Eggshell Membrane (NEM)

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease that can greatly affect quality of life in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Nutritional supplements are increasingly used for KOA due to their low risk, but direct comparative evidence on their efficacy and safety remains scarce. This study aimed to systematically compare the effectiveness and safety of seven common nutritional supplements for KOA. Methods: A systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched through December 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating use of eggshell membrane, vitamin D, Boswellia, curcumin, ginger, krill oil, or collagen, versus placebo, in adults with KOA. Primary outcomes included changes in scores for WOMAC pain, stiffness and function, and pain visual analog scale (VAS). Adverse events were also assessed. Bayesian network meta-analyses estimated ranking probabilities for each intervention. Results: In total, 39 RCTs (42 studies; 4599 patients) were included. Compared with placebo, Boswellia showed significant improvements in WOMAC pain (mean difference [MD] = 10.58, 95% CI: 6.45 to 14.78, p < 0.05), stiffness (MD = 9.47, 95% CI: 6.39 254 to 12.74, p < 0.05), function (MD = 14.00, 95% CI: 7.74 to 20.21, p < 0.05), and VAS pain (MD = 17.26, 95% CI: 8.06 to 26.52, p < 0.05). Curcumin, collagen, ginger, and krill oil also demonstrated benefits in some outcomes. No supplement was associated with increased adverse events compared to placebo. Bayesian rankings indicated Boswellia had the highest probability of being most effective for pain and stiffness, with krill oil and curcumin showing potential for function improvement. Conclusions: Nutritional supplements, particularly Boswellia, appear to be effective and well-tolerated for improving KOA symptoms and function. These results suggest that certain supplements may be useful as part of non-pharmacological KOA management. However, further large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm these findings, particularly those that include more standardized dosages

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, degenerative joint disease, with knee OA being particularly common and impactful. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of eggshell membrane (ESM) supplementation in improving joint functionality and reducing pain in individuals with knee OA. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database up to July 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria, with five included in the meta-analysis. The studies compared ESM to a placebo, evaluating outcomes based on assessment tools such as the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results indicated that ESM significantly reduced pain and improved functionality, with notable improvements in total WOMAC score (effect size -0.34; 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.13; p < 0.001) and pain subscale (SMD -0.23; 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.04; p < 0.02). The findings support ESM as a promising adjunctive treatment for knee OA, offering a safe, natural supplement to enhance quality of life. Further high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these results and explore the long-term effects and mechanisms of ESM.

Osteoarthritis is a source of chronic pain and disability. Dietary supplements have been shown to be a more secure option than NSAIDS. Particularly, the eggshell membrane has demonstrated efficacy in relieving joint pain and stiffness. A clinical trial was designed in which three groups were assigned to two different doses of this supplement and compared to a placebo control group. The primary outcome variable was knee pain, which was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcome variables were knee functional ability, quadriceps muscle strength (assessed by isometric and isokinetic trials), and quality of sleep. All groups showed a significant decrease in pain perception, although maximum values were obtained in the high-dose group. Isokinetic and isometric trials showed a significant increase in strength in the high-dose group. Eggshell membrane showed the potential to reduce pain and stiffness symptomatology. Here, for the first time, two quantitative variables (mobility and strength of knee joint) were used to accurately evaluate changes in the quality of life of subjects affected by knee joint pain. The results of this study indicate a dose-dependent response, which should be taken into account for later use in therapeutics to establish the correct dosage.

Poor joint health is a significant burden to society. Millions of people suffer from some form of joint-related disorder or disease, most often osteoarthritis (OA). It was hypothesized that chicken eggshell membrane (EM) is effective in the regeneration of cartilage and/or immunomodulation (oral tolerance), and as such relieves pain and stiffness in joints commonly affected in arthritis. We tested this hypothesis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled EM intervention study. Of 150 male and female volunteers, 40-75 years of age and diagnosed with knee OA, 75 were randomly assigned to the EM intervention group and 75 to the placebo group. During 12 weeks, subjects received a daily capsule containing either 300 mg of EM or a placebo. The main primary dependent variable consisted of self-reported pain ratings on a Numerical Rating Scale Pain (NRS-P) 6 weeks after study start. As secondary dependent variables served NRS-P scores collected after 12 weeks, and Knee injury and self-reported Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores [KOOS]). NRS-P scores decreased for both groups at approximately the same rate, but only EM relieved self-reported pain scores obtained with the KOOS questionnaire starting 1 week after initiation of treatment. This effect was significant for two of five KOOS category scores, that is, "Pain" and "Daily Life" functioning, aggregate pain, and functioning scores composed of complaint ratings for a wide variety of daily activities. These scores showed long-lasting improvement, and demonstrated that EM extract successfully reliefs knee OA pain and contributes to daily life functioning.

BACKGROUND: Many over the counter and consumer packaged goods are promoted to enhance the appearance of hair, skin, and nails for the consumer. Nutrition is a major factor in affecting the health and appearance of hair, skin, and nails. In addition to how one eats, dietary supplementation may play a role in overall health and in the physical appearance. AIMS: It was the aim of this study to objectively and subjectively evaluate the impacts of a nutritional intervention as compared to placebo on the appearances of hair, skin, and nails in healthy middle-aged adults. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study with 88 subjects randomized evenly to Study Product (BiovaBio™ 450 mg/d, n = 44) or Placebo (n = 44) for 12-weeks. Outcome tests included TrichoScan HD (hair), Canfield Visia® -CR (skin), modified FACE-Q (skin), and anchored Likert Scales (nails). RESULTS: Oral hydrolyzed eggshell membrane ingestion was associated with a significant improvement in facial skin appearance in crow's feet in 4 weeks and skin tone in 8 weeks, with significant impact on hair thickness, reduction in hair breakage and improvement in hair growth at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. There were no observed subjective improvements for nails (appearance, strength or growth). CONCLUSIONS: Oral supplementation of 450 mg/d hydrolyzed eggshell membrane for 12 weeks is associated with improvement in the appearance of facial skin and hair. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition that impacts quality of life and functionality for which consumers often seek dietary supplements to provide some relief. The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to assess the safety and efficacy of a water-soluble chicken eggshell membrane hydrosylate (WSEM) dietary supplement (BiovaFlex®) 450 mg daily on knee function, mobility, and general health and well-being in 88 adults with OA randomized into intervention (n = 44) or placebo (n = 44) groups. Outcomes were assessed periodically over 12 weeks, including the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the six-minute walk test (6MWT), knee range of motion (ROM) testing, and safety. Normalized analysis (improvement over baseline) showed that the poorest initial performers benefited the greatest from the WSEM by day 5 in the 6MWT, with the rest of the population showing significant improvement over placebo by week 12. The normalized WOMAC Stiffness score was also significantly improved over placebo by day 5 (P < .05). Without normalization, no statistically significant improvements were seen in WOMAC, 6MWT, and ROM testing. The Product was also found to be safe in this study. In conclusion, daily consumption of WSEM significantly enhanced average individual physical capacity (walking distance and ability), reduced stiffness by the fifth day of supplementation with the greatest benefit seen by the most compromised individuals, and was maintained over 12 weeks. A WSEM dietary supplement may offer a safe option for relief from symptoms and increased mobility for those with OA.

PURPOSE: Despite its many health benefits, moderate exercise can induce joint discomfort when done infrequently or too intensely even in individuals with healthy joints. This study was designed to evaluate whether NEM® (natural eggshell membrane) would reduce exercise-induced cartilage turnover or alleviate joint pain or stiffness, either directly following exercise or 12 hours post exercise, versus placebo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either oral NEM 500 mg (n=30) or placebo (n=30) once daily for two consecutive weeks while performing an exercise regimen (50-100 steps per leg) on alternating days. The primary endpoint was any statistically significant reduction in exercise-induced cartilage turnover via the biomarker C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-II collagen (CTX-II) versus placebo, evaluated at 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints were any reductions in either exercise-induced joint pain or stiffness versus placebo, evaluated daily via participant questionnaire. The clinical assessment was performed on the per protocol population. RESULTS: NEM produced a significant absolute treatment effect (TEabs) versus placebo for CTX-II after both 1 week (TEabs -17.2%, P=0.002) and 2 weeks of exercise (TEabs -9.9%, P=0.042). Immediate pain was not significantly different; however, rapid treatment responses were observed for immediate stiffness (Day 7) and recovery pain (Day 8) and recovery stiffness (Day 4). No serious adverse events occurred and the treatment was reported to be well tolerated by study participants. CONCLUSION: NEM rapidly improved recovery from exercise-induced joint pain (Day 8) and stiffness (Day 4) and reduced discomfort immediately following exercise (stiffness, Day 7). Moreover, a substantial chondroprotective effect was demonstrated via a decrease in the cartilage degradation biomarker CTX-II. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT02751944.

Natural Eggshell Membrane (NEM(R)) is a new novel dietary supplement that contains naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans and proteins essential for maintaining healthy articular cartilage and the surrounding synovium. The randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled Osteoarthritis Pain Treatment Incorporating NEM(R) clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NEM(R) as a treatment for pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. Sixty-seven patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral NEM(R) 500 mg (n = 34) or placebo (n = 33) daily for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in overall Western Ontario and McMasters Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index as well as pain, stiffness, and function WOMAC subscales measured at 10, 30, and 60 days. The clinical assessment was performed on the intent-to-treat population. Supplementation with NEM(R) produced an absolute rate of response that was statistically significant (up to 26.6%) versus placebo at all time points for both pain and stiffness, but was not significantly improved for function and overall WOMAC scores, although trending toward improvement. Rapid responses were seen for mean pain subscores (15.9% reduction, P = 0.036) and mean stiffness subscores (12.8% reduction, P = 0.024) occurring after only 10 days of supplementation. There were no serious adverse events reported during the study and the treatment was reported to be well tolerated by study participants. Natural Eggshell Membrane (NEM(R)) is an effective and safe option for the treatment of pain and stiffness associated with knee osteoarthritis. Supplementation with NEM(R), 500 mg taken once daily, significantly reduced both joint pain and stiffness compared to placebo at 10, 30, and 60 days.

Effective hemostasis in deep and irregular wounds remains a critical clinical challenge. To address this, we developed a bioresorbable chitosan composite hydrogel reinforced with short eggshell membrane (ESM) nanofibers, which were obtained through cryogenic grinding. The resulting ESM/CCS hydrogel, crosslinked with citric acid, exhibited significantly enhanced properties compared to pure CCS hydrogel, including a 63% increase in mechanical strength, a two-fold improvement in shape memory, a 25.31% reduction in hemolysis, over 2% higher cytocompatibility, and more than 48% greater hemostatic efficiency. Structural characterization confirmed the successful integration of bioactive chitosan with collagen mimetic ESM nanofibers. This biomimetic approach synergistically combines mechanical reinforcement with biological functionality, highlighting its strong potential as an advanced hemostatic dressing for complex wound management.

Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a poultry egg-processing by-product increasingly recognized as a valuable food-relevant bioresource and a potential food-grade functional ingredient due to its rich composition (collagen, keratin, glycosaminoglycans) and inherent bioactivities. This comprehensive review examines the structural composition and key functional properties of ESM, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Recent advances in ESM separation and modification techniques are systematically evaluated, spanning physical (mechanical separation, ultrasonication), chemical (acid/base treatments), and biological (enzymatic hydrolysis) methods, with particular emphasis on green, sustainable processing approaches that preserve functionality. Interdisciplinary applications of ESM are critically discussed across the food, health, and packaging sectors. For example, ESM is being explored as a functional ingredient in nutraceuticals and functional foods, as a functional ingredient in nutraceuticals and functional foods (including dietary supplements), and as an active component in biodegradable/edible packaging materials; selected non-food biomedical uses are briefly noted for context. This review also addresses current challenges in scaling up ESM utilization-including improving extraction efficiency, ensuring quality consistency, and meeting regulatory requirements-and highlights future directions for precision modification and multi-sector collaboration. Overall, the integrative analysis provides scientific insights and technical guidance for the sustainable high-value utilization of ESM across multiple disciplines. © 2026 Institute of Food Technologists®.

This study introduces a novel, simplified, and scalable two-step process for generating bioactive eggshell membrane (ESM) formulations by combining jet-O-mizer ultra-fine milling of ESM (yielding JEM biomaterial) with KOH-mediated hydrolysis, achieving ~50% solubilization of proteins and peptides and enabling the first evaluation of ESM-derived bioactives for gut health applications. The soluble protein fraction (SJ) was separated from the whole hydrolysate (WJ), and subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion to assess stability and bioavailability. The antioxidant capacities of the JEM-derived material showed a significant 15-fold increase compared to soluble non-hydrolyzed JEM (NJEM). SJ inhibited E. coli bacterial growth by 50% within 24 h, compared to the untreated bacterial culture. The formulations demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory properties with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW macrophages, resulting in a 80% reduction in NO production compared to untreated cells. Proteomics analysis of SJ revealed key anti-inflammatory (YBX1, YWHAE) and antimicrobial (OCX36, OC-17, TENP, and histones) effectors whose coordinated activities could modulate gut microbial composition. The permeability of the intestinal barrier model Caco-2 monolayer was not significantly affected by treatment with any JEM-derived formulation, thereby predicting maintenance of intestinal integrity. This study provides safe, novel ESM derivatives with high bioavailability and multifunctional bioactivities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, positioning them as promising candidates for dietary supplements to promote gut health.

BACKGROUND: Eggshell membrane (ESM) supplementation enhances bone mass during skeletal growth, but its long-term effects are unclear. We investigated whether continuous ESM intake for 16 weeks supports bone health from growth to skeletal maturity in rats. METHODS: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats received oral ESM for 16 weeks. Trabecular microarchitecture and marrow adiposity were assessed by micro-computed tomography and histology. Osteoblast and osteoclast parameters were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses. RESULTS: ESM increased trabecular bone volume and improved trabecular microstructure while reducing marrow adiposity. Osteoblast numbers and osteogenic gene expression (Sp7 and Col1a1) did not differ between groups. ESM reduced adipogenic gene expression (Pparg), decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast numbers and cathepsin K immunoreactivity, and downregulated osteoclast-related genes (Ctsk, Tnfsf11, and Nfatc1). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term ESM supplementation maintains trabecular bone volume by suppressing marrow adipogenesis and bone resorption, supporting its potential as a functional food ingredient to promote skeletal health beyond early growth.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of equine lameness, yet pragmatic evidence for nutraceuticals in horses remains limited. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 12 weeks of daily natural eggshell membrane (NEM; 12 mg/kg, orally) supplementation in Warmblood horses with chronic lameness using a single-arm before-after design. Ten horses were enrolled and prespecified paired contrasts compared visit 3 (V3, week 12) with baseline (V1). Outcomes included rider-reported under-saddle function (walk and trot), examiner-graded lameness (rest and walk-trot composite), simple joint-angle kinematics (degrees), and owner-rated palatability. RESULTS: Rider-reported function improved by approximately half a grade at both walk and trot, and owner-rated palatability improved markedly. Examiner walk-trot scores showed a small trend toward improvement, while rest lameness remained unchanged. Statistical inference supported these patterns, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) excluding zero for rider scores (Δ = -0.50) and palatability (Δ = -1.50). Moderate changes were observed in right-fore joint angle (Δ = +3.06°) and examiner composite grades (Δ = -0.11). These effects were supported by small-sample inference (permutation tests, bootstrap CIs) and complementary Bayesian estimation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: NEM showed potential short-term improvements in owner-reported function and examiner-graded gait, but larger controlled studies are needed.

14. Front Vet Sci. 2026 Feb 26;13:1711135. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1711135. eCollection 2026. Natural eggshell membrane supplementation for chronic lameness in warmblood horses: a 12-week prospective before-after study. Kwon YS(1), Jeong H(2), Kim J(3), Kim J(4), Chun K(5), Yang SK(6), Kim B(7).

Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a powerful route for fabricating patient-specific bone scaffolds; however, the selection of sustainable and bioactive materials remains challenging. In this study, we present a rational, two-stage approach that transforms eggshell biowaste into a mechanically robust reinforcement for alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogels. Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNPs) and eggshell particles, with and without their native membranes, were synthesized and compared in a standardized biomineralization assay. Eggshell particles exhibited markedly superior apatite formation due to their carbonate-rich composition and were incorporated into ADA-GEL bioinks to evaluate their performance as fillers for bone scaffolds. The resulting ink displayed non-Newtonian viscoelastic behavior suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing, yielding constructs with stable geometry. The presence of eggshell particles increased the elastic modulus (23 ± 14 MPa and 30 ± 7 MPa for particle-loaded scaffolds compared with 5 ± 1 MPa for the ADA-GEL construct), within the range of cancellous bone. The presence of the eggshell membrane, composed of collagenous and bioactive proteins, contributed to enhanced fluid absorption, and improved matrix hydrophilicity, while tuning the biodegradation rate (< 40% after 18 days). In vitro studies confirmed excellent cytocompatibility, supporting cell survival, adhesion, proliferation, particularly in eggshell-incorporated scaffolds and further enhanced in the presence of the eggshell membrane. All scaffolds exhibited comparable osteogenic differentiation. By establishing a streamlined materials-screening-to-biofabrication pipeline, this work introduces a sustainable and effective strategy for developing bioinspired scaffolds from natural waste for bone regeneration.

Critical-sized bone defects require grafts with ideal spatial supporting. We upcycled eggshell waste sustainably into porous amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) scaffolds and evaluated their early bone-regeneration performance alone and in combination with flexible and bioactive adjuncts in vivo. ACP scaffolds with ∼60% porosity were fabricated by pressure-densification, using ice microspheres as space holders. Before implantation, ACP scaffolds were vacuum-infiltrated with a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel to minimize internal voids. Bilateral critical-size femoral and calvarial defects were created in New Zealand White rabbits and reconstructed with one of four treatments: (1) Sham, (2) ACP scaffold (ACP), (3) ACP infused with HA hydrogel containing a proline-rich peptide P2 (ACP + HA/P2), or (4) ACP infused with HA/P2 supplemented with soluble eggshell membrane proteins (prepared by our lab, ACP + HA/P2 + SEPs). After 6 weeks, micro-CT and histology were performed. All ACP-containing groups showed greater defect filling and mineralization than the Sham group. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that ACP + HA/P2 + SEPs achieved the highest bone volume and trabecular number and the lowest trabecular separation. Histology confirmed more extensive mineralized collagenous deposition on ACP scaffolds and a more integrated bone-material fusion zone in this group. In femoral defects with graft displacement, ACP scaffolds induced cortical-scaffold bone bridging within the marrow, most evident with SEPs. Eggshell-derived ACP scaffolds, particularly when paired with SEP-enriched HA hydrogel, enhance early regeneration of critical-sized bone defects. Upcycling the inorganic and organic constituents of eggshell waste yields a complementary, single-origin biomaterials package for sustainable bone repair.

The fabrication and use of sustainable and biocompatible wound-healing materials represent a newer approach to wound regeneration. An eggshell membrane (ESM), a naturally derived biomaterial, has a thin but permeable structure, making it suitable to be used for tissue engineering, as it can mimic the native extracellular matrix. In this study, bioactive glass (BAG) and ion-doped BAG (Mn, Ce, and Mn + Ce) were coated onto the ESM films to build four composite scaffolds: EgB, EgBMn, EgBCe, and EgBMnCe. These scaffolds were characterized by using FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDAX to confirm the successful incorporation of BAG and dopants onto the ESM films. In vitro biocompatibility assays using the L929 fibroblast cell line showed that all scaffolds supported cell viability, with ion-doped variants showing enhanced proliferation. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), DAPI, and SEM studies further revealed superior cell adhesion, vitality, and intact nuclear morphology in doped scaffolds. In vivo wound healing studies in animal models exhibited accelerated wound contraction and increased collagen deposition at the wound site, particularly in EgBMn and EgBMnCe groups. These results point to the synergistic effect of ion release, and the ESM matrix creates a suitable environment conducive to tissue regeneration. Overall, ion-doped BAG-coated ESM scaffolds offer a promising and sustainable solution for advanced wound care by combining natural biomaterials with therapeutic bioactive agents.

Wound healing is often impeded by excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, necessitating multifunctional dressings with therapeutic and regenerative properties. Here, a biodegradable nanofiber dressing (PE@MD) composed of poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL), water-soluble eggshell membrane (ESM), and dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA) was developed via electrospinning technology. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that ESM contains abundant proteins and metabolites associated with cytoskeletal organization, antioxidation, and modulation of inflammation, providing intrinsic bioactivity to the composite. The incorporation of MPDA enabled sustained and controlled DEX release while enhancing the ROS scavenging capacity. The optimized PE@MD nanofibers exhibited good flexibility, biocompatibility, and degradation properties. In vitro, the dressing promoted the migration of fibroblasts and endothelial cells, reduced ROS levels, and induced macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype through NF-κB inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed activation of antioxidant and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. The PE@MD significantly accelerated wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition while reducing COX-2, IL-1β, MPO, and NF-κB p65 expression in a rat full-thickness wound model. These findings demonstrate that the PE@MD dressing effectively integrates bioactive ESM and MPDA-mediated sustained drug release, providing a sustainable and multifunctional platform that promotes enhanced collagen deposition, accelerated re-epithelialization, and reduced inflammatory infiltration during skin repair. © 2026. The Author(s).

Persistent intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis are key drivers of the progression from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Eggshell membrane (ESM) has shown beneficial effects in alleviating IBD symptoms; however, its impact on inflammation-driven CAC remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of dietary ESM supplementation in an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced CAC mouse model. Mice were fed either a control or ESM-supplemented diet for one month prior to CAC induction and continuing throughout the experiment. ESM supplementation significantly improved survival rates in AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice and reduced colitis severity, indicated by the down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1-like macrophage markers in the colonic mucosa. In addition, ESM conferred systemic protective effects by alleviating liver inflammation and tissue damage, as evidenced by preserved hepatic structure and reduced immune cell infiltration. Importantly, ESM significantly restored cecal microbiota composition disrupted by AOM/DSS, reducing pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, while enriching beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae. These compositional shifts were accompanied by predicted correction of dysregulated microbial metabolic pathways, reflecting a restoration of microbial functional balance. Overall, these findings demonstrate that ESM alleviates multi-organ inflammation and restores microbial balance in CAC, highlighting its potential as a dietary strategy to mitigate chronic inflammation and its systemic consequences. © 2026 The Author(s).

Eggshell membrane (ESM) is composed of approximately 90% protein. Our previous studies in healthy adults demonstrated that two months of daily ESM intake improved respiratory function, zigzag walking speed, and skin elasticity. The present study aims to address the knowledge gap regarding the in vivo effects of ESM in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Proteomic analysis was performed on powdered ESM used as a dietary supplement. To investigate its pharmacokinetics in mice, tritium (3H)-labeled ESM was prepared using the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction. The therapeutic potential of ESM was further examined in a 2.0% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine model of IBD. In addition, fecal samples from both mice and healthy human subjects were analyzed using a modified terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method. Lysozyme C (LYZ) was the most abundant protein (47%), followed by lysyl oxidase (12%) in ESM used in this study. 3H-ESM was mixed with MediGel, and orally administered to mice. Radioactivity levels were measured in blood, organs (duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, liver, kidney, lung, skin), and rectal feces at 0.5, 2, 5, 24, 48, and 72 h post-administration. Radioactivity in feces indicated excretion of undigested components, while systemic distribution suggested potential whole-body effects of ESM. Oral ESM and LYZ significantly alleviated body weight loss, diarrhea, and hematochezia in a DSS-induced murine model of IBD, leading to a significantly lower disease activity index on day 3 and showing a similar trend on day 5. Gut microbiota analysis showed increased Bacteroidales in the DSS group, while the ESM + DSS group maintained levels similar to the control. In humans, a double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ESM on gut microbiota in healthy adults. Participants received either ESM or placebo for 8 weeks. revealed a significant increase in alpha diversity at weeks 1 and 8 in the ESM group (p < 0.05), with between-group differences evident from week 1 (p < 0.01). ESM intake reduced Bacteroides and significantly increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillales at weeks

The development of new adjunct therapies to support bone healing remains an important clinical challenge. Eggshell membrane (ESM), a natural biomaterial derived from chicken eggs, has recently attracted attention for its safety, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effects of ESM supplementation on bone healing in a rat tibial drill-hole injury model. Seven-week-old male Wistar rats, acclimated for one week prior to the experiment, were divided into three groups: control, bone injury only, and bone injury with ESM supplementation (EM). Micro-computed tomography and histological analyses revealed a significant increase in new bone volume in the EM group at days 14 and 21 post-drill hole injury. On day 21, reduced toluidine blue staining, a lower osteocyte count, and the maturation of collagen fibers. Moreover, Sp7 mRNA expression and the number of osteocalcin-positive cells were increased. The expression of Nfatc1 and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts were also significantly elevated. In addition, the vascular area and Vegfa expression were markedly increased in the EM group throughout the observation period. These findings suggest that ESM supplementation promotes bone healing by stimulating angiogenesis and enhancing osteoblast and osteoclast activity, offering a promising nutritional adjunct to support and accelerate fracture healing.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that causes chronic pain, swelling, stiffness, disability, and significantly reduces the quality of life. Typically, OA is treated using painkillers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While current pharmacologic treatments are common, their potential side effects have prompted exploration into functional dietary supplements. Recently, eggshell membrane (ESM) has emerged as a potential functional ingredient for joint and connective tissue disorders due to its clinical efficacy in relieving joint pain and stiffness. Despite promising clinical evidence, the effects of ESM on OA progression and its mechanism of action remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the efficacy of Ovomet®, a powdered natural ESM, against joint pain and disease progression in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rodent model of OA in mice and rats. The results demonstrate that ESM significantly alleviates joint pain and attenuates articular cartilage destruction in both mice and rats that received oral supplementation for 5 days prior to OA induction and for 28 days thereafter. Interestingly, ESM significantly inhibited mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as inflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the knee joint cartilage at the early stage of OA, within 7 days after OA induction. However, this effect was not observed in the late stage at 28 days after OA induction. ESM further attenuates the induction of protein expression for cartilage-degrading enzymes like matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) 3 and 13, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5), in the late-stage. In addition, MIA-induced reduction of the protein expression levels of cartilage components, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), aggrecan (ACAN) and collagen type II α-1 chain (COL2α1), and cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis promoting transcriptional factor SRY-Box 9 (SOX-9) were increased via ESM treatment in the cartilage

Bone loss is a well-known phenomenon in the older population leading to increased bone fracture risk, morbidity, and mortality. Supplementation of eggshell membrane (ESM) is evaluated due to its possible application to prevent bone loss and usage in osteoporosis therapy. The similar organic chemical composition of ESM and human bone is described in detail as both mainly consist of collagen type I, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and elastan. ESM and its components are reported to improve mineralization in bone tissue. In many studies ESM intake reduced pain in patients with joint disorders and reduced inflammatory processes. Additionally, ESM improved calcium uptake in human cells. These findings in comparison with a clinical pilot study reporting pain reduction in osteoporotic patients and increased osteoblast activity in in vitro assays support ESM to be a beneficial supplement for bone health. In this systematic review we combined chemical structure analysis with clinical studies to give a more comprehensive picture with novel explanations. © 2024 The Authors.

BACKGROUND: Cachexia is a life-threatening condition observed in several pathologies, such as cancer or chronic diseases. Interleukin 10 (Il10) gene transfer is known to improve cachexia by downregulating Il6. Here, we used an IL10-knockout mouse model to simulate cachexia and investigate the effects of eggshell membrane (ESM), a resistant protein, on general pre-cachexia symptoms, which is particularly important for the development of cachexia therapeutics. METHODS: Five-week-old male C57BL6/J mice were fed an AIN-93G powdered diet (WT), and 5-week-old male B6.129P2-Il10 < tm1Cgn>/J (IL10-/- ) mice were fed either the AIN-93G diet (KO) or an 8% ESM-containing diet (KOE) for 28 weeks. The tissue weight and levels of anaemia-, blood glucose-, lipid metabolism-, and muscular and colonic inflammation-related biochemical markers were measured. Transcriptomic analysis on liver and colon mucus and proteomic analysis on skeletal muscle were performed. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify molecular pathways and networks. Caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were identified using HPLC, and caecal bacteria DNA were subjected to metagenomic analysis. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to measure the CD4+ IL17+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. RESULTS: The body weight, weight of gastrocnemius muscle and fat tissues, colon weight/length ratio, plasma HDL and NEFA, muscular PECAM-1 levels (P < 0.01), plasma glucose and colonic mucosal myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.05) and T helper (Th) 17 cell abundance (P = 0.071) were improved in KOE mice over KO mice. Proteomic analysis indicated the protective role of ESM in muscle weakness and maintenance of muscle formation (>1.5-fold). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ESM supplementation suppressed the LPS/IL1-mediated inhibition of RXR function pathway in the liver and downregulated the colonic mucosal expression of chemokines and Th cell differentiation-related markers (P < 0.01) by suppressing the upstream BATF pathway. Analysis of the intestinal microenvironment revealed that ESM supplementation ameliorated the microbial alpha diversity and the abundance of microbiota associated with the degree of inflammat

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is known to be associated with compositional and metabolic changes in the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary eggshell membrane (ESM) improves survival rate or ameliorates gut dysbiosis in a spontaneous IBD model of interleukin-10 knockout (IL10-/-) mice. Female C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and IL10-/- mice (KO) were fed an AIN-93G basal diet or an ESM diet (KOE) for 19 weeks. Gut microbiota profiles were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, and short-chain fatty acids in cecal content were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The results demonstrated that ESM supplementation significantly improved the survival rate and body composition in KO mice. Alpha diversity analysis of the microbiota revealed that ESM supplementation significantly increased gut microbial diversity, which was decreased in IL10-/- mice. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was recovered to a normal level by ESM supplementation, suggesting that ESM helps maintain the compositional balance of the gut microbiota. ESM increased relative abundance of commensal bacterial Ruminococcus and Bacteroidales S24-7 and reduced the abundance of the proinflammatory-related bacterium, Enterobacteriaceae. Additionally, ESM supplementation promoted the production of butyrate in cecal contents and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory genes, including interleukin-1β (Il-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α) in IL10-/- mice colon, indicating anti-inflammatory functions. These findings suggest that ESM may be used as a beneficial dietary intervention for IBD.

Cassava starch bioplastics have gained significant attention in Indonesia due to their economic viability and environmentally friendly characteristics. This study aimed to characterize the physical properties of cassava starch bioplastic supplemented with gelatin derived from the Indonesian native chicken eggshell membrane (INCES). This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of six treatment groups, differentiated by gelatin source (bovine skin, commercial bovine skin, and INCES) and concentration (2% and 4% w/v). The evaluated parameters included color, transparency, puncture resistance, and water solubility. These were statistically analyzed using a CRD with three replications, followed by mean comparisons through Tukey's test. Biodegradability data were assessed and presented using qualitative descriptive methods. The findings revealed that bioplastic containing 4% INCES gelatin had the brightest, yellowish hue, the lowest transparency, the least puncture resistance, and the highest water solubility. Biodegradability tests showed that the bioplastic decomposed readily in soil within five days. In summary, bioplastic incorporating INCES gelatin displayed inadequate physical properties compared to other samples. Further research should consider adding substances such as chitosan, agar, and cellulose to strengthen its mechanical attributes.

Calcium is an essential micronutrient commonly supplemented through diet or fortified products. This study aimed to develop efficient peptide‑calcium chelates from eggshell (ES) and eggshell membrane (ESM), agricultural by-products rich in proteins but with an inherently low calcium chelation (2.93 %) due to cross-linked structures. To address this issue, we employed both high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and enzymatic hydrolysis as independent methods to disrupt the ESM matrix. Enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be more effective than HPH in enhancing calcium chelation efficiency. Structural analyses (XRD, TG-DSC) confirmed stable protein/peptide‑calcium complexes. The resulting chelates, particularly chelates obtained via alkaline protease treatment (AP-Ca), exhibited high stability under thermal, pH fluctuations, and gastrointestinal conditions. In Caco-2 cell models, AP-Ca demonstrated the highest calcium transport efficiency (4.06 × 10-6 cm/s) at 3 h, exceeding that of HPH-treated and control samples. These results underscore the potential of ESM-derived peptide‑calcium chelates, especially AP-Ca, as bioavailable calcium supplements for functional foods and offer a sustainable strategy for eggshell waste utilization.

The development of sustainable and economically feasible phosphorus recovery technology is of great significance to alleviate water eutrophication. This study proposed an innovative "one-waste, dual-use" strategy, involving the construction of a three-stage fixed-bed system integrating adsorption and Fenton-like oxidation. This system uses eggshell calcium-rich biochar (ESBC) as the phosphorus adsorbent and copper-functionalized eggshell membrane biochar (Cu@ESM) as the catalyst for organophosphorus mineralization. The results showed that the integrated system has excellent treatment performance under weak alkaline conditions (pH 8-9). In the laboratory-scale treatment of high-concentration phosphorus-containing synthetic wastewater (400 mg P/L), the system was stable for approximately 940 min before reaching a 50% breakthrough. The pilot-scale test (100 L/h) was further validated with real swine wastewater, and it was confirmed that the system could continuously treat about 582 L of wastewater before saturation, and the operation was stable and efficient. Furthermore, by optimizing the molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus, high-purity hydroxyapatite was recovered from the concentrated eluent. This study presents a scalable technology based on the integration of agricultural waste valorization and advanced wastewater treatment, providing a promising solution for sustainable phosphorus management and recovery.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the impact of fresh eggshell membrane (MKARE®) as a nutricosmetic ingredient, with a focus on its influence on skin properties. Biomechanical measurement devices were used to assess the effects on skin condition, and the results were compared with hydrolyzed collagen and a placebo. METHODS: Biophysical parameters were analyzed (using Cutometer®, Tewameter®, Corneometer®, and VISIA®) among participants showing signs of aging. These individuals consumed either 300 mg of fresh eggshell membrane (MKARE®) or 8,000 mg of hydrolyzed collagen, and the results were compared to a placebo group after 28 and 57 days. RESULTS: The results showed significant improvements in skin firmness/flexibility and elasticity after 57 days of MKARE® intake, compared to both the hydrolyzed collagen and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a 300 mg intake of fresh membrane MKARE® positively affects mechanical skin parameters compared to the group that consumed 8,000 mg of hydrolyzed collagen or the placebo group. These improvements suggest that MKARE® consumption regenerates the skin structure, primarily due to positive changes in collagen and elastin formation, which are key contributors to the improvement of skin firmness, elasticity, and barrier protection.

BACKGROUND: Bridging ancient herbal wisdom with modern biomaterial innovation, this study pioneers a smart hydrogel infused with Red Ginseng (RG) (angiogenesis-boosting ginsenosides) and Centella asiatica (collagen-stimulating asiaticoside), synergized with alginate and upcycled eggshell membrane for unrivaled wound adhesion and eco-conscious design. Unlike conventional hydrogels, this bioactive synergy accelerates tissue regeneration while fighting antibiotic-resistant infections, thus opening up a new era of wound care inspired by nature. METHODS & MATERIALS: Initially, seven distinct hydrogel formulations were generated by blending sodium alginate and eggshell membrane with RG roots and centella asiatica at optimal concentrations. Subsequently, the hydrogels' structural characteristics were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Following structural validation, the study comprehensively evaluated the physical attributes of the hydrogels, encompassing swelling behavior, stability, weight loss, porosity, and antibacterial properties. Biocompatibility of the prepared hydrogels was assessed through hemolytic activity and cell viability analyses. Moreover, the therapeutic efficacy of the hydrogels was examined using a rat model, encompassing RNA expression and histological assessments to elucidate their potential wound-healing attributes. RESULTS: The developed hydrogel exhibited a porous architecture with interconnected cavities conducive to facilitating cell migration. Additionally, the hydrogels demonstrated antibacterial properties, as confirmed by antibacterial assays. MTT analysis revealed a positive impact on cell proliferation, with no observed cellular toxicity. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the hydrogels outperformed the control group, treated with gauze, in accelerating wound closure. Notably, the alginate/eggshell membrane/RG roots/Centella asiatica group exhibited the highest percentages of wound closure, re-epithelialization, and gene expression. CONCLUSION: This hydrogel transcends conventional wound care, harnessing RG's angiogenic magic and centella's c