent compounds. LPS-treated BV2 cells were then cultured with 0.03 or 0.1 mM potent bioactive compounds alone or in combination with 0.1 mM carnosine (CAR) for 16 h to determine their synergistic effects. These synergistically treated BV2 cells were further cocultured with HT-22 cells for 24 h to clarify their neuroprotective effects. RESULTS: Among the eight bioactives of EC, CAR, pyroglutamic acid (PA), and cyclo(Gly-Pro) exerted notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects on BV2 cells, as evidenced by the downregulation of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression (10 mM treatment group vs. LPS: p < 0.05), attenuation of the inflammatory pathway (all treatment group vs. LPS: p < 0.05), and increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.01), catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05), and the content of glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.01). The experiment was conducted in triplicate. Interestingly, PA and cyclo(Gly-Pro) showed a marked synergistic effect with CAR on neuroinflammation. For example, the content of inflammation markers, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (CAR + PA vs. CAR: p = 0.030, CAR + cyclo(Gly-Pro) vs. CAR: p = 0.008) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (CAR + PA vs. CAR: p = 0.039, CAR + cyclo(Gly-Pro) vs. CAR: p = 0.020), were decreased markedly. The coculture of BV2 microglia with HT-22 neurons revealed that CAR, PA, and cyclo(Gly-Pro) also worked synergistically to reduce LPS-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells to protect the growth of HT-22 cells (all treated groups vs. L

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has compromised clinical treatment and motivated development of alternative therapies. Suppression of bacterial hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, an established survival mechanism under antibiotic and oxidative stress, offers a promising strategy for antimicrobial therapy. In S. Typhimurium, cysteine desulfhydrase (CDSH) is a key enzyme for H₂S production via L-cysteine degradation. However, the precise role of CDSH in stress tolerance and infection has not been fully defined, nor have inhibitors targeting CDSH been reported. Herein, we showed that genetic deletion of cdsH reduced S. Typhimurium tolerance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), heat stress, and antibiotics stress. And mechanistic study further revealed that CDSH-derived H2S enhanced the activity of the catalase KatE, which mediated the detoxification of H2O2 by endogenous H2S. Therefore, we extended our efforts to develop CDSH-targeting agents, and identified gallic acid (GA) as a CDSH inhibitor to effectively potentiate the activity of antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, molecular docking indicated that GA interacts with the catalytic pocket of CDSH, suggesting a potential mechanism for its inhibitory effect. Together, these results establish CDSH-mediated H2S production as a key determinant of S. Typhimurium stress tolerance, and GA as a CDSH inhibitor for adjunctive therapies against S. Typhimurium infection.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter imbalances. This study explored the neuroprotective potential of melatonin (MLT), alone and in combination with edaravone (EDR), in a methylmercury (MEME)-induced ALS rat model. MEME exposure effectively replicated ALS pathology, causing behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and widespread structural damage in critical brain regions and the spinal cord. MLT administration at 5 mg/kg (MLT5) and 10 mg/kg (MLT10) significantly mitigated MEME-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. MLT improved motor function, reduced depressive-like behavior, and restored body weight. Biochemically, MLT enhanced antioxidant defenses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and restored neurotransmitter balance like dopamine and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). Mechanistically, MLT activated the IGF-1 signaling pathway, promoting neuronal survival and reducing apoptosis (Caspase-3 expression). Histopathological analyses confirmed that MLT preserved neuronal and glial integrity, reduced demyelination, and restored myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. The combination of MLT and EDR exhibited synergistic neuroprotective effects, surpassing the efficacy of individual treatments in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage. Behavioral and biochemical improvements were paralleled by systemic recovery, as evidenced by normalized hematological parameters and reduced methylmercury accumulation in brain tissues. These findings underscore MLT, particularly in combination with EDR, as a potent therapeutic agent for ALS, offering multi-targeted neuroprotection. Future studies should explore its translational potential in clinical settings for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the combined effects of zofenoprilat (ZOFE) and nebivolol (NEBI) on endothelial function, focusing on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The purpose was to evaluate whether these drugs, commonly used in clinical practice, offer a synergistic therapeutic strategy for managing hypertension and protecting vascular health. ZOFE, an ACE inhibitor, demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activities by reducing inflammatory cytokines, thereby mitigating vascular inflammation, a key factor in hypertension and atherosclerosis. NEBI, a third-generation beta-blocker, exhibited strong antioxidant effects by enhancing nitric oxide (NO) levels, crucial for maintaining endothelial function and reducing oxidative stress. METHODS: The potential effect of ZOFE and NEBI treatment was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as a model. Specifically, cells were challenged with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to induce endothelial dysfunction. Subsequently, cell viability, NO production, protein levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), enzymatic activity of SOD and CAT, intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH), inflammatory status, and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), and the active form of nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFκB), were analyzed. RESULTS: Our results showed that NEBI significantly counteracted oxidative stress, increasing the main antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, and GSH). The combination of ZOFE and NEBI resulted in a potentiated effect, enhancing both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This dual mechanism of action provides a comprehensive approach to protecting endothelial cells and improving vascular function. The combined therapy not only lowered blood pressure more effectively but also offered greater protection against endothelial damage compared to monotherapy with either drug alone. These findings suggest that the combination of ZOFE and NEBI could be particularly beneficial for patients with hypertension, especially those with coexisting inflammatory and oxidative stress-r

Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative tool capable of overcoming the limitations of traditional drug delivery systems, by enabling enhanced drug solubility and stability, controlled drug release, and improved drug targeting. Additionally, nanosystems can allow the co-encapsulation of multiple drugs simultaneously, harnessing their synergistic pharmacological effects, leading to increased therapeutic efficacy and safety. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze studies that have developed triple drug-loaded nanosystems, exploring various different nanoplatforms, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, microcapsules, nanoemulsions, nanoemulgels, thermosensitive hydrogels, and nanocomposite hydrogels. Triple drug co-encapsulation has been achieved for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin, analgesic and antipyretic drugs such as paracetamol, immunosuppressant drugs such as methotrexate, antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz, lopinavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir, antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin, antiulcer drugs such as omeprazole and famotidine, ion channel antagonists such as lomerizine hydrochloride, oxidized adenosine triphosphate, and zonampanel monohydrate, photosensitive molecules such as indocyanine green, genetic material such as MMP-9 siRNA, enzymes such as catalase, and/or plant-derived bioactive compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, sinomenine, and thymoquinone. These molecules' triple co-encapsulation into nanometric formulations has led to controlled and sustained drug release, extended circulation time, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity, with an overall improvement in drug targeting and therapeutic outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and other inflammation-based conditions, HIV and Helicobacter pylori infection, and trauma-induced central nervous system secondary degeneration, ultimately opening a door for improved patient compliance due to simplified dosing regimens.

OBJECTIVES: Cisplatin (CDDP) therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) is linked with several limitations, which include poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), systemic toxicity, and the development of drug resistance mechanisms implicating oxidative stress dysregulation and compromised apoptotic pathways. This study evaluates C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) as a potential adjuvant to enhance CDDP efficacy by modulating redox balance and apoptosis. METHODS: GBM cells (U87 and U87-EGFRvIII) were treated with CDDP, C-PC, or their combination. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay; apoptosis was evaluated by DAPI staining and Western blot analysis of cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Both intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) fluorescence and lucigenin chemiluminescence, respectively. Catalase activity was quantified via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition assay, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression by Western blot. RESULTS: C-PC selectively decreased U87 GBM cell viability while sparing normal cells. C-PC enhanced CDDP cytotoxicity, reducing viability to 26.5% vs. 53.2% for CDDP alone. This effect correlated with increased apoptosis, evidenced by DNA fragmentation and higher cleaved caspase-3 and PARP levels. Combined treatment lowered ROS below survival thresholds while upregulating MnSOD and catalase activity. In U87-EGFRvIII cells, CDDP reduced viability modestly (85.2%), C-PC alone decreased viability significantly (51.5%) and induced cell death, but the combination did not further increase apoptosis. Here, C-PC's pro-apoptotic effects, alone or with CDDP, were also associated with reduced oxidative stress in cells. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that C-PC enhances CDDP cytotoxicity in sensitive U87 cells by promoting apoptosis and modulating ROS, suggesting potential for improved therapeutic efficacy with reduced systemic toxicity. Compared to the combination, C-PC monotherapy achieves superior cytotoxicity in CDDP-resistant U87-EGFRvIII cells, underscoring its potential as a standalone therapeutic approach for chemotherapy-resista

Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation that lead to alteration of the normal lobular organization of the liver. This study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and histological effects of taurine (TAU) and metformin (MET), both alone and in combination, in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Liver cirrhosis was induced by injection of TAA (200 mg/kg/three times/week for 6 weeks). The treated groups were administered MET (200 mg/kg/day, p.o.), TAU (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.), and a combination of both for 5 weeks after TAA injection. The hallmarks of TAA-induced liver cirrhosis include increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and decreased antioxidant levels in the liver tissue. This revealed that MET and TAU were used to treat TAA-induced liver damage. MET and TAU enhanced antioxidant systems by increasing superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase and lowering malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, MET and TAU inhibited apoptosis through Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 signaling pathways. These biochemical results were confirmed by liver histopathological analysis. Overall, posttreatment with MET and TAU demonstrated significant and synergizing protective effects against TAA-induced cirrhosis. © 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Cadmium (Cd) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are widely present in indoor dust. However, research on their combined health impacts on humans remains insufficient. To this end, this study employs human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) as an exposure model to elucidate the combined toxic effects of Cd and BaP in indoor dust. Cellular studies have demonstrated that Cd and BaP in dust exhibit synergistic toxicity in inducing apoptosis. Compared to the control group, as the combined concentration of Cd and BaP increased (from 5 + 5 to 40 + 100 μM, Cd + BaP), the synergistic toxicity significantly exacerbated cellular damage: Cell viability decreased to as low as 34.1%, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rates rose to 140.2%, and oxidative stress (with catalase (CAT) activity dropping to 73.4%) drove a sharp increase in apoptosis (early apoptosis increased from 6.76% to 15.4%, while late apoptosis rose from 1.90% to 10.9%). Additionally, the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic gene Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and executioner caspase gene Caspase-3 were upregulated by 1.8-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively. Cadmium and BaP promote late apoptosis and early apoptosis, respectively. However, their co-exposure synergistically exacerbates the apoptotic process by complementarily enhancing these pathways in cellular mechanisms. The fitting of the linear equation for Cd-BaP composite pollution lays the foundation for predicting the potential impacts of composite concentrations on the respiratory system. The research findings provide a scientific basis for determining the safety threshold values of Cd and BaP in indoor dust pollutants and for implementing environmental remediation strategies in residential settings. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

While researchers continue to search for new antibacterial agents, combination therapy as well as nanotechnology-based treatments allure as promising approaches to tackle antibiotic resistance. The present study aimed to phytosynthesize magnesium oxide NPs (MgO NPs and evaluate their potential antibacterial synergistic behaviour with different essential oils (EOs). MgO NPs phytosynthesized using thyme aqueous extract were quasi-spherical with an average size of 55.2 ± 12.8 nm and an elemental composition of 35.39% Mg and 51.07% O, as determined by SEM-EDX. FTIR elicited characteristic functional group peaks, while XRD confirmed their cubic crystal structure. The phytosynthesized MgO NPs and four EOs displayed variable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The checkerboard assay revealed that only clove and thyme EOs showed synergistic effects in combination with MgO NPs. Notably, MgO NPs-clove EO combination caused significant bacterial membrane damage as compared to their single counterparts in both S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, oxidative stress was induced, as observed by the significant increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase). Conclusively, the present results provide insights into the promising compounding of green-synthesized MgO NPs and clove EO as a bio-efficacious and eco-friendly approach to curtail antibiotic resistance. © 2025. The Author(s). Antifungal Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Against Candida Species Causing Otomycosis: Anti-Virulence Activity, Synergistic Potential, and Cell Wall Effect. Stojanović-Radić Z(1), Stojković O(1), Radulović N(2), Dimitrijević M(2), Ranđelović M(3)(4), Otašević S(3)(4). Author information: (1)Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia. (2)Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia. (3)Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia. (4)Public Health Institute Niš, Niš, Serbia. Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal, predominantly caused

Jaeumgeonbi-Tang (JGT), a traditional herbal medicine, has been used to treat dizziness and vertigo in Korea and China for hundreds of years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of JGT in chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) patients. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group and placebo-controlled trial was performed with a total of 50 CSD patients. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: JGT or placebo (n = 25 for each). All participants received the treatment (placebo or JGT, 24 g/day) for 4 weeks. We analyzed the serum levels of oxidative stressors, antioxidants, and stress hormones. Serum levels of lipid peroxidation, but not nitric oxide, were significantly decreased in the JGT group. JGT not only prevented the decline of serum total glutathione contents and total antioxidant capacity, but it also increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Serum levels of stress hormones including cortisol, adrenaline, and serotonin were notably normalized by JGT treatment, but noradrenaline levels were not affected. Regarding the safety and tolerability of JGT, we found no allergic, adverse, or side effects in any of the participants. JGT showed beneficial effects on CSD patients by improving redox status and balancing psycho-emotional stress hormones.

Gui-A-Gra, a commercial insect powder from Gryllus bimaculatus, is registered as an edible insect by the Korean food and drug administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Gui-A-Gra on testicular damage induced by experimental left varicocele in male Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 72 rats were randomly divided into the following six groups (12 rats in each group): a normal control group (CTR), a group administrated with Gui-A-Gra 1.63 gm/kg (G1.63), a group administrated with Gui-A-Gra 6.5 gm/kg (G6.5), a varicocele (VC)-induced control group (VC), a VC-induced group administrated with Gui-A-Gra 1.63 gm/kg (VC + G1.63), and a VC-induced group administrated with Gui-A-Gra 6.5 gm/kg (VC + G6.5). Rats were administrated 1.63 or 6.5 gm/kg Gui-A-Gra once daily for 42 days. Indicators of sperm parameters, histopathology, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial apoptosis were analyzed to evaluate effects of Gui-A-Gra on VC-induced testicular dysfunction. Gui-A-Gra administration to VC-induced rats significantly (p < 0.05) increased sperm count and sperm motility, Johnsen score, spermatogenic cell density, serum testosterone, testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, GPx4, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) level. Moreover, pretreatment with Gui-A-Gra significantly (p < 0.05) decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells/tubules, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testicular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) level, glucose-regulated protein-78 (Grp-78), phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (p-IRE1α), cleaved caspase-3, and BCL2 associated X protein: B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bax: Bcl2) ratio in VC rats. These results suggest that protective effects of Gui-A-Gra on VC-induced testicular injury might be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and and

It is well established that physiological stress has an adverse effect on the male reproductive system. Experimental studies have demonstrated the promising effects of MOTILIPERM in male infertility. MOTILIPERM extract is composed of three crude medicinal herbs: Morinda officinalis How (Rubiaceae) roots, Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) outer scales, and Cuscuta chinensis Lamark (convolvulaceae) seeds. The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of MOTILIPERM on testicular dysfunction induced by immobilization stress. Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups (10 rats each): a normal control group (CTR), a control group administered MOTILIPERM 200 mg/kg (M 200), an immobilization-induced stress control group (S), an immobilization-induced stress group administered MOTILIPERM 100 mg/kg (S + M 100), and MOTILIPERM 200 mg/kg (S + M 200). Stressed rats (n = 30) were subjected to stress by immobilization for 6 h by placing them in a Perspex restraint cage, while controls (n = 20) were maintained without disturbance. Rats were administrated 100 or 200 mg/kg MOTILIPERM once daily for 30 days 1 h prior to immobilization. At the end of the treatment period, we measured body and reproductive organ weight; sperm parameters; histopathological damage; reproductive hormone levels; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR); biomarkers of oxidative stress; and apoptosis markers. MOTILIPERM treatment improved testicular dysfunction by up-regulating (p < 0.05) sperm count, sperm motility, serum testosterone level, StAR protein level, Johnsen score, and spermatogenic cell density in stressed rats. MOTILIPERM decreased oxidative stress by increasing (p < 0.05) testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx 4), catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels and decreasing (p < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels. Furthermore, MOTILIPERM down-regulated (p < 0.05) cleaved caspase 3 and BCL2 associated X protein (Bax) levels; increased pro caspase-3 and B-cell

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke involving formation of hematoma within brain parenchyma, which accounts for 8-15% of all strokes in Western societies and 20-30% among Asian populations, and has a 1-year mortality rate >50%. The high mortality and severe morbidity make ICH a major public health problem. Only a few evidence-based targeted treatments are used for ICH management, and interventions focus primarily on supportive care and comorbidity prevention. Even in patients who survive the ictus, extravasated blood (including plasma components) and subsequent intrahematoma hemolytic products trigger a series of adverse events within the brain parenchyma, leading to secondary brain injury, edema and severe neurological deficits or death. Although the hematoma in humans gradually resolves within months, full restoration of neurological function can be slow and often incomplete, leaving survivors with devastating neurological deficits. During past years, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor and its agonists received recognition as important players in regulating not only glucose and lipid metabolism (which underlies its therapeutic effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus), and more recently, as an instrumental pleiotropic regulator of antiinflammation, antioxidative regulation, and phagocyte-mediated cleanup processes. PPARγ agonists have emerged as potential therapeutic target for stroke. The use of PPARγ as a therapeutic target appears to have particularly strong compatibility toward pathogenic components of ICH. In addition to its direct genomic effect, PPARγ may interact with transcription factor, NF-κB, which may underlie many aspects of the antiinflammatory effect of PPARγ. Furthermore, PPARγ appears to regulate expression of Nrf2, another transcription factor and master regulator of detoxification and antioxidative regulation. Finally, the synergistic costimulation of PPARγ and retinoid X receptor, RXR, may play an additional role in the therapeutic modulation of PPARγ function. In this article, we outline the main components of the role of PPARγ in ICH pathogenesis. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential antioxidant effects of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri, Euphorbiaceae) tea on healthy subjects. METHODS: Five non-smoking, male healthy volunteers, 20 to 31 years old, were enrolled. Each subject was treated twice, following a randomized crossover fashion regarding the ingestion of P. niruri infusion (5 g/750 mL) (tea group) or 750 mL of water (control group). Fasting venous blood samples were collected prior to and at 1, 2 and 4 h after infusion drinking. Samples were tested for plasmatic gallic acid and ascorbic acid levels, erythrocytic catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and intracellular DCFH fluorescence in granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes. RESULTS: Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were not altered by tea ingestion. Plasma levels of gallic acid were significantly increased at 1, 2 and 4 h after P. niruri ingestion and plasma ascorbic acid at 1 h after P. niruri ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of P. niruri tea is associated with a slight increase in antioxidant markers in human blood (ascorbic acid and gallic acid), which may contribute to its pharmacological effects.

We examined the antiobesity and antioxidant effects of supplementation with doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, in overweight Koreans with the PPAR-γ2 C1431T polymorphism. Sixty overweight subjects were randomly assigned to consume either 9.8 g/day of doenjang or placebo for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, anthropometric and metabolic parameters, along with abdominal fat distribution and PPAR-γ2 polymorphisms, were measured. Fifty-one subjects completed the study, doenjang (n=26) and placebo (n=25) groups. Relative frequencies of the PPAR-γ2 genotypes CC, TC, and TT were 70% (n=41), 25.9% (15), and 3.4% (2), whereas those of the PPAR-γ2 alleles C and T were 81.6% and 18.4%. Visceral fat area (VFA) was significantly decreased by doenjang supplementation in subjects with a mutant T allele of PPAR-γ2 compared to those with a C allele after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Plasma free fatty acid, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were also significantly increased in the doenjang group. Doenjang pills significantly activated radical clearance capacity (ORAC and DNA tail length) in subjects with the C allele. The catalase (CAT) activity was increased twofold in the doenjang-treated group with the C allele, but this phenomenon was reversed in those with the T allele. Doenjang-treated subjects tended to have low dietary carbohydrate and sodium intakes compared with those given placebo. We found that doenjang supplementation decreased visceral fat accumulation and aging most effectively in subjects with PPAR-γ polymorphisms. This study suggests that doenjang has antiobesity and antioxidative effects in overweight individuals with mutant alleles of PPAR-γ2.

BACKGROUND: The reported health benefits of Korean red ginseng (KRG) include antioxidant, antitumor, antimutagenic, and immunomodulatory activities; however, the effects on oxidative stress have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we assessed the effect of KRG on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in humans. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with three groups, including placebo, low-dose (3 g/day), and high-dose (6 g/day), which were randomly assigned to healthy subjects aged 20-65 years. Lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidative enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation were assessed before and after the 8-week supplementation. RESULTS: Fifty-seven subjects completed the protocol. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after the 8-week KRG supplementation was significantly higher in the low-and high-dose groups compared to baseline. Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities were also increased after the high-dose supplementation. Furthermore, the DNA tail length and tail moment were significantly reduced after the supplementation (low-dose and high-dose), and plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were reduced in low-dose and high-dose groups, but increased in the placebo group. The net changes in oxidized LDL after the supplementation differed significantly between both KRG supplementation groups and the placebo group. Net changes in GPx, SOD and catalase activities, and DNA tail length and tail moment were significantly different between the high-dose group and the placebo group. Additionally, the net changes in urinary 8-epi-PGF(2α) were significantly different between the KRG supplementation groups and the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: KRG supplementation may attenuate lymphocyte DNA damage and LDL oxidation by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activity.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CLA supplementation on antioxidant metabolism in healthy overweight/obese Korean individuals. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, where 29 healthy overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m(2)) participants (2 men and 27 women) were randomly selected to receive placebo (n = 15, 2.4 g olive oil/day) or 2.4 g/day CLA mixture (n = 14, 36.9% of cis-9, trans-11 and 37.9% of trans-10, cis-12) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes), lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin concentration, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) activities, and leukocyte DNA damage between the CLA and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that short-term supplementation (8 weeks) with CLA (2.4 g/day) might have no significant effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: Chlorella vulgaris is a popular food supplement in Asia and is currently marketed as a nutritional supplement. However, available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating any disease in humans. Because Chlorella contains numerous nutrients, including antioxidants, it is thought to exert antioxidative functions by scavenging free radicals created by various environmental factors such as smoking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 6 wk of Chlorella supplementation to smokers is protective against oxidative damage in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Fifty-two smokers, aged 20-65 y, were given 6.3g of Chlorella or placebo every day for 6 wk. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning and after the supplementation. Plasma antioxidant vitamin levels and lipid peroxidation levels were measured. As a marker of oxidative stress, lymphocyte DNA damage was measured. RESULTS: Chlorella supplementation increased plasma vitamin C (44.4%), alpha-tocopherol (15.7%), and erythrocyte catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Although 6 wk of Chlorella supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage, as measured by comet assay, placebo supplementation also decreased the measured amount of lymphocyte DNA damage. CONCLUSION: Chlorella supplementation resulted in the conservation of plasma antioxidant nutrient status and improvement in erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in subjects. Therefore, our results are supportive of an antioxidant role for Chlorella and indicate that Chlorella is an important whole-food supplement that should be included as a key component of a healthy diet. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

AIM: To investigate whether chronic bacterial prostatitis might increase oxidative stress and oxidative damage in chronic bacterial prostatitis patients (CBPP), and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: Enrolled in a case-control study were 70 randomly sampled CBPP and 70 randomly sampled healthy adult volunteers (HAV), on whom plasma nitric oxide (NO), vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (beta-CAR) level, erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were determined by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Compared with the HAV group, values of plasma NO and erythrocyte MDA in the CBPP group were significantly increased (P < 0.001); those of plasma VC, VE and beta-CAR as well as erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the CBPP group were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Findings from partial correlation for the 70 CBPP showed that with prolonged course of disease, values of NO and MDA were gradually increased (P < 0.001), and those of VC, VE, beta-CAR, SOD, CAT and GPX were gradually decreased (P < 0.05-0.001). The findings from stepwise regression for the 70 CBPP suggested that the model was Y = -13.2077 + 0.1894MDA + 0.0415NO - 0.1999GPX, F = 18.2047, P < 0.001, r = 0.6729, P < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that there exist increased oxidative stress and oxidative damage induced by chronic bacterial prostatitis in the patients, and such phenomenon was closely related to the course of disease.