Propolis

BACKGROUND: The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes (T2D) underscores the need for adjunctive therapies to enhance nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of antioxidants in improving periodontal and glycemic outcomes in T2D patients with periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. Antioxidants tested were melatonin, propolis, lycopene, ginger, vitamin C, omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs), and grape seed extract. Outcomes (clinical attachment level [CAL], probing depth [PD], gingival index [GI], HbA1c) were analyzed using random-effects models (mean differences, 95% CIs). Risk of bias was assessed via the Cochrane criteria. RESULTS: Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs, n = 315) were identified. Adjunctive antioxidants significantly improved CAL (melatonin: SMD -2.28, 95% CI -3.01 to -1.56; propolis: SMD -3.83, -4.79 to -2.87) and PD (melatonin: SMD -2.40, -3.14 to -1.66; propolis: SMD -1.78, -2.44 to -1.11). Melatonin and propolis also reduced HbA1c (melatonin: SMD -2.28; propolis: SMD -3.83). Lycopene and ginger showed modest effects, while vitamin C and O3FAs had minimal impact. Evidence certainty was moderate for CAL/HbA1c and low for PD/GI. CONCLUSION: Antioxidants, particularly melatonin and propolis, enhance periodontal and glycemic outcomes in T2D-periodontitis patients. Despite promising results, limitations include small sample sizes and heterogeneity. Larger RCTs are needed to optimize protocols. © 2025 The Author(s). Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

INTRODUCTION: The current meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of propolis supplementation on hypertension. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: the systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken on five online databases to find clinical trials assessing the effects of propolis on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) markers up to October 2023. The pooled estimation of the weighted mean difference (WMD) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed-effect model. Egger's regression test was used to assess publication bias. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A significant decrease was observed in SBP levels following propolis supplementation (WMD=-5.58 mmHg, 95% CI: -7.74, -3.42; I2=42.99%, P=0.08). However, no significant change was found in the levels of DBP (WMD=-1.34 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.10, 3.41; I2=75.94%, P<0.01). Moreover, studies with an experimental design (-5.53, 95% CI: -13.24, 2.18) and trials with <30 individuals (-3.96, 95% CI: -7.98, 0.06) did not demonstrate a significant impact of propolis on SBP levels. In trials with an experimental design, a substantial decrease in DBP levels was seen in subgroup analyses after propolis supplementation (-9.29, 95% CI: -12.50, -6.08). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study revealed the positive effects of propolis supplementation in the context of hypertension, as evidenced by a reduction in SBP levels.

Recent interventional investigations suggest the beneficial impact of propolis supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers; however, the results have not been summarized in a comprehensive meta-analysis. We conducted this meta-analysis to summarize all available data and provide clear evidence for whether propolis supplementation affects inflammatory biomarkers. This systematic review with meta-analysis was performed by searching databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) until February 2024. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of propolis supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. This review included 20 RCTs with a total of 1139 participants. The propolis supplementation significantly reduced IL-6 (WMD = -2.48; 95 % CI: -4.62, -0.34; P = 0.023) and TNF-α (WMD = -0.86; 95 % CI: -1.45, -0.26; P = 0.005) compared with control groups. Although the CRP concentration was not reduced (WMD = 0.01; 95 % CI: -0.03, 0.05, P = 0.646), a significant reduction in CRP levels was revealed in supplementation durations ≥ 10 weeks. These results suggest that propolis has a beneficial effect on TNF-α and IL-6 levels and may be an effective adjunctive therapy for diseases where inflammation is a key factor in the etiology. Due to the limited number of studies, clinical diversity, and other limitations, it is necessary to conduct more high-quality studies to provide more precise and comprehensive recommendations.

BACKGROUND: New evidence suggested that propolis might reduce serum levels of inflammatory mediators; therefore, in this study we aimed to prove the potential effect of propolis on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) through conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Databases including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science were searched until October 2023. In the present meta-analysis, we detected the overall effect sizes using extracted standard mean differences (SMD) and the standard deviations (SDs) from both study groups through DerSimonian and Laird method. Exploring the statistical heterogeneity was done through Cochran's Q test and I-squared statistic. RESULTS: In total, seventeen and sixteen studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The overall estimate indicated that the propolis significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 (SMD = -3.47, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -5.1, -1.84; p < 0.001), CRP (SMD= -1.73, 95%CI: -2.82, -0.65; p = 0.002), and TNF-α (SMD= -1.42, 95%CI= -2.15, -0.68; p < 0.001). These results also revealed geographical region and propolis dose were the critical points to get the beneficial effects. CONCLUSION: According to our result, propolis supplementation can decrease serum levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α; therefore, it might be considered as complementary therapy for the treatment of certain chronic diseases. © 2024. The Author(s).

PURPOSE: Even though various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effect of propolis on glycemic indices and liver enzyme concentrations in adults, results have been inconsistent, without conclusive evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs sought to evaluate the effects of propolis consumption on glycemic indices and liver enzymes, fasting blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, glycosylated hemoglobin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in adults. METHODS: Two independent researchers systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for English-language RCTs published up to April 2024. The results were generated through a random-effects model and presented as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% CI. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation assessment were used to evaluate quality assessment and certainty of evidence. FINDINGS: A total of 21 RCTs were included. A pooled analysis of 24 trials reported that propolis consumption led to a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (WMD, -9.75 mg/dL; 95% CI, -16.14 to -3.35), insulin (WMD, -1.64 µU/mL; 95% CI, -2.61 to -0.68), glycosylated hemoglobin (WMD, -0.46%; 95% CI, -0.71 to -0.21), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (WMD, -0.54; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.09), alanine transaminase (WMD, -2.60 IU/L; 95% CI, -4.58 to -0.61), and aspartate aminotransferase (WMD, -2.07 IU/L; 95% CI, -3.05 to -1.09). However, there were no significant effects on gamma-glutamyl transferase in comparison with the control group. IMPLICATIONS: This meta-analysis has shown that propolis supplementation may have beneficial effects on glycemic indices and liver enzymes. Future high-quality, long-term RCTs are needed to confirm our results. CLINICALTRIALS: gov identifiers: CRD42024524763. (Clin Ther. 2024;46:XXX-XXX) © 2024 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural feed additives in animal feed. These can be used as replacements for antibiotics, to alter rumen fermentation and increase feed efficiency in ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding different feed additives in the diet of beef and dairy cattle on their performance, dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency, through a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. The systematic review suggested 43 peer-reviewed publications, according to the pre-established criteria. In beef cattle, the ionophore antibiotics reduced the DMI, improved the feed efficiency without interfering in the average daily gain (ADG). Non-ionophore antibiotics and propolis extract increased the ADG. In dairy cattle, the ionophores, yeast-based additives, and enzyme additives increased the feed efficiency, DMI, and daily milk production (MY), respectively. Essential oil supplementation in beef and dairy cattle had no effect on the feed intake and animal performance. The systematic review and meta-analysis allowed us to conclude that different feed additives have different effects on cattle performance, however, our results suggest that there are a few gaps regarding their effects on animal performance.

The present study aimed to assess the effect of propolis supplementation on oxidative status, a key contributor to the etiology of many chronic diseases. A systematic search of multiple databases, including Web of Science, SCOPUS, Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar, was conducted from inception to October 2022 to identify articles examining the effect of propolis on glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. A total of nine studies were included in the final analysis, and a random-effects model was used to pool the estimated effects. Results showed that propolis supplementation significantly increased the levels of GSH (SMD = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.15, 5.18; I2 = 97.2%), GPX (SMD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.05; p = 0.025; I2 = 62.3%), and TAC (SMD = 3.26; 95% CI: 0.89, 5.62; I2 = 97.8%, p < 0.001). However, the effect of propolis on SOD was not significant (SMD = 0.05; 95% CI: -0.25, 0.34; I2 = 0.0%). Although the MDA concentration was not significantly decreased overall (SMD = -0.85, 95% CI: -1.70, 0.09; I2 = 93.3%), a significant decrease in MDA levels was observed at doses ≥1000 mg/day (SMD = -1.90; 95% CI: -2.97, -0.82; I2 = 86.4) and supplementation durations of less than 11 weeks (SMD = -1.56; 95% CI: -2.60, -0.51; I2 = 90.4). These results suggest that propolis is a safe supplement with a beneficial effect on GSH, GPX, and TAC levels and may be an effective adjunctive therapy for diseases where oxidative stress is a key factor in the etiology. However, further high-quality studies are necessary to make more precise and comprehensive recommendations given the limited number of studies, clinical diversity, and other limitations. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Bee products including propolis, bee wax, pollen and royal jelly (RJ) have been used as medicine from ancient times. A vast number of in-vivo and in-vitro studies as well as clinical trials have been conducted to investigate potential health related properties of RJ. A growing number of clinical trials have been performed to assess effects of RJ ingestion on different metabolic markers including glycemia, with diverse results. In the current meataanalysis, we aimed to evaluate effects of RJ ingestion on glycemic markers compared with placebo and set directions for future research. Electronic databases including Scopus, Pubmed, Scholar, Cochrane, Proquest, SID and Magiran were searched and 5 eligible studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Review Manager Software was used for statistical analysis and random effects model was used for pooling data. A total of 205 participants for FPG and 130 participants for HbA1c were included. The overall analysis revealed that RJ consumption reduced FPG by 0.95 mg/dl (95% CI: -5.83 to 3.87; p = 0.69; I2 = 0%; Tau2 = 0.00) and HbA1c by 0.32 (95% CI: -0.87 to 0.23; p = 0.25; I2 = 69 %; Tau2 = 0.16) which were not statistically significant. Funnel plot demonstrated no publication bias. In conclusion, RJ supplementation did not beneficially affect markers of glycemia. However, due to methodology issues and potential confounders like diet as well as diverse populations, we recommend future studies well designed and well controlled for major confounders so we can update these data to more precise results and more accurate conclusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The impetus for the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of propolis supplementation on markers of glycemic status in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to August 2018, identifying randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of propolis supplementation on glycemic markers in adults with T2DM. Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias assessment. A random-effects model was applied in the meta-analysis to compensate for potential heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS: Six randomized controlled trials comprising 373 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-13.51 mg/dl; 95% CI [-24.98, -2.04]) and hemoglobin A1C (-0.52%; 95% CI [-0.94, -0.10]) concentrations following propolis supplementation. However, no significant lowering effect was observed in fasting insulin levels (-0.53 pmol/L; 95% CI [-1.69, 0.63]) or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-0.543; 95% CI [-1.72, 0.64]). CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that propolis supplementation may be effective in controlling glycemic levels for T2DM patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these results. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of a barrier cream containing propolis, beeswax, queen bee larvae, and vegetable oil (barrier cream 1) with those of zinc oxide (barrier cream 2) and olive oil on the healing of mild diaper dermatitis (DD). METHODS: A single-blind, parallel-group, pretest-posttest, repeated-measures randomized controlled trial was conducted. The study included infants aged 1-6 months diagnosed with mild DD, who were recruited from three family health centers and a pediatric outpatient clinic in a public hospital in a district of the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square, Bonferroni correction, and generalized estimating equations with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean DD severity score on days 1, 2, and 3 was lower in the barrier cream 1 group than in the barrier cream 2 and olive oil groups. The mean DD severity score on day 2 of the babies in the barrier cream 1 group was significantly lower than in the other groups (p = .012). Compared to olive oil, barrier cream 1 was 2.54 times (p = .004) more effective, and barrier cream 2 was 1.43 times more effective (p = .192) in improving DD. CONCLUSIONS: Barrier cream 1, a formulation containing propolis, beeswax, queen bee larvae, and vegetable oil, demonstrated superior effectiveness in treating mild DD in infants compared to barrier cream 2 and olive oil. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Interventions aligned with the ABCDE model positively influenced healing outcomes and enhanced parental satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results from intense or unaccustomed exercise, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced muscle function due to excessive reactive oxygen species. Propolis, a natural bee-derived substance rich in bioactive coumpounds such as artepillin-c, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential to mitigate EIMD. This study investigated the effect of a standardized Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF) on recovery from EIMD, which is characterized by muscle soreness, reduced function, and lower muscle quality. METHODS: Twenty-two trained female participants were randomly assigned to consume eight capsules of EPP-AF (containing approximately 54 mg artepillin C) or a placebo (PLA) for seven days. On day four, participants performed 10 sets of 10 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles. Maximal voluntary isokinetic torque (MVIT), muscle thickness (MT), muscle ultrasound echo intensity (EI), and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before and at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-EIMD. RESULTS: The EIMD protocol significantly increased MT (p = 0.031), EI (p = 0.013), and DOMS (p < 0.001) while reducing MVIT (p < 0.001). Compared to placebo, EPP-AF supplementation attenuated DOMS (p < 0.001), mitigated increases in MT (p = 0.025) and EI (p = 0.043), and accelerated MVIT recovery (p = 0.037) in the days following days of eccentric exercise compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: EPP-AF may alleviate the symptoms and attenuate markers of muscle damage in the knee extensor muscles of resistance-trained females. These findings highlight the potential of propolis as a natural intervention to enhance recovery from EIMD.

BACKGROUND: Acute bronchitis (AB) is a lower respiratory tract infection manifested by cough, which is challenging to manage at the moment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a food supplement (Atusin® CAP) combining 4 types of purified essential oils, bromelain, and green Brazilian propolis in adults. METHODS: A post-surveillance, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study was conducted over 6 months. Participants with acute uncomplicated bronchitis were administered the combination preparation (verum group) or placebo for 10 days in total. The primary outcome was clinical cure, defined as a ≥ 75% reduction in baseline Bronchitis Severity Scale (BSS) score after 10 days. RESULTS: In total, 310 participants were randomized 1:1, of which 155 and 150 participants in the verum and placebo group, respectively, were included in the efficacy and safety analysis sets. A statistically significantly higher number of clinically cured participants was observed in the verum group compared to the placebo group on all reporting days until the end of study intervention administration (Day 10: p = 0.029). The mean BSS score was statistically significantly different between the study intervention groups from Day 7 (p = 0.050) until Day 10 (p = 0.011). In addition, there were no differences in the incidence of adverse events between the verum and placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the studied combination preparation, containing scientifically proven active substances that bring together key mechanisms for cough relief, is effective in the treatment of acute uncomplicated bronchitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06142994. Registered on 22 November 2023. © 2025. The Author(s).

PURPOSE: Due to strong suggestions about natural compounds, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of propolis and Nigella sativa nanoemulsion (NEPNS) and its effect for direct pulp capping of primary teeth. METHODS: After preparing the NEPS extract, the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity test was performed. Then amongst children referred to the paediatric department, those whose healthy canines had to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were chose. Subsequent to pulpotomy of both canines, NEPNS were placed on one side and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) on the other as pulp capping. Finally, after 30 days, the teeth were extracted and a blind pathologist examined the histopathology sections of the samples. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, and Fisher exact test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Cytotoxicity test showed that cell viability exposed to 25 and 50 ppm of NEPNS were similar to the control group in 24 and 48 h. The histopathology showed that there was no significant difference between two groups in dentin bridge formation, pre-dentin production, foreign body reaction, and presence of dentin chips (P = 0.0242, 0.567, 0.098, and 0.999 respectively). Meanwhile, the inflammation was significantly lower (P = 0.0313) and odontoblastic differentiation was significantly higher in the CEM group (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Incorporating NEPNS for direct pulp capping of primary teeth leads to mild inflammation comparing to CEM, but dentine bridge formation and developing pre-dentin was similar to the control group after 30 days. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This prospective study was registered at the national clinical trials registry virtual platform as IRCT20230312057689N1 on 2 April 2023. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry.

BACKGROUND: Reducing cardiovascular risk markers is an essential target in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of royal jelly plus green propolis supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved HD patients allocated to receive either royal jelly plus green propolis EPP-AF® (100 mg RJ + 500 mg GP) or placebo capsules daily for 2 months. Before and after the intervention period, the biochemical parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and uremic toxins were measured. RESULTS: A total of 38 HD patients completed the 2-month supplementation study, with 19 patients in each group. After 2 months, the treated group showed a significant reduction in plasma levels of IL-6 (0.78 to 0.63 pg/mL, p = 0.008) and total cholesterol (138.60 to 111.85 mg/dL, p = 0.03), whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group. Uremic toxins did not change after intervention. CONCLUSION: Apitherapy with RJ + GP EPP-AF® extract significantly reduced plasma IL-6 and total cholesterol in HD patients. This supplementation shows promise as a non-pharmacological strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk markers in this population.

BACKGROUND: The goal of effective primary tooth infection treatment is to keep the child healthy. The need to find the optimum root canal paste, however, was driven by the complex morphology of primary root canals and the desire for shorter therapy sessions. AIMS: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of zinc oxide eugenol, Zinc oxide-Propolis, and endoflas as obturating materials in the pulpectomy of primary teeth at 3, 6 and 9 months of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pulpectomy of 60 nonvital primary molars was accomplished in 50 children aged 4-9 years. Teeth were randomly divided into three equal groups of 20 molars according to the type of root canal filling material. Pulpectomy was performed in a single or multiple visits depending on the condition of the tooth, and a stainless-steel crown was used for final restoration. Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated double-blindly at baseline (1 week), and at 3, 6 and 9 months, while radiographic results were evaluated at baseline (1 week), and at 6 and 9 months. Data were analysed using the Chi-square/Fisher's exact test, and the P value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Endoflas and a mixture of zinc oxide powder with Propolis showed promising results (100%), whereas zinc oxide eugenol showed a lower success rate than the other two materials (85%). CONCLUSIONS: Endoflas and a combination of zinc oxide powder with Propolis can be a promising material as an alternative to Zinc Oxide Eugenol for obturation in primary teeth.

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) significantly impacts patients' quality of life (QoL), particularly due to complications like oral mucositis (OM). This study evaluated the effectiveness of honey and Taiwanese green propolis (TGP) in managing OM severity in HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: From April 2019 to January 2022, 75 HNC patients were randomly assigned to honey, TGP, or usual-care groups. The primary outcome was OM severity, measured using the World Health Organization (WHO) mucositis scale (0-4). Secondary outcomes, including patient-reported OM symptoms, xerostomia, and QoL, were also assessed. Data were collected weekly for 12 weeks post-radiotherapy and analyzed using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method. All patients were free of OM symptoms at the baseline. Results: Compared to the usual-care group, the honey group showed significantly higher QoL scores (β = 10.05, SE = 3.59, 95% CI = 3.02 to 17.08, P = 0.01) and reduced OM severity (β = -0.45, SE = 0.15, P < 0.01). The TGP group also significantly reduced OM severity (β = -0.37, SE = 0.13, P < 0.01) but did not significantly affect QoL (β = 2.42, SE = 3.63, P = 0.51). OM severity peaked at week 7 in the usual-care group (mean 2.75 ± 1.07), with significantly lower scores in both honey (1.73 ± 1.39) and TGP (2.00 ± 1.38) groups (P < 0.05). Post-hoc comparisons at week 7 showed that honey was more effective than TGP (P = 0.046). The cumulative incidence of severe OM (WHO grade ≥3) was significantly lower in the honey group (36%) compared to the usual-care group (68%; P = 0.012). Additionally, weight maintenance was better in the honey group (average weight loss: 0.84 kg) compared to the TGP (3.30 kg) and usual-care (4.55 kg) groups, which may be associated with improved oral function. Conclusion: Honey is an effective therapy for managing OM severity in HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy. While TGP reduces OM severity, it is less effective than honey. Further studies are needed to establish standardized clinical guidelines for the use of honey and propolis products in HNC supportive care. The clinical trial registry number is NCT04382079 (https://clinicaltrials.gov)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Brazilian green propolis-BrGrProp on biochemical parameters and dietary intake in People Living with Diabetes - PLWD. METHOD: Randomized double-blind study performed for thirty days. PLWD (n = 62/Phase-1: PLWD supplemented with BrGrProp (G1/n = 31) and another treated with Manihot esculenta starch (Placebo/n = 31). From this group, 22 PLWD (G2) participated in the study being treated with BrGrProp, characterized as Phase-2. PLWD received capsules (2× 500 mg/day) of BrGrProp or Placebo. Fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol and fractions, pyruvic glutamic transaminase, oxalacetic glutamic transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and dietary intake data were determined at the beginning and end of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 21/Minitab-17/Prisma 7.0. RESULTS: Phase-1: no significant changes were observed in the analyzed parameters. Phase 2: Improvement in glycemic parameters (FBG and HbA1c) and most lipid parameters (TC, LDL, HDL and TG), with reduction in the level of Hb1Ac (p = 0.023), increase in the level of HDL (p = 0.048) and in the food intake of the PLWD. The indicators of liver function did not show significant changes. CONCLUSION: BrGrProp in the diet generates beneficial effects for diabetics, characterized by improvement of HbA1c and HDL parameters, without causing detectable harmful changes.

BACKGROUND: Fixed orthodontic appliances increase the risk of enamel demineralization due to plaque accumulation. While fluoride mouthwash is well established, propolis and probiotic formulations are emerging alternatives with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. AIM: To compare the effects of propolis, fluoride, and probiotic mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans levels and oxidative stress (8-OHdG) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 120 patients screened (March 2022-February 2023), 90 were randomized into three groups (n=30 each): propolis, fluoride, and probiotic. S. mutans was quantified at baseline, 30 days, 3-, 6- and 9-months using Q-PCR. Salivary 8-OHdG was measured using ELISA. Dietary and oral hygiene behaviours were monitored through a mobile app, interviews and 24-hour dietary recalls. RESULTS: S. mutans levels (log10 CFU/mL) significantly decreased (P<0.001) at 9 months: from 4.35±0.45 to 0.89±0.06 (propolis), 4.42±0.49 to 2.74±0.18 (fluoride), and 4.38±0.50 to 3.21±0.06 (probiotic). Ct values increased accordingly, confirming reduced bacterial load. Salivary 8-OHdG (ng/mL) declined significantly (P<0.001): 3.8±0.8 to 0.32±0.14 (propolis), 3.9±0.7 to 1.32±0.18 (fluoride), 3.8±0.6 to 2.42±0.22 (probiotic). CONCLUSION: Propolis mouthwash produced the greatest reductions likely due to the combined effect of standardized extract and essential oils added for taste. Fluoride remained effective for microbial control, while probiotics offered modest benefit. High compliance strengthened these findings. Further studies should isolate active components and assess long-term effects in broader settings.

Combining functional foods may mitigate oxidative stress and gut dysbiosis complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study evaluated the impact of a mixture of turmeric and propolis on redox balance markers and microbiota-derived uremic toxins in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Patients received 10 mL of a compound containing Curcuma longa L. (130 mg curcuminoids/day) and green propolis extract (110 mg/day of green propolis [EPP-AF]), along with ginger and lemon juice, or a placebo, once a day for 8 weeks. Antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) test, iron reduction power (FRAP) test, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined to estimate lipid peroxidation, and HPLC was used to evaluate uremic toxins. The study involved 35 patients: 17 in the intervention group (51 [19] years; body mass index [BMI], 23.7 [5.4] kg/m2) and 18 in the placebo group (51.5 [12.2] years; BMI, 23.4 [3.8] kg/m2). The intervention with functional foods significantly increased the FRAP test levels compared to the placebo group (p < 0.01), and there was a tendency to reduce indole-3-acetic acid plasma levels. Combining functional foods such as turmeric and propolis extracts can improve CKD patients' antioxidant capacity. © 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Synergistic Action of Alpha-cypermethrin, Propolis Nanoemulsions and Other Activator Adjuvants for Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrcera zonata Management. Romeh AA(1), El-Nagar HM(2), Romeh ZAA(1), Ismail AM(3), Al-Kahtani SN(4), Hajjar MJ(4). Author information: (1)Plant Production Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. (2)Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. (3)Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia. [email protected]. (4)Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), is a major pest affecting over fifty tropical and subtropical

25. Neotrop Entomol. 2026 Apr 15;55(1):29. doi: 10.1007/s13744-026-01377-8. Synergistic Action of Alpha-cypermethrin, Propolis Nanoemulsions and Other Activator Adjuvants for Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrcera zonata Management. Romeh AA(1), El-Nagar HM(2), Romeh ZAA(1), Ismail AM(3), Al-Kahtani SN(4),

6-MP and 5-FU are effective anticancer drugs; still, their efficacy is limited by inadequate solubility and dose-dependent toxicity. Propolis, high in bioactive chemicals, was investigated for its synergistic effects to improve efficacy. GC-MS analysis found 20 bioactive chemicals that were docked against cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and aromatase. Compounds 1,3-dipalmitin and rac-1-oleoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol demonstrated the highest affinities (- 10.93 to -13.18 kcal/mol), indicating possible inhibition of cell cycle and estrogen biosynthesis regulators. Co-treatment with propolis and chemotherapeutic exhibited a marked reduction of IC₅₀ values in both MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, with the most significant reduction for the 5-FU-propolis combination (IC₅₀ of 12.0 µg/mL) compared with 5-FU alone (26.2 µg/mL in MCF-7 and 15.8 µg/mL in HepG2). The Chou-Talalay analysis confirmed synergy (CI < 1), for 5 FU with propolis (CI = 0.46 in MCF 7). Combination therapy elicited S-phase arrest, also impairing mitochondrial membrane potential and altering the path of cell death toward necrosis and late-stage apoptosis. Propolis serves as a prospective chemotherapeutic adjuvant that enhances the anticancer efficacy of 6-MP and 5-FU, allowing dose reduction, minimizing toxicity, and potentially overcoming drug resistance in breast cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic use of this synergistic technique requires confirmation via pharmacokinetic profiling, extensive vivo research, and considered clinical trials. © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

BACKGROUND: Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic protozoa that produce highly resistant cysts, complicating the treatment of ocular infections. METHODS: We assessed the anti-Acanthamoeba activity and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with propolis extracts from three stingless bee species, individually or combined with chlorhexidine (CHX). Encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug release kinetics, pH sensitivity, and anti-Acanthamoeba activity against trophozoite and cyst stages of four Acanthamoeba strains were evaluated. Additionally, cytotoxicity against Vero cells was examined. RESULTS: The formulations demonstrated excellent EE (81-92%), with the combinations of Propolis 2, Propolis 3, and chlorhexidine achieving maximum drug entrapment and sustained release (>80%). It also exhibited the most effective cysticidal activity (minimal inhibitory cystic concentration (MICC) 1.25%) against A. polyphaga and the lowest toxicity (Minimal Cytotoxicity Concentration 2.5%) toward normal mammalian cells. Drug release conformed to non-Fickian (Case II) diffusion behavior and was enhanced in acidic pH conditions, which are relevant to disease. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological damage to the cyst walls. CONCLUSION: These results highlight that propolis-CHX-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) show promise as a targeted, biocompatible therapy against drug-resistant Acanthamoeba cysts. ©2025 Marimuthu et al.

Sore throat, commonly associated with pharyngitis and tonsillitis, is primarily caused by bacterial pathogens. Conventional therapies rely on antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs; however, concerns about adverse effects, antibiotic resistance, and drug interactions have encouraged the search for alternative remedies. Cannabis sativa L. (CS) has demonstrated potential in relieving sore throat and inflammation, while propolis, a bee-derived natural product, exhibits notable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to investigate the enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of combining CS and propolis extracts (PE). Results found that CS and PE exhibited antibacterial effects against Streptococcus pyogenes DMST 4369, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. Their combination produced additive antibacterial effects against S. pyogenes and S. aureus. Cannabidiol (CBD) was identified as an active antibacterial constituent against S. pyogenes. Additionally, the PE-CBD in CS solution combination at concentration 625:0.125 µg/mL significantly reduced NO production and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. This study highlights the enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of the C. sativa and propolis combination, emphasizing the need to verify synergistic effects and determine the appropriate ratio for rational product development. Further research is needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action, particularly the anti-inflammatory pathways, in animal models. In addition, studies on hepatotoxicity should be conducted to ensure safety.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The disease spreads over the world and has an impact on human health and welfare. The patients suffer from cognitiv disability in addition to economic and social effects. It is urgently necessary to find effective medication for cognitive decline because it appears to be a central focus of neurological and neurodegenerative illnesses. Cognitive decline is an intriguing pathophysiological state. Such underlying causes of cognitive impairment linked to neurodegeneration include oxidative damage and diminished cholinergic neurotransmission. The approved therapies for neurodegenerative diseases like AD are known to have undesirable side effects and merely offer symptomatic alleviation. Honeybee products have long been recognized for their therapeutic and health-improving properties. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of bee products and their ingredients are promising agents for AD. The current review aimed to collect and expose the different studies conducted on the neuroprotective potential of honeybee products such as bee venom and propolis or their active components chrysin, ferulic acid, and quercetin in combination with the conventional anti-AD or anti-dementia treatments such as donepezil and rivastigmine. Additionally, the active component chitosan was found to form effective nanoparticles in treating the neurodegenerative diseases in concern. Although the studies collected on this topic were few, they highlighted the potential synergistic effect of honeybee products in treating AD. In conclusion, bee products combined with donepezil and rivastigmine can be considered a potential neuroprotective agent against AD. Further studies are needed to support the preclinical studies and promote the clinical trials. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Digestive system tumors, including gastric and colorectal cancers, have notable global incidence and mortality rates. While 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in treating gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, resistance often limits its effectiveness. Recent research has focused on the potential of natural products, such as propolis, a resin produced by honeybees, as adjuncts in cancer therapy. This study examined whether water-based propolis (WBP) could enhance the therapeutic effects of 5-FU on AGS (p53-wild-type) and Caco-2 (p53-null) cancer cell lines, aiming to propose a new combined treatment strategy. The findings demonstrated that WBP and 5-FU exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, with WBP increasing the therapeutic efficiency of 5-FU by reducing its half-maximal inhibitory concentration in both cancer cell lines, and reducing 5-FU toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Notably, cancer cells expressing p53 showed greater sensitivity to 5-FU; however, WBP demonstrated similar effects in both cell lines. The combined therapy of WBP (100 µg/mL for 48-h) and 5-FU (10 µg/mL for 48-h) with synergistic effects significantly reduced cell proliferation and motility. Moreover, combined treatments caused increased reactive oxygen species production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy, thus leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared to individual treatments and controls, regardless of p53 expression in both cancer cells. These findings suggest that WBP, a natural product, could supplement 5-FU chemotherapy by enhancing its antitumor effectiveness, warranting further investigation for treating GI cancers. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Propolis, a natural resinous substance rich in bioactive compounds, has been traditionally used for its therapeutic properties. This study investigates the cytotoxic and anticancer effects of Anatolian propolis on ovarian cancer cells, focusing on its modulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and its ability to enhance cisplatin efficacy. Its antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties were also assessed, addressing infection risks in immunocompromised cancer patients. In epithelial ovarian cancer (A2780) cell line, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell viability were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis, propidium iodide/annexin V staining, and MTS assay, respectively. The signaling pathways were analyzed using Western blotting. The IC50 value of propolis was determined as 0.342 ± 0.180 mg/mL in the A2780 cell line and 1.11 ± 0.31 mg/mL in the MCF-10A cell line. Apoptosis in the cells was evaluated using annexin V/PI staining and Caspase-3 expression via flow cytometry after treatment with varying concentrations of propolis and cisplatin. The combination of propolis at IC50 and cisplatin at IC25 demonstrated the highest apoptotic activity. Propolis treatment upregulated pro-apoptotic Bax while downregulating survival proteins (Bcl-2, mTOR/p-mTOR, and AKT/p-AKT) in A2780 cells, demonstrating AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated anticancer activity. Propolis exhibited potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against clinically relevant pathogens including MRSA and MDR E. coli, confirming its antimicrobial potential. Anatolian propolis demonstrates anticancer activity by modulating the AKT/mTOR pathway and enhancing cisplatin efficacy. Its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties further highlight its potential as a dual-function therapeutic agent, especially in cancer contexts where secondary infections are a common complication. © 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

BACKGROUND: The generation of drug-resistance limits chemotherapy application such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) inhibitors in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Propolis has been regarded as a resistance reversal agent for many tumors, but its role in the sensitivity of MCL to PI3Kδ inhibitors remains unclear. PURPOSE: The study investigated the synergistic effect, material basis and underlying mechanism of propolis in PI3Kδ inhibitor-resistant MCL cells. METHODS: A PI3Kδ inhibitor resistance-acquired model was established and proteomics was utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins. The ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) was obtained and its components were detected by using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Active ingredients with potential resistance-reversal effect were obtained by reverse pharmacology. The sensitizing effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on idelalisib was demonstrated by cell viability assay in vitro and tumor-growth study in vivo. RNA-sequencing was applied to obtain CAPE-regulated genes. The occurrence of ferroptosis was confirmed by relevant detections such as lipid ROS detection. The regulation of chromobox homolog 5 (CBX5) was achieved by molecular inhibitors, transfection of recombinant plasmid or siRNA. RESULTS: EEP combined with idelalisib synergistically reduced the viability of resistant MCL cells, with CAPE playing a major role. The combination of CAPE and idelalisib combated the growth of idelalisib-resistant MCL cells in vivo and in vitro by inducing ferroptosis. The CBX5 level influences the sensitivity to PI3Kδ inhibitors, and CAPE reversed resistance in MCL-R by inducing CBX5-mediated ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: CBX5 loss drives Pl3Kδ inhibitor resistance in MCL and CAPE in propolis restores sensitivity by inducing CBX5-mediated ferroptosis. This is the first study to demonstrate the reversal of PI3Kδ inhibitor resistance through CAPE-induced ferroptosis via CBX5 modulation.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections worldwide, increasing the incidence of antibiotic resistance and creating demand for alternative antimicrobial agents. Propolis, a natural antimicrobial agent, has been used in ancient folk medicine. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) alone and in combination with honey against multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens and also investigates the chemical composition of Egyptian propolis, which may be a potential therapeutic approach against MDR uropathogens. EEP was prepared, followed by column chromatographic fractionation using four different solvent systems. The ethyl acetate fraction was further fractionated through vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). The antimicrobial activity of the EEP, propolis fractions, honey, and EEP-Honey mixture was studied, and the fraction with the best antimicrobial activity was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. The results indicated that EEP showed antimicrobial activity against the five MDR uropathogens with varying potential, while honey showed no activity against these pathogens. In comparison, the EEP-Honey mixture exhibited good antimicrobial synergy, with the MIC value decreasing by approximately 4-8 folds. In propolis fractionation, ethyl acetate was the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances from EEP, and fraction 5 (F5) was the most active fraction, with inhibition zone diameters of 30.33, 29.00, 21.58, 25.33, and 27.67 mm against MDR P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus, and C. albicans, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the F5 fraction revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, acids, and alkaloids. In addition, HPLC polyphenol analysis identified 14 phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds with concentrations ranging from 117.36 to 5657.66 µg/g. Overall, the current findings highlighted the promising antimicrobial synergy of the EEP-Honey mixture against MDR urinary pathogens. The phytochemical analysis of propolis also identified potential bioactive compounds responsible for its biological and pharmaceutical properties. © 2025. The Author(s).

We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of colistin and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on the biofilm formation and expression of Quorum Sensing regulated and related genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Ten clinical P. aeruginosa isolates collected from patients with burn wound infections were investigated. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates was determined using disk diffusion and microbroth dilution tests. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using propolis and characterized. The microtiter plate method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of colistin and silver nanoparticles combination (AgNPs@CL) on the inhibition of biofilm formation. The effect of AgNPs@CL on the expression of genes controlled by QS was evaluated using RT-PCR. All isolates were strong biofilm formers. Confronting AgNPs@CL, all isolates were either synergistic or additive and effectively decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values of Carbapenem-Resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates. The SEM analysis corroborated the enhanced biofilm inhibition observed with the combined treatment compared to individual AgNPs or colistin treatments. When exposed to AgNPs@CL, the expression levels of lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pelA, and pslA genes significantly decreased in P. aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and clinical isolate No. #354, which displayed synergistic activity. In contrast, with additive activity, clinical isolate No. #30 showed no significant decrease. Targeting critical components of QS could effectively inhibit biofilm production. The results of our study suggest AgNPs@CL as an auxiliary to antibiotic therapy. © 2025. The Author(s).

BACKGROUND: Propolis based preparations have a wide range of applications in various specialties of dentistry. The aim of this clinical trial was to test the efficacy of propolis as a mouthwash in the reduction of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis (OM) in a single center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomised, controlled study patients undergoing chemotherapy were included consecutively and randomised to an experimental group receiving propolis mouthwash (n = 20) and a control group receiving diluted water (n=20). Oral mucositis, erythema and eating and drink ability were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 7 days using the World Health Organization (WHO) scale and the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). RESULTS: There were significant differences in OM, wound and erythema in propolis group compared to placebo, but no significant difference in eating and drink ability. However, it was interesting that 65% of the patients in the propolis group were completely healed at day 7 of the trial. No significant adverse events were reported by the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that oral care with propolis as mouthwash for patients undergoing chemotherapy is an effective intervention to improve oral health. Our findings shouldlencourage health practitioners to apply propolis mouth rinse for the oral care of patients under chemotherapy.