Cinnamon (Ceylon)

BACKGROUND: In traditional medicine Cinnamon is considered a remedy for respiratory, digestive and gynaecological ailments. In-vitro and in-vivo studies from different parts of the world have demonstrated numerous beneficial medicinal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ). This paper aims to systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the potential medicinal benefits of CZ. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus for studies published before 31st December 2012. The following keywords were used: "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", "Ceylon cinnamon", "True cinnamon" and "Sri Lankan cinnamon". To obtain additional data a manual search was performed using the reference lists of included articles. RESULTS: The literature search identified the following number of articles in the respective databases; PubMed=54, Web of Science=76 and SciVerse Scopus=591. Thirteen additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. After removing duplicates the total number of articles included in the present review is 70. The beneficial health effects of CZ identified were; a) anti-microbial and anti-parasitic activity, b) lowering of blood glucose, blood pressure and serum cholesterol, c) anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, d) inhibition of tau aggregation and filament formation (hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease), e) inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis, f) anti-secretagogue and anti-gastric ulcer effects, g) anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, h) wound healing properties and i) hepato-protective effects. The studies reported minimal toxic and adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: The available in-vitro and in-vivo evidence suggests that CZ has many beneficial health effects. However, since data on humans are sparse, randomized controlled trials in humans will be necessary to determine whether these effects have public health implications.

160. Ceylon Med J. 1999 Mar;44(1):45-7. Human papillomavirus in carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. de Silva NR, Mendis L, Perera N. Comment on Ceylon Med J. 1998 Sep;43(3):127-33.

BACKGROUND: The search for novel antihyperglycemic agents from herbal medicines has highlighted cinnamon, which contains biologically active compounds with insulin-mimetic effects in-vitro. We assessed the efficacy and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ) extract in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. METHODS: A total of 210 individuals with Type 2 Diabetes were randomly assigned in equal numbers to two CZ extract groups (250 mg or 500 mg) and one placebo group. The primary outcome was change in glycaemic control (HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose \[FPG]) from baseline. Secondary outcomes included serum lipids, insulin resistance and β-cell function, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and anthropometric parameters. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with change in FPG or HbA1c from baseline as the dependent variables and treatment group and covariates as predictors. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 58.6 ± 8.2 years, with 42.9 % (n = 90) being male; 186 completed the four-month follow-up. Both FPG and HbA1c significantly declined in the CZ extract groups compared to baseline, accompanied by reduced insulin resistance and improved β-cell function (p < 0.05). At four months, total and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower in the 500 mg CZ extract group (p < 0.05). Regression analyses identified CZ extract treatment as a significant predictor of changes in both FPG and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized controlled trial developed and tested a CZ-based intervention for Type 2 Diabetes, demonstrating its promising efficacy and safety. Further studies are warranted to explore its potential as a pharmaceutical agent for diabetes management. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry, identifier: SLCTR/2017/010 (http://slctr.lk/trials/714). Registered on April 05, 2017; Study protocol version 3.1 (March 21, 2017).

BACKGROUND: Cinnamon has been studied as a possible way to control blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. However, there are no well-conducted randomized controlled trials that can accurately measure the lipid and glucose-lowering effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) extract. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of a standardized C. zeylanicum extract on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and secondarily on other lipid parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol and triglycerides), glucose levels, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and safety outcomes in individuals with an LDL level between 100-190mg/dL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were allocated to either C. zeylanicum extract or placebo group (1:1 allocation ratio). They were advised to take two capsules per day (1000 mg/day, a dose based on prior clinical studies suggesting potential efficacy and safety). Reduction in LDL-C at 12 weeks (from the baseline value) was compared between the two groups using ANCOVA. A complete-case analysis was adhered to in analyzing the outcome data. RESULTS: The mean age (SD) of the 150 participants was 50.4 (10.52) years, and 66% were females. Among the 127 participants assessed at 12 weeks, those in the C. zeylanicum extract arm had a lower LDL-C value than the placebo arm but the difference was not significant (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 6.05mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.43 to 14.52; p = 0.161). However, participants in the C. zeylanicum extract group showed significantly greater reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 8.59mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.59 to 16.59; p = 0.036). There was a significant interaction effect between the supplement and participants' glycemic status, with individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received C. zeylanicum extract experiencing a notable reduction in FBS levels (standardized coefficient: -63, 95% CI: -102 to -25; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: C. zeylanicum extract did not have significantly reduce LDL-C but demonstrated a s

AIMS: To assess the feasibility of administration of three doses of oral misoprostol (OM) 50 µg four hourly per day for 48 hours versus the insertion of a supra cervical Foley catheter for 48 hours, in women at 40 weeks + 5 days gestation, and compare the effectiveness of the two methods for induction of labour (IOL). METHOD: An investigator blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted at the academic obstetric unit, Teaching Hospital Mahamodara, Galle from 13.10.2016 to 30.04.2017. Consecutive women (n=144) with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies having Modified Bishop Score (MBS) <5 at 40weeks + 5days gestation were allocated by stratified (primigravidae/ multigravidae) block randomization to receive three doses of OM 50µg four hourly per day for 48 hours or a supra cervical Foley catheter for 48 hours. RESULTS: Compared to the Foley, OM resulted in higher rates of successful IOL (67% vs 47%, RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 - 2.0, p =0.029), more vaginal deliveries within 24 hours and 48 hours, shorter mean induction delivery intervals and greater mean increase in MBS in those not in labour after 48 hours. There was non-significant increased frequency of excessive uterine activity, cardiotocograph abnormalities and meconium stained liquor after OM but no differences in the rates of caesarean deliveries and maternal or neonatal morbidity or mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The administration of three doses oral misoprostol (OM) 50 µg four hourly per day for 48 hours as well as the insertion of a supra cervical Foley catheter for 48 hours were feasible for women at 40 weeks + 5 days gestation, but OM was more effective than the Foley catheter for IOL.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have explored the anti-diabetic effects of Cinnamomum cassia extract in vivo and in vitro. However, there are no studies at present exploring the effects of the indigenous species of Sri Lankan cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) in patients with diabetes mellitus. The present study aims to evaluate the potential effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract as a pharmaceutical agent in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS/DESIGN: The study will be conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for a period of 4 months at the Medical Clinic, University Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka. A total of 210 subjects with diabetes, in three equal groups, will be recruited for the study. The patients will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio according to the method of block randomization and the subjects will be randomly and equally assigned into two test groups (n = 70 each) and one placebo group (n = 70). The population will be stratified at randomization based on age, gender and disease severity. The treatment drug is a capsule containing Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract as the active ingredient and the placebo capsule will contain lactose monohydrate. Two doses of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts (250 mg and 500 mg of the cinnamon extract) will be used. The study drugs will be double blinded to both investigators and participants. The visits and the evaluations will be done as follows: screening (visit 0), 1 month (visit 1), 2 months (visit 2), 3 months (visit 3) and 4 months (visit 4). The following primary outcome measures will be evaluated: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and serum insulin. Secondary outcome measures include: Body Mass Index (BMI) and other anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglycerides (TAG). Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 14. DISCUSSION: We describe the protocol for a clinical trial design evaluating the effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The result of the present study,

INTRODUCTION: Vaginal iso sorbide mononitrate (ISMN) is effective in pre induction cervical ripening in post dated pregnancies. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and acceptability of ISMN self-administered vaginally at home, in causing cervical ripening in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 39 weeks gestation. METHODS: Consecutive women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, presenting between 01 October 2013 and 31 March 2014, with a modified Bishop score (MBS) of < 5 at a gestational age (GA) of 273 days to the University Obstetric Unit of Teaching Hospital Mahamodera Galle, were allocated by stratified (primip/multip) block randomisation to self-administer vaginally at home every other day, five doses of 60 mg of sustained release form of ISMN (ISMN-SR); (n = 72, cases), or pyridoxine 10 mgs (n=72, controls), from GA 273 to 282 days. RESULTS: The mean MBS and the mean change of MBS at 282 days, and the proportions with spontaneous onset of labour (SOL) by GA 282 days, were not significantly different between the two groups. A vast majority were satisfied with outpatient therapy (80% cases vs.76% controls), were happy to use it in a subsequent preg-nancy (89% cases vs. 86% controls) and would recom-mend it to a friend (93% cases vs. 90% controls). CONCLUSIONS: Home adminstrated vaginal ISMN therapy from GA 39 weeks was not effective in causing significant cervical ripening or promoting SOL, but it was acceptable to women.

INTRODUCTION: Plant derived preparations have been essential components for maintenance of oral hygiene and the treatment of oral diseases globally since ancient times. Acacia chundra Willd, Adhatoda vasica Nees., Mimusops elengi L., Piper nigrum L., Pongamia pinnate L. Pirerre, Quercus infectoria Olivier., Syzygium aromaticum L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Zingiber offici-nale Roscoe., individually or in combination, have been used for this purpose because of their beneficial effects. OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of an Ayurvedic toothpaste containing these herbs in patients with chronic gingivitis. METHODS: Otherwise healthy males and non-pregnant females (n=80) aged 18-35 years with ≥20 teeth were randomly assigned to Group 1 (herbal toothpaste) and Group 2 (placebo toothpaste). Quigley Hein plaque index (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD), were recorded for all teeth at six sites, and one ml of resting saliva was collected to ascertain anaerobic and aerobic bacterial counts at baseline, and at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. Full-mouth prophylaxis was performed and instructions for brushing with the allocated toothpaste for 6 months were given at baseline. Sixty-six participants, 34 in Group 1 and 32 in Group 2 completed the study. Clinical examinations were performed by the same examiner blinded to group allocation. RESULTS: Linear mixed model analysis revealed significant reductions of PS, BOP, PPD (p<0.0001) and total salivary anaerobic counts (p<0.05) in Group 1 at all prescribed visits compared to Group 2. Moreover the reduction increased overtime. No unpleasant effects of toothpaste use were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides robust evidence of the beneficial antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of the test herbal toothpaste Sudantha® on patients with chronic gingivitis.

BACKGROUND: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a known risk factor for the development of several health disorders including type 2 diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases. One encouraging approach for a better control of postprandial glycemia is to reduce carbohydrate digestion. Cinnamon extracts have been known for managing blood glucose. However, their effects on inhibiting digestion of carbohydrate have been poorly analyzed to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a specific Ceylon cinnamon hydro-alcoholic extract (CCE) on carbohydrate digestion and post-meal blood glucose reduction. METHODS: In vitro enzymatic assays and in vivo starch tolerance tests in rats were designed as preclinical assays. Then, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over clinical trial was conducted in 18 healthy female and male volunteers. Following the intake of 1 g of CCE, the subjects ate a standardized meal. Blood samples were collected during the 2 hours following the meal to measure glucose and insulin concentrations. Areas under the curves were calculated and statistical differences between the CCE and placebo groups were analyzed using the Mann Whitney-Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: CCE has demonstrated in the in vitro study that it inhibited pancreatic alpha-amylase activity with an IC50 of 25 μg/mL. In the in vivo study, CCE was shown to acutely reduce the glycemic response to starch in a dose-dependent manner in rats. This effect was significant from the dose of 12.5 mg/kg of body weight. In both, the in vitro and in vivo studies, the hydro-alcoholic extract has shown to be more efficacious than the aqueous extract. In the human clinical trial, 1 g of CCE lowered the area under the curve of glycemia between 0 and 120 min by 14.8% (P = 0.15) and between 0 and 60 min by 21.2% (P < 0.05) compared to the placebo. This effect occurred without stimulating insulin secretion. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Ceylon cinnamon hydro-alcoholic extract (CCE) may provide a natural and safe solution for the reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia and therefore help to reduce the risks of dev

INTRODUCTION: Efficacy and safety of expectant management of first trimester miscarriage are well known, though the patients' perceptions and attitudes are less clear. This study was designed to understand the women's perception of symptoms, acceptability, fertility wishes and care received. METHODS: A qualitative study among 25 women who were allocated to the expectant management arm of a randomised control trial, which compared expectant versus surgical management of incomplete miscarriage, was carried out. Interviews were recorded at the end of two weeks from the initial diagnosis based on five themes, which were transcribed and analysed. RESULTS: Out of the 25 interviewed, two had to undergo surgical evacuation due to failed expectant management. Excessive bleeding was the main concern especially for employed women. Ideas and beliefs of family members influenced the women's experience. Majority preferred expectant management in a possible future event. Many expected to conceive again but preferred to delay a pregnancy even in the absence of any contraindications. Inadequate knowledge of expectant management led to dissatisfaction regarding the care received. CONCLUSIONS: Better understanding on the natural course of events in spontaneous miscarriage will help not only the patient but also the relatives in accepting expectant management of first trimester miscarriage and influence their ideas, beliefs and feelings. Improved health education, counselling, and symptomatic relief are important aspects in improving the overall quality of care.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether expectant care of incomplete miscarriages can significantly reduce the need for surgical evacuation of retained products of conception (ERPC) without increasing complications. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial conducted at the University Unit, Teaching Hospital Mahamodara, Galle. Consecutive women with uncomplicated incomplete miscarriages at &lt; 14 weeks period of amenorrhoea (POA), admitted from 01 January to 15 July 2009 with retained products of conception (RPC) measuring 15-50 mm in the anteroposterior (AP) diameter on transvaginal sonography (TVS) were randomised to ERPC under general anaesthesia (n=80) and expectant care (n=80) groups. Both groups were reviewed after one week clinically and with TVS. The expectant care group was reviewed weekly up to four weeks unless complete expulsion of RPC was confirmed earlier. RESULTS: Age, parity, POA, socio-economic status, distance of residence from the hospital and the AP diameter of RPC at recruitment were similar in both groups. In the expectant care group, complete expulsion of RPC occurred within one week in 69%, and three patients needed ERPC. One patient in the ERPC group required a repeat ERPC. The durations of abdominal pain and the days off normal work were similar in both groups. The expectant care group had a longer duration of vaginal bleeding (p &lt; 0.01) than the ERPC group. Complications were rare and similar in both groups and not of clinical significance. CONCLUSION: Expectant care in the management of uncomplicated first trimester incomplete miscarriage is safe and effective with no significant short-term complications.

INTRODUCTION: Many traditional preparations with varying combinations of herbs have been used for over 1500 years to treat upper respiratory ailments, and reduce their incidence and severity. Link Samahan® is a formulation containing the extract of 14 such medicinal plants. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of Link Samahan® in reducing the incidence and severity of upper respiratory symptoms in consenting healthy volunteers. SETTING: MAS Linea Aqua, a factory with over 3000 employees, having its own health care centre with a qualified matron and visiting medical officers. METHODS: 956 healthy volunteers took daily either one sachet of Link Samahan® in hot water (test group,n=465, mean age 29.5 ± 7.7 years, women 418) or only plain tea (control group n=491, mean age 29.7 ± 7.9, women 448), for 84 consecutive days, and recorded the incidence and severity of 15 upper respiratory symptoms daily in a purpose-designed form. RESULTS: At the end of 84 days, when compared to the control group, the average incidence of symptoms in the test group showed highly significant reductions at p&lt;0.001 for 6 symptoms and at p&lt;0.005 for 3 symptoms,and at p&lt;0.05 for the remaining 6. Reduction of average incidence over time also was highly significant (p&lt;0.001) for 2 symptoms and (p&lt;0.005) for 7, and significant (p&lt;0.05) for 4 symptoms, but only marginal for the balance 2. Severity was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) for 7 symptoms, and reduced also for the other 8 according to descriptive analysis, though not significant at the 5% level. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Link Samahan® taken as one sachet daily significantly reduces average incidence, incidence over time, and severity of 15 upper respiratory symptoms in healthy adults.

Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark essential oil (CBO) represents a promising source of natural bioactive compounds for biological plant protection. For the first time, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of CBO was systematically evaluated against a curated panel of phytopathogenic strains (IOR collection), revealing broad-spectrum efficacy across both bacteria and filamentous pathogens. This study evaluated its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens, effects on bacterial metabolic activity, and its ability to induce plant defence responses. CBO was dominated by cinnamaldehyde, linalool, and eucalyptol. The oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Dickeya dadantii, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas hortorum as well as antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Metabolic assays revealed a marked reduction in bacterial metabolic activity, indicating that CBO disrupts physiological processes and inhibits growth. In planta experiments showed that foliar application of CBO stimulated PAL activity in wheat leaves without visible phytotoxic symptoms. These findings demonstrate a multifunctional mode of action of CBO, combining direct antimicrobial effects with the elicitation of plant defence responses, and support its potential application in sustainable crop protection.

Candida biofilm-associated infections pose a major therapeutic challenge due to their high antifungal tolerance, species-specific pathogenicity, and rising resistance to conventional drugs. Essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising natural antifungal agents, yet comparative studies evaluating whole oils and their major constituents across biofilms of different maturation stages remain limited. This study investigated the antibiofilm effects of tea tree, ceylon cinnamon bark, thyme, clove, and peppermint EOs, as well as their major components, against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. Minimal inhibitory concentration was tested with microdilution assay. Biofilm inhibition was assessed at four maturation time points (4, 12, 24, and 48 h), and synergistic interactions were examined using checkerboard assays and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) calculations. Tea tree oil was the most potent across all species and stages (e.g., 82.3% inhibition at 4 h vs. 40.0% at 48 h), followed by cinnamon bark and thyme oil. Whole EOs consistently outperformed their isolated components, indicating synergistic multi-component effects. Species-specific susceptibility patterns were apparent: C. krusei and C. glabrata were the most sensitive, whereas C. albicans exhibited the highest tolerance. Checkerboard assays identified strong synergism for tea tree-cinnamon oil against C. albicans and C. krusei (FICI 0.375) and for tea tree-thyme oil against C. tropicalis (FICI 0.49). These optimized EO combinations achieved exceptional inhibition of 24-hour biofilms (89-94%). Overall, EOs - particularly tea tree and its species-tailored combinations - represent promising candidates for disrupting Candida biofilms and may serve as effective components of future antifungal treatments.

Erratum in Front Nutr. 2026 May 15;13:1875386. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1875386. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of mineral composition, time-dependent mineral infusion (5, 10, and 15 min), and in-vitro bioaccessibility across six widely consumed teas, including four Camellia sinensis varieties (black, green, white, and Ceylon) and two herbal teas (rosehip and fennel). Elemental concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). An in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion model was employed to determine mineral bioaccessibility, while FT-IR spectral characterization was used to interpret the matrix-related chemical structures influencing solubility and mineral stability. The results indicated that potassium was the most efficiently released element (>50%), followed by magnesium and sodium, whereas calcium and iron exhibited limited dialyzability (<30%), reflecting differences in complexation behavior. Rosehip tea exhibited notably higher bioaccessibility of iron (~36%) and zinc (~81%), likely due to its acidic pH and high organic acid content, while Camellia teas displayed lower values, possibly resulting from polyphenol-mineral interactions and the presence of complexing tannins. In contrast, Mg bioaccessibility peaked in green tea (~62%), highlighting element - specific matrix effects. Fennel infusion showed intermediate levels of mineral bioaccessibility, suggesting matrix-dependent variability among herbal teas rather than compositional uniformity. Statistical evaluation demonstrated that both brewing time and tea format significantly affected mineral release, with loose-leaf teas consistently yielding higher extractable levels of Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn than bagged forms. Increasing the infusion duration enhanced solubilization for most elements, although excessive steeping sometimes reduced apparent bioaccessibility, suggesting secondary precipitation or complex formation. A single serving of tea provides measurable bioaccessible amounts of minerals; moreover, the observed differences among tea types and formats indicate that physicochemical characteristics, infusion conditions, and matrix-related f

The growing vulnerability of the global food supply chain highlights the need for rapid, accurate, and non-destructive authenticity testing. In this study, we developed and validated a workflow integrating Fourier-transform infrared, near-infrared, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with machine learning-based data fusion for black tea authentication. A total of 532 authentic Assam, Darjeeling, Ceylon, and Keemun samples were analysed using five supervised models. A series of information-level, feature-level, and decision-level fusion strategies were developed and compared, with decision-level fusion achieving 100% F1 scores across calibration, validation, and test sets, outperforming individual and other fused methods. The workflow was further applied to 89 commercial teas, identifying a 6.74% non-compliance rate, all from online platforms. This approach eliminates the need for expensive mass spectrometry or stable isotope-based instrumentation and is well suited for accurate, cost-effective food authenticity testing in non-specialist laboratories, particularly in developing countries.

UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry is a fundamental analytical technique widely used in chemistry, biology, materials science, and medical research. Despite its significance, undergraduate education often presents UV-vis spectroscopy narrowly as an absorbance-based method governed by the Beer-Lambert Law. This traditional framework, while effective for idealized solutions, fails to address the complexities of real-world samples that scatter or emit light, leading to widespread challenges in data interpretation. To bridge this gap, this work introduces an expanded pedagogical approach that incorporates the theoretical foundations of UV-vis spectroscopy for solutions exhibiting diverse optical behaviors. These include pure absorbers, pure scatterers, simultaneous absorbers and scatterers, simultaneous absorbers and emitters, and solutions that encompass absorption, scattering, and emission. We present accessible theoretical models designed to accommodate students with varying levels of mathematical proficiency, parametrizing UV-vis signals within the capabilities of standard spectrophotometers. Additionally, we outline instructional strategies to enhance comprehension across different educational levels, making these advanced concepts more approachable. This framework lays the groundwork for future studies that will feature laboratory modules leveraging commercially available UV-vis and fluorescence spectrophotometers to reinforce hands-on, evidence-based learning. By broadening the scope of UV-vis education and addressing critical gaps in traditional instruction, this work aims to deepen students' conceptual and practical understanding of spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, it seeks to rectify common misinterpretations in the literature, equipping students with the analytical skills necessary for accurate, rigorous spectral interpretation. Ultimately, this effort aspires to transform UV-vis spectroscopy education by fostering both theoretical and practical mastery, preparing students for the challenges of modern scientific research and industry applications.

Black cumin, turmeric root, and Ceylon cinnamon bark are spices that have been used for both culinary purposes and in traditional medicine practices. These spices are frequently connected with providing antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties. However, most studies on potential health effects have not been performed in humans. Since many of the health effect claims relate to gastrointestinal health, we explored the impact of black cumin extract (BCE), turmeric root extract (TRE), and Ceylon cinnamon extract (CCE) on the human gut microbiota ex vivo using the SIFR® technology. The impact on the gut microbiota were determined using shotgun sequencing and flow cytometry, while the health-related short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were analyzed to assess the metabolic output. While TRE and CCE had very little effect on the gut microbiota, BCE significantly increased acetate (+ 8.7mM), butyrate (+1.3mM), and propionate (+3mM) production. This related to specific increases of Alistipes onderdonkii, Alistipes shahii and particularly Candidatus Cibiobacter qucibialis, CCE and TRE increased the health related Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Dysosmobacter welbionis, respectively, with CCE also increasing Enterococcus and Veillonella species. Overall, these findings indicate these spices may have an impact on the human gut microbiome that could explain their purported health effects. Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms fundamental to human health, influencing metabolism, immunity, and neurological function. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in this microbial community, is increasingly linked to a range of chronic diseases, from inflammatory bowel disease to metabolic syndrome. This article explores the therapeutic potential of several common botanicals in modulating the gut microbiota and promoting intestinal health. We delve into the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of nine medicinal plants: globe artichoke, aloe vera, German chamomile, pot marigold, Ceylon cinnamon, dandelion, fennel, garlic, ginger, and green tea. We focus on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic effects. The article also discusses the scientific evidence supporting their use, acknowledges the limitations of current research, and highlights considerations for safe and effective application. We conclude by summarising the significant role of these herbal remedies in modern complementary medicine and proposing future research directions to further elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimise their use for gut health.

INTRODUCTION: Snake bites pose a significant public health concern in Sri Lanka, where misconceptions and myths can hinder effective treatment and increase the risk of complications. This study examined community beliefs, risk factors, and preventive practices regarding snakebites in Sri Lanka and compared them with global patterns. OBJECTIVE: To debunk common myths about snake bites in Sri Lanka, providing accurate information to guide appropriate responses and ensure proper management with consideration of world wide scenarios. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was done in a village First Mile Post - Padaviya, situated in Sri Lanka's North Central. The head of the family was interviewed with a pre- designed, pre-tested schedule. One prevalent myth is the belief that cutting and sucking the bite site removes venom. However, this practice is ineffective and potentially harmful, introducing bacteria and worsening tissue damage. Similarly, applying a tourniquet is often advised but can restrict blood flow, leading to severe complications. RESULTS: The claim that identifying the snake species is crucial for antivenom treatment is also misleading. Most antivenoms are polyvalent, meaning they can neutralize venom from a wide range of snake species. Additionally, the notion that snake charmers can safely handle and cure snake bites is unfounded. While they may possess traditional knowledge, they lack the necessary medical expertise for proper treatment. Furthermore, the belief that eating certain plants or herbs can neutralize snake venom is scientifically unsupported and can delay or prevent proper medical attention. Survey findings revealed that 78.2% of the community believed in snake-related myths, reflecting a strong cultural influence consistent with results from India and Ghana, while only 21.8% rejected such beliefs. Environmental and occupational exposures were identified as major risk factors: 62% of respondents reported overgrown grass near homes, 55.6% were engaged in paddy cultivation, and 42% slept on mats or in paddy fields, paralleling evidence from Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Russell's viper was the leading cause of bites (57.3%), w

Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis is a zoonotic tapeworm transmitted to humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish or wild meat. Between 2022 and 2023, Yamagata Prefecture reported an increase in cases compared with 2017-2021, when none were observed. We conducted a clinical and environmental investigation to clarify infection sources. Four confirmed and one suspected patient were identified, all presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms. Exposures were linked to raw cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in three cases and undercooked bear meat in one case. Praziquantel treatment (10-20 mg/kg) was effective, with eight worms (76-210 cm) recovered. Environmental surveillance detected D. nihonkaiensis in 33.3% of bear feces (20/60) and 21.8% of wild fish samples (17/78). Phylogenetic analysis showed close genetic relatedness among human, bear, and fish isolates, indicating a shared transmission cycle. These findings confirm zoonotic transmission of D. nihonkaiensis in Yamagata and highlight the need for food safety awareness and environmental monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: The islandwide comprehensive supplementary feeding scheme, the 'Thriposha' programme has been in existence in the country for over three decades. However, its effectiveness in improving micronutrient status has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of 'Thriposha' on micronutrient status, assessed haematologically and biochemically, in young children. METHODS: Preschool children (aged 3-5 years) from two well-baby clinics were grouped into interventional (n = 137) arm and control (n = 130) arm. Children in the interventional group were fed 'Thriposha' (50 g/day) while the control group of children was fed with 50 g 'Thriposha' made without mineral and vitamin premix, for a period of nine months. Serum calcium, ferritin, folate, freeT4, ceruloplasmin, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D and haemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured before and one week after completing intervention. RESULTS: The baseline Hb levels of the intervention and control groups were 113.20 (SD10.9) g/l and 112.30 (SD 9.0) g/l respectively. After the intervention, the interventional group showed a significant improvement (repeated measures ANOVA, p = 0.02) in the Hb (mean of 118.10 (7.7) vs. 114.70 (7.0) g/l of the control). The prevalence of anaemia dropped from 37% to 15% in the intervention group (p = 0.03). Serum ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels also improved. CONCLUSION: Regular consumption of conventional 'Thriposha' for 9 months led to improvements in Hb, ferritin and ceruloplasmin levels in the blood.

40. Ceylon Med J. 2010 Sep;55(3):85-9. doi: 10.4038/cmj.v55i3.2292. Efficacy of 'Thriposha' supplementation in improving the micronutrient status of preschool children. Hettiarachchi M(1), Liyanage C. Author information: (1)Nuclear Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri La

OBJECTIVE: To study the preconceptional preparedness of women attending two antenatal clinics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study done in August and September 2001. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinics De Soysa Maternity Hospital and Castle Street Hospital for Women for their booking visit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pregnant women were randomly selected. Before collecting data the purpose of the study was explained and those who consented were recruited for the study. Data were collected on the basis of an interviewer administered questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. RESULTS: 225 pregnant women were recruited. 55% of them were between the ages of 18 and 30 years. 96% had achieved an educational level of above year five. 55% were in their first pregnancy and 2.75 were grand-multipara. 186 (82.7%) were housewives. 81% had a planned pregnancy. Only 21% had received pre-pregnancy counselling, 52% of them from a specialist obstetrician, and 21% and 19% from a general practitioner and public health midwife. Only 15 (6.6%) had taken preconceptional folic acid supplementation, and all of them had a level of education of GCE (A/L) or above. 11 of those who took preconceptional folic acid were primipara. 159 (70.6%) had received rubella vaccination. Of those who did not take the vaccine, 44% knew about it but did not know its importance, and 38% did not know about its availability. 18% did not take it because of various myths that they believed in. Preconceptional health knowledge regarding pregnancy was assessed by asking 10 questions and expressing it as a score out of 10. This score showed a positive correlation to the level of education of the woman. A majority received information from the print (81.7%) and electronic (72.4%) media. 50% received information from a public health midwife, and 36% from doctors. CONCLUSIONS: Preconceptional preparedness among our women is poor. However, rubella vaccination is relatively successful compared to other aspects of preconceptional preparedness.

RATIONALE: It has been suggested that in pregnant women weekly iron supplements are as effective as daily supplements in preventing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of prophylactic antenatal oral iron supplements given weekly, thrice weekly and daily in preventing IDA in pregnancy. DESIGN: A randomised control trial. SETTING: University antenatal clinic, (UANC) Galle. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: An oral iron supplement containing 100 mg of elemental iron was randomly given weekly (n = 26) thrice weekly (n = 35) and daily (n = 31) to 92 women who were 14 to 24 weeks pregnant. Haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF) and haematocrit (Hct) were assessed before and after 12 to 20 weeks of supplementation and a logistic regression analysis carried out. RESULTS: The risk of developing anaemia was significantly higher in the weekly (odds ratio 15, 95% CI 1.4-165.6, p < 0.03) and possibly higher in the thrice weekly (odds ratio 3, 95% CI 0.3-30.3, p = 0.3) groups. The risk of developing iron deficiency (SF < 12 micrograms/l) was also significantly higher in the weekly (odds ratio 18, 95% CI 2.8-115.5, p < 0.003) and thrice weekly (odds ratio 10, 95% CI 1.6-64.8, p < 0.02) groups. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic oral iron supplements when given intermittently were not effective in preventing iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding and the reasons for water supplementation, and investigate whether water is necessary in the humid climate of Colombo. SETTING: Well baby clinic in De Soysa Maternity Hospital for Women, Colombo. SUBJECTS: 200 breast fed infants born in a baby friendly hospital between the ages of 1 and 4 months. METHODS: The study sample was randomly selected. Sick infants and those of working mothers were excluded. The mothers' knowledge of feeding practices was recorded in an interviewer administered questionnaire. The infants' weights, lengths and rectal temperatures were measured and the osmolality of urine estimated. The room temperature and relative humidity were recorded on each day of study. The data were analysed using the Chi-Square statistical test. RESULTS: 69% of mothers introduced supplementary fluids within the first 4 months, because of advice from grandmothers or relatives, thirst, hiccups or constipation. 45% had introduced water with "rathakalkaya", a fluid traditionally given to infants in Sri Lanka. 90% of mothers had attended antenatal clinics in the De Soysa Hospital for Women. 70% of mothers who gave supplementary fluids were aware of the importance of exclusive breast feeding. The range of urine osomolalities of exclusively breast fed infants was 60 to 204 mosmol/kg. There were no significant differences in core temperatures and number of times urine was voided daily, or urine osmolalities, between exclusively breast fed and fluids-supplemented group of infants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite delivery in a baby friendly hospital a majority of mothers supplemented breast milk with water or other fluids during the first 4 months. The advice of grandmothers had a significant influence on early feeding practices. Exclusively breast fed infants were found to maintain water homeostasis under the hot, humid climatic conditions of this study.

OBJECTIVE: To study absorption of iron from Centella gruel and the enhancing effect of ascorbic acid in young adult males. DESIGN: An in vivo absorption study. SETTING: Faculty of Medicine, Galle. METHODS: The percentage of iron absorbed from the Centella gruel was measured using a double isotope technique with 55Fe and 59Fe on 10 healthy male volunteers. OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of iron absorption from the gruel with and without ascorbic acid. RESULTS: The mean iron absorption from each meal of Centella gruel was 2.2% (SEM 0.8). This increased to 5% (SEM 1.6) by addition of 50 mg ascorbic acid. When ingested with ascorbic acid, the bioavailable nutrient density (BND) of the weaning food was increased from 0.23 to 0.53 mg iron/1,000 kcal. To satisfy the daily physiological requirements of iron in infants and toddlers, it was calculated that apart from ascorbic acid supplementation, the total iron content also needs to be increased from 2.05 mg to 4.0 mg/meal. CONCLUSION: Centella gruel cannot provide the amount of iron to meet the BND for iron required by infants and toddlers, unless supplemented with an enhancer of iron absorption such as ascorbic acid and its total iron content is increased.

PIP: The pregnancy complication characterized by proteinuric hypertension is called preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, an important cause of maternal and perinatal death, has an onset and progression impossible to predict. Termination of pregnancy is the only cure of preeclampsia. It is indicated when the fetus can survive outside the uterus or when the maternal condition deteriorates to such a condition that continuation would bring greater harm to the mother. The etiology of preeclampsia is unknown. Preeclampsia appears to be linked to abnormal trophoblastic implantation. In normal pregnancies, implantation effects changes in the spiral arteries that supply the intervillous space and fibrin-containing trophoblast, and amorphous matrix replace the endothelium and the internal elastic lamina. These changes do not occur or are limited in pre-eclamptic women. There appears to be a familial tendency to preeclampsia. Impaired formation of blocking antibodies to antigenic sites on the placenta increases the risk of pre-eclampsia. Risk factors are primigravidity, short duration of sexual cohabitation before conception, abundance of trophoblastic tissue (e.g., multifetal and molar pregnancies), and underlying vascular disease as in diabetes. Poor placental perfusion may account for the increase in maternal blood pressure. Preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, cerebral hemorrhage, coagulopathy, and death. Poor utero-placental circulation retards fetal growth and causes fetal distress and maybe even perinatal death. When the diastolic blood pressure is higher than 110 mmHg, pre-eclamptic women should be administered antihypertensive drugs (e.g., methyldopa, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, labetatol, or diazoxide) to prevent maternal complications, but these drugs do not improve utero-placental blood flow nor do they prevent proteinuria. Diuretics should not be administered. Proteinuria indicates that the kidneys have been affected. A large randomized trial shows that aspirin does not effectively prevent preeclampsia. Routine calcium supplementation does appear to prevent it and preterm delivery.

We describe 14 Sinhalese male patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP). The age at onset was between 10 and 32 years. Each paralytic episode lasted from 6 to 48 hours (except in one patient who had an attack lasting 5 days). The frequency of attacks varied from 8 to 10 per month in one patient to only 2 attacks over a period of 16 years in another. Four patients (28.6%) had a family history of the disease. Hypokalaemia (serum potassium 1.5 to 3 mmol/l) was documented during an attack in 11 patients. No cause for hypokalaemia was evident in any of them. Investigations including EMG, thyroid hormone level and skeletal muscle histology were within normal limits between episodes. All the patients responded well to treatment with potassium supplementation, alone or with acetazolamide.

188. Ceylon Med J. 1986 Mar;31(1):15-20. Effect of supplementation on iron status of geriatric subjects. Atukorala TM, Sheriff HR.