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OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress is implicated in scalp and hair health manifesting in several ways, including skin barrier, hair retention, healthy hair appearance and scalp sensation. We previously linked markers of oxidative damage to dandruff and skin barrier impairment and have linked key anti-dandruff technologies to the resolution of these issues. Here we expand the therapeutic space demonstrating many botanical extracts offer protective benefits against ROS stress via both chemical and biological antioxidant mechanisms. METHODS: Chemical antioxidant activity of 10 botanical extracts was measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and biological antioxidant activity was measured using a Nrf-2 cell assay. A three-dimensional human keratinocyte skin equivalent model from MatTek was used to measure efficacy of reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) from both the botanicals added as a solution and from a shampoo product. A 4-week consumer study with 56 panels was conducted with a leave-on treatment containing a botanical extract. Measurement of the oxidized lipids (9 and 13-Hydroxy-10E 12Z-octadecadienoic acid, HODE) extracted from scalp tape strips was made using gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). RESULTS: We demonstrated in vitro that many botanical extracts exert antioxidant activity by quenching radicals in ORAC testing as well as activating biological antioxidant pathways via nrf-2 up-regulation in a cellular reporter system. Furthermore, we demonstrate these antioxidant activities for these botanicals in 3D skin models and ultimately show the reduction of lipid oxidation products in a consumer use context with a rosemary extract. CONCLUSION: Improved scalp condition can be achieved with incorporation of botanicals having the potential to exert antioxidant activity in hair/scalp care products. Publisher: OBJECTIF: Le stress oxydatif est impliqué dans la santé du cuir chevelu et des cheveux et se manifeste de plusieurs manières, notamment la barrière cutanée, la rétention des cheveux, l'apparence saine des cheveux et la sensation du cuir chevelu. Nous avons précédemment lié l

Peanut is an important raw material of many kinds of food, its lipids and proteins content are high, antioxidant is important to the shelf life and quality of peanut products. The present study investigated the effects of rosemary extract (RE), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and citric acid (CA) as individual additives, as well as their combinations (RE-TBHQ and RE-TBHQ-CA) on the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of peanuts. All antioxidant treatment methods modified the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of peanuts, including flavor, color, texture and appearance. Additionally, the synergistic effects of the combined antioxidants RE-TBHQ-CA were explored. Notably, RE-TBHQ-CA with a concentration of 0.02 % resulted in highest oxidation induction index of peanut oil compared to the control and demonstrated optimal effects on free radical scavenging activity. Based on fluorescence quenching, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and the oxidative decomposition of antioxidants during storage, it was proposed that TBHQ's stimulatory effect on RE regeneration is responsible for the observed synergism. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing processing and preservation technologies for peanuts and their products.

BACKGROUND: Adjunctive use of nutraceuticals in human cancer has shown promise, but little work has been done in canine neoplasia. Previous human research has shown that polyphenols and carotenoids can target multiple pathways in vitro and in vivo. These compounds could synergize or antagonize with currently used chemotherapies, either increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of these drugs. Considering the routine and well controlled feeding practices of most dogs, the use of nutraceuticals incorporated into pet food is attractive, pending proof that the extracts are able to improve remission rates. The aim of this study was to examine five feed ingredients for antiproliferative effects, as well as the interaction with toceranib phosphate and doxorubicin hydrochloride, when treating canine neoplastic cell lines in vitro. RESULTS: Screening using MTT proliferation assays showed that green tea, turmeric, and rosemary extracts were the most effective. Turmeric extract (TE) was the most potent and exhibited synergy with a rosemary extract (RE) at concentrations from 1 to 25 μg mL(-1). This combination had an additive or synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic agents at selected concentrations within each cell line. No significant effects on cell viability were observed when the combination therapy was used with normal primary cells. CONCLUSIONS: The use of turmeric and rosemary extracts in combination may be worthwhile to investigate in the pre-clinical and clinical neoplastic considering there are no negative effects on traditional chemotherapy treatment. Further studies into the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of these extracts should be investigated.

Cancer remains an important cause of mortality nowadays and, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been reported to possess antitumor activities both in vitro and in animal studies. Some of these activities were attributed to its major components, such as carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Initially, the antitumor effects of rosemary were attributed to its antioxidant activity. However, in recent years, a lack of correlation between antioxidant and antitumor effects exerted by rosemary was reported, and different molecular mechanisms were related to its tumor inhibitory properties. Moreover, supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Food and Safety Authority, specific compositions of rosemary extract were demonstrated to be safe for human health and used as antioxidant additive in foods, suggesting the potential easy application of this agent as a complementary approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the reported anticancer effects of rosemary, the demonstrated molecular mechanisms related to these effects and the interactions between rosemary and currently used anticancer agents. The possibility of using rosemary extract as a complementary agent in cancer therapy in comparison with its isolated components is discussed.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most used chemotherapeutic agent in colorectal cancer. However, resistance to this drug is relatively frequent, and new strategies to overcome it are urgently needed. The aim of this work was to determine the antitumor properties of a supercritical fluid rosemary extract (SFRE), alone and in combination with 5-FU, as a potential adjuvant therapy useful for colon cancer patients. This extract has been recognized as a healthy component by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The effects of SFRE both alone and in combination with 5-FU were evaluated in different human colon cancer cells in terms of cell viability, cytotoxicity, and cell transformation. Additionally, colon cancer cells resistant to 5-FU were used to assay the effects of SFRE on drug resistance. Finally, qRT-PCR was performed to ascertain the mechanism by which SFRE potentiates the effect of 5-FU. Our results show that SFRE displays dose-dependent antitumor activities and exerts a synergistic effect in combination with 5-FU on colon cancer cells. Furthermore, SFRE sensitizes 5-FU-resistant cells to the therapeutic activity of this drug, constituting a beneficial agent against both 5-FU sensitive and resistant tumor cells. Gene expression analysis indicates that the enhancement of the effect of 5-FU by SFRE might be explained by the downregulation of TYMS and TK1, enzymes related to 5-FU resistance.

BACKGROUND: In this study the synergistic antimicrobial activities of combinations of extracts from galangal (Alpinia galanga), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (Eucalyptus staigerana) were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens. Chemical compositions of these extracts were also determined to provide further insight into antimicrobial constituents and their potential mechanisms of action. RESULTS: Combinations of galangal with either rosemary or lemon iron bark showed synergistic antimicrobial activity. Specifically, galangal and rosemary showed synergistic activity against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes only, while galangal and lemon iron bark showed synergistic activity against E. coli and S. typhimurium. Chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The major chemical components of the galangal and lemon iron bark extracts were 1'-acetoxy-chavicol acetate (1'ACA) (63.4%) and neral (15.6%), respectively, while 1,8-cineole (26.3%) and camphor (20.3%) were identified as major chemical components of the rosemary extract. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that galangal, rosemary and lemon iron bark extracts contain components that may have different modes of antimicrobial action and combinations of these extracts may have potential as natural antimicrobials to preserve foods. 2010 Society of Chemical Industry.

OBJECTIVE: Differentiation therapy with the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)), is a promising approach to treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, 1,25D(3) induces hypercalcemia at pharmacologically active doses. We investigated the in vitro and in vivoantileukemic efficacy of combined treatment with non-toxic doses of a low-calcemic 1,25D(3) analogue, 1,25-dihydroxy-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-19-nor-cholecalciferol (19-nor-Gemini; Ro27-5646), and rosemary plant agents in a mouse model of AML. METHODS: Proliferation and differentiation of WEHI-3B D- (WEHI) murine myelomonocytic leukemia cellsin vitro were determined by standard assays. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione and protein expression levels were measured by flow cytometry, enzymatic assay and Western blotting, respectively. Systemic AML was developed by intravenous injection of WEHI cells in syngeneic Balb/c mice. RESULTS: 19-nor-Gemini had a higher potency than its parent compounds, Gemini (Ro27-2310) and 1,25D(3), in the induction of differentiation (EC(50) = 0.059 +/- 0.011, 0.275 +/- 0.093 and 0.652 +/- 0.085 nM, respectively) and growth arrest (IC(50) = 0.072 +/- 0.018, 0.165 +/- 0.061 and 0.895 +/- 0.144 nM, respectively) in WEHI cells in vitro, and lower in vivo toxicity. Combined treatment of leukemia-bearing mice with 19-nor-Gemini (injected intraperitoneally) and standardized rosemary extract (mixed with food) resulted in a synergistic increase in survival (from 42.2 +/- 2.5 days in untreated mice to 66.5 +/- 4.2 days, n = 3) and normalization of white blood cell and differential counts. This was consistent with strong cooperative antiproliferative and differentiation effects of low concentrations of 19-nor-Gemini or 1,25D(3) combined with rosemary extract or its major polyphenolic component, carnosic acid, as well as with the antioxidant action of rosemary agents and vitamin D derivatives in WEHI cell cultures. CONCLUSION: Combined effectiveness of 1,25D(3) analogues and rosemary agents against mouse AML warrants further exploration of this therapeutic approach in translational models of human leukemia. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)) is a powerful differentiation agent, which has potential for treatment of myeloid leukemias and other types of cancer, but the calcemia produced by pharmacologically active doses precludes the use of this agent in the clinic. We have shown that carnosic acid, the major rosemary polyphenol, enhances the differentiating and antiproliferative effects of low concentrations of 1,25D(3) in human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937). Here we translated these findings to in vivo conditions using a syngeneic mouse leukemia tumor model. To this end, we first demonstrated that as in HL60 cells, differentiation of WEHI-3B D(-) murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells induced by 1 nM 1,25D(3) or its low-calcemic analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-5,6-trans-cholecalciferol (Ro25-4020), can be synergistically potentiated by carnosic acid (10 microM) or the carnosic acid-rich ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves. This effect was accompanied by cell cycle arrest in G0 + G1 phase and a marked inhibition of cell growth. In the in vivo studies, i.p. injections of 2 microg Ro25-4020 in Balb/c mice bearing WEHI-3B D(-) tumors produced a significant delay in tumor appearance and reduction in tumor size, without significant toxicity. Another analog, 1,25-dihydroxy-16,23Z-diene-20-epi-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol (Ro26-3884) administered at the same dose was less effective than Ro25-4020 and profoundly toxic. Importantly, combined treatment with 1% dry rosemary extract (mixed with food) and 1 microg Ro25-4020 resulted in a strong cooperative antitumor effect, without inducing hypercalcemia. These results indicate for the first time that a plant polyphenolic preparation and a vitamin D derivative can cooperate not only in inducing leukemia cell differentiation in vitro, but also in the antileukemic activity in vivo. These data may suggest novel protocols for chemoprevention or differentiation therapy of myeloid leukemia. Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A rosemary extract commercially exploited (Oxy'less) as an antioxidant of lipids in foods was dissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml), and the solution was tested against foodborne microorganisms. For gram-positive bacteria, the MIC of the ethanolic solution was 1% for Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 0.5% for Listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.13% for Streptococcus mutans, and 0.06% for Bacillus cereus. It slowed the growth of Penicillium roquefortii and Botrytis cinerea. Up to 1% of the ethanolic solution had no activity on the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Erwinia carotovora and on the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii. Antibacterial activity of the rosemary extract was strongly influenced by the composition of the media. The MIC was reduced by low pH, high NaCl contents, and low temperatures. Low pH and high NaCl concentration had a synergistic effect on the MIC of the rosemary extract for S. aureus. Lipids, surface-active agents, and some proteins decreased its antibacterial activity, whereas pectin had no effect. The inhibitory effect was little modified by heat treatment (100 degrees C). The natural microflora of pasteurized zucchini broth was inhibited by 0.5% of the rosemary extract. The antibacterial activity was linked to the compounds extracted with hexane, which are presumably phenolic diterpenoids.

INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect nearly two-thirds of all women during their lifetime, and many suffer from recurrent infections. There are evidence-based guidelines from several international societies and RSU for the evaluation and treatment of UTIs; however, adherence to these guidelines is not always optimal. AIM: To study the immediate outcomes of treating acute uncomplicated cystitis in working-age women living in a large industrial city under unfavorable environmental and climatic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, open-label study was carried out in 4 outpatient clinics in Perm involving 440 women with acute uncomplicated cystitis. Depending on the treatment, the patients were divided into 4 groups. The main drug was the antibiotic fosfomycin trometamol, which was given at a single dose of 3 g to all 440 patients. In the group 1, monotherapy with fosfomycin trometamol was used. Patients in groups 2-4 received basic antibacterial therapy (3 g of fosfomycin trometamol), supplemented with symptomatic and herbal remedies. In the group 2, drotaverine was used at 80 mg 3 times a day for 2 days, in the group 3 phenazopyridine at a dose of 200 mg 3 times a day for 2 days was given, while in the group 4, Canephron N at 2 tablets 3 times a day for 6 days was administered. The symptoms of cystitis were assessed using the ACSS scale, visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, urinalysis with microscopic examination of urinary sediment, bacteriological examination of urine and other methods. The results were assessed after 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, 3 and 6 days. RESULTS: The sensitivity of microorganisms to fosfomycin in bacteriological studies was 97.2%. In group 1, recovery was achieved in 92.5%, improvement in 6.6%, and the bacteriological cure was 95.3%; however, the ACSS and VAS scales indicated insufficiently rapid elimination of pain and other symptoms. In the group 2, improvement in results was insignificant. However, results were significantly better in groups 3 and 4, with rapid resolution of pain, dysuria, and other symptoms. In group 3, recovery was achieved in 97.3%, bacteriological cure and disability period were

Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation and can trigger erythema. While topical formulas protect the skin from UV damage, there is growing evidence that certain botanical ingredients taken orally may have an added benefit. This study evaluated the photoprotective, anti-photoaging, and anti-erythema efficacy of a combination of rosemary and grapefruit extract (Nutroxsun®). Radical oxygen species (ROS) generation and interleukin production were determined in UV-irradiated keratinocytes (HaCaT). Also, collagen and elastin secretion and metalloproteinase (MMP-1 and MMP-3) content were assessed in UV-irradiated fibroblasts (NHDFs). Furthermore, a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study was conducted in 20 subjects (phototypes I to III) receiving two doses, 100 and 200 mg, of the ingredient. Skin redness (a* value, CIELab) after exposure to one minimal erythemal dose of UVR was assessed. As a result, the botanical blend significantly attenuated the UVR-induced reductions of procollagen I and elastin and lowered MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein secretion. Also, a reduction in ROS and proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-8, and IL-6) was observed. Finally, the botanical blend, at both doses, significantly reduced UV-induced erythema reaction from the first day of intake and accelerated recovery. These findings reinforce the potential of this ingredient as an effective dietary solution to protect the skin against UV-induced damage.

The objective were to evaluate the effects of supplementation of standardized dry extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) and the application of aesthetic radiofrequency on the oxidative stress markers catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), non-protein thiols (NP-SH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the biochemical markers triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (TGO/AST), pyruvic-glutamic transaminase (TGP/ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), and creatinine. This study included 32 women received the aesthetic therapy to reduce localized fat. They were divided into the control group (n = 8) receiving placebo capsules and the intervention group (n = 24) subdivided into Group A, B, and C, each with eight members receiving supplementation with 100, 500, and 1000 mg/day of standardized dry extract of RO, respectively. The Universal Trial Number (UTN) - U1111-1274-6255. Supplementation with RO (500 mg/day) demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress (quantified with through a significant increase in NP-SH and a reduction in SOD and CAT enzymes). The radiofrequency aesthetic treatment did not promote an increase in oxidative stress; however, it caused significant changes in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and creatinine. RO is a plant with antioxidant effects and its oral consumption is safe in selected women subjects in hepatic and renal markers.

BACKGROUND: Back pain is a common health problem that affects both workers and older people, reducing their quality of life. The primary objective was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with plant extracts of rosemary, ashwagandha, and sesame consumed for 12 weeks on the intensity of back pain. METHODS: A single-center randomized double-blind study with three parallel arms depending on the product consumed. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. The investigational product, Berelief®, contained a blend of three polyphenolic standardized extracts: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.), and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed. Two doses were tested: low dose (400 mg) and high dose (800 mg). There were 42 subjects in the placebo group, 39 in the low dose and 42 in the high dose groups. Study variables included back pain intensity [VAS score, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29), and Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire; functionality Roland-Morris Disability (RMD) questionnaire]; quality of life (QoL) [36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)]; sleep quality [accelerometer and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)]. RESULTS: The improvement in back pain recorded by the visual analogue scale (VAS) at the study visits after the beginning of treatment, as well as on a weekly basis recorded in the diary card was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the placebo group (p < 0.044 dose-low; p < 0.005 dose-high). Significant differences in pain intensity of the PROMIS-29 (p = 0.002) and upper back pain in the Cornell questionnaire (p = 0.011) in favour of the investigational product were found. Furthermore, benefits in improving health-related quality of life, mood and sleep quality were also detected. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation for 12 weeks of a blend of polyphenolic standardized extracts of rosemary, ashwagandha, and sesame was effective in reducing the intensity of pain in subjects with chronic myofascial cervical and back pain.

BACKGROUND: The effects of herbs on brain function are often investigated in isolation, yet herbal preparations are often complex combinations of phytochemicals, designed to target widespread mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of chronic, 12 weeks, supplementation of a multi-ingredient herbal supplement (containing Bacopa monnieri, Gotu kola leaf, Turmeric whole powder, Reishi full spectrum, Rosemary, Cardamom, Holy Basil, Turmeric Wholistic™ extract, Green Tea & Seagreens) on cognitive function in older adults with subjective memory decline. Secondly, to investigate whether effects are underpinned by shifts in microbial composition and/or metabolism of the herbs. METHODS: Male and female participants (N = 128) aged between 55-75 years completed lab-based cognitive assessments, and provided stool and urine samples, at baseline and then following 90 days of multi-ingredient herb, or placebo, supplementation. RESULTS: Deficits in memory were observed in response to 90 days of multi-ingredient herbal supplement supplementation but the positive effects were all focused on speed of cognitive task performance, with an additional improvement in the false alarm rate on the rapid visual information processing task. These improvements coincided with an increased presence of tyrosine in the urinary metabolome and this may implicate the role of dopamine in these processing and/or motor speed increases. Finally, multi-ingredient herbal supplementation significantly reduced levels of 3 bacterial species in the gut microbiome and one of these, Sutterella, coincides with lower levels of constipation reported in the multi-ingredient herbal supplement condition. CONCLUSION: A multi-ingredient herbal supplement increases speed of cognitive task performance and increased metabolism of tyrosine suggests that this is modulated by increased dopaminergic activity. Reduced levels of Sutterella in the gut is associated with improved bowel movements of participants. Interpretation of the negative effects on memory are, however, stymied by an unequal randomization of participants into treatment groups pre- and post-COVID 19.Clinical trial registration: identifier NCT05504668.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints that affects greatly the elderly population and the health care systems and is on the increase due to aging and obesity. Interventions aim at palliative care and pharmaceutical therapies entail serious adverse events. Whereas polyphenols constitute a promising holistic approach in the arsenal of physicians, trials investigating biomarkers and questionnaires are scarce. As such, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate the potency of a standardized polyphenolic supplement in the management of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, pain and general quality of life (QoL) in patients with osteoarthritis. Sixty subjects were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement (curcuma phospholipid, rosemary extract, resveratrol, ascorbic acid), or an active comparator (ascorbic acid) twice, daily for 12 weeks. The group that received the polyphenols exhibited significantly lower symptoms of pain and improved physical function and QoL as it was depicted by validated questionnaires, compared to the control group. Furthermore, post intervention, inflammation was restrained in the polyphenol group. Since systemic inflammation promotes local inflammation, the decrease of pain herein might be attributed to the attenuation of systemic inflammation by the polyphenols. © 2023 The Authors.

GOAL: To evaluate the acute impact of a nutraceutical blend on immune surveillance. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was conducted in 11 healthy subjects. Blood samples were taken immediately before and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after consuming placebo or 500 mg of UP360, which is a blend of botanicals from Aloe vera, Poria cocos, and rosemary (APR extract). Immunophenotyping and flow cytometry quantified numbers of monocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, γδT cells, and total T cells, and expression of CD25 and CD69 activation markers. Plasma was tested for cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo, consumption of APR extract triggered rapid increases in chemokine levels starting at 1 hour, including IP-10 (P<0.05) and MCP-1 (P<0.1), which peaked at 2 hours (P<0.01) and 3 hours (P<0.05), respectively. The stem cell-mobilizing growth factor G-CSF increased at 2 hours (P<0.05). Increased immune surveillance involved a transient effect for monocytes at 1 hour, followed by NKT cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and γδT cells at 2-3 hours. Increased immune cell alertness was seen at 1 hour by increased CD25 expression on monocytes (P<0.01), NKT cells (P<0.01), and T cells (P<0.05). NKT cells showed upregulation of CD69 at 2 hours (P<0.01). Increased enzymatic activity was seen at 2 hours for the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (P<0.05) and catalase (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Consumption of APR extract triggered acute changes to chemokine levels. In addition, immune alertness was increased via the expression of activation markers on multiple types of innate immune cells, followed by increased immune surveillance and antioxidant protection. This suggests a beneficial enhancement of natural immune surveillance, likely via a combination of gut-mediated cytokine release and vagus nerve communication, in combination with cellular protection from oxidative stress. Copyright: © 2023 Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, di

Quercetin is a phenolic flavonol compound with established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-stimulant properties. Recent studies demonstrate the potential of quercetin against COVID-19. This article highlighted the prophylactic/therapeutic potential of quercetin against COVID-19 in view of its clinical studies, inventions, and patents. The literature for the subject matter was collected utilizing different databases, including PubMed, Sci-Finder, Espacenet, Patentscope, and USPTO. Clinical studies expose the potential of quercetin monotherapy, and also its combination therapy with other compounds, including zinc, vitamin C, curcumin, vitamin D3, masitinib, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and ivermectin. The patent literature also examines claims that quercetin containing nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements, alone or in combination with other drugs/compounds, including favipiravir, remdesivir, molnupiravir, navitoclax, dasatinib, disulfiram, rucaparib, tamarixin, iota-carrageenan, and various herbal extracts (aloe, poria, rosemary, and sphagnum) has potential for use against COVID-19. The literature reveals that quercetin exhibits anti-COVID-19 activity because of its inhibitory effect on the expression of the human ACE2 receptors and the enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 (MPro, PLPro, and RdRp). The USFDA designated quercetin as a "Generally Recognized as Safe" substance for use in the food and beverage industries. It is also an inexpensive and readily available compound. These facts increase the possibility and foreseeability of making novel and economical drug combinations containing quercetin to prevent/treat COVID-19. Quercetin is an acidic compound and shows metabolic interaction with some antivirals, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, the physicochemical and metabolic drug interactions between quercetin and the combined drugs/compounds must be better understood before developing new compositions.

BACKGROUND: Our previous double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study indicated that a nutritional supplement named lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex (TNC) can protect from UVA1-induced (340-400 nm) and UVA- (320-400 nm)/UVB-induced (280-320 nm) upregulation of molecular markers associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing. OBJECTIVES: in the current double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study, we analyze whether a similar, synergistic carotenoid-rich TNC can protect from broadband UVB-induced threshold erythema formation assessed as increase in minimal erythemal dose (MED) reading, the intensity of erythema formation, and the upregulation of molecular markers associated with inflammation and immunosuppression, and whether this correlates with carotenoid blood levels. METHODS: One hundred and forty-nine healthy volunteers were randomized to two groups and subjected to a 5-week washout phase, followed by a 12-week treatment phase receiving either 15 mg lycopene, 5.8 mg phytoene and phytofluene, 0.8 mg β-carotene, 5.6 mg tocopherols from tomato extract, and 4 mg carnosic acid from rosemary extract per day or placebo made from medium-chain triglycerides. At the end of each phase, MED determination, UVB irradiation, chromametry, biopsies, and blood samples were undertaken. RESULTS: The active supplement was well tolerated. Interestingly, no significant difference was seen in the MED between the active-supplement and placebo groups, as determined by visual grading by expert assessors. Of note, the carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation measured as Δa* after the intervention minus Δa* after the washout phase as compared to the placebo. Moreover, intake of the active supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced upregulation of IL6 and TNFα as compared with the intake of placebo. Lastly, carotenoid plasma levels were significantly increased. CONCLUSION: This well-tolerated carotenoid-containing supplement significantly protected against UVB-induced erythema formation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers. © 2019 The Author(s) Publ

BACKGROUND: The use of herbal extracts and supplements to enhance health and wellbeing is increasing in western society. AIMS: This study investigated the impact of the acute ingestion of a commercially available water containing an extract and hydrolat of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L. syn. Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.). Aspects of cognitive functioning, mood and cerebrovascular response measured by near-infrared spectroscopy provided the dependent variables. METHODS: Eighty healthy adults were randomly allocated to consume either 250 mL of rosemary water or plain mineral water. They then completed a series of computerised cognitive tasks, followed by subjective measures of alertness and fatigue. Near-infrared spectroscopy monitored levels of total, oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin at baseline and throughout the cognitive testing procedure. RESULTS: Analysis of the data revealed a number of statistically significant, small, beneficial effects of rosemary water on cognition, consistent with those found previously for the inhalation of the aroma of rosemary essential oil. Of particular interest here are the cerebrovascular effects noted for deoxygenated haemoglobin levels during cognitive task performance that were significantly higher in the rosemary water condition. This represents a novel finding in this area, and may indicate a facilitation of oxygen extraction at times of cognitive demand. CONCLUSION: Taken together the data suggest potential beneficial properties of acute consumption of rosemary water. The findings are discussed in terms of putative metabolic and cholinergic mechanisms.

Dried plant parts used as culinary spices (CSs) in food are permitted as dietary ingredients in dietary supplements (DSs) within certain constraints in the United States. We reviewed the amounts, forms, and nutritional support (structure/function) claims of DSs that contain CS plants listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) and compared this label information with trial doses and health endpoints for CS plants that were the subject of clinical trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov. According to the DSLD, the CS plants occurring most frequently in DSs were cayenne, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, pepper, rosemary, and turmeric. Identifying the botanical species, categorizing the forms used, and determining the amounts from the information provided on DS labels was challenging. CS plants were typically added as a component of a blend, as the powered biomass, dried extracts, and isolated phytochemicals. The amounts added were declared on about 55% of the labels, rendering it difficult to determine the amount of the CS plant used in many DSs. Clinicaltrials.gov provided little information about the composition of test articles in the intervention studies. When plant names were listed on DS labels and in clinical trials, generally the common name and not the Latin binomial name was given. In order to arrive at exposure estimates and enable researchers to reproduce clinical trials, the Latin binomial name, form, and amount of the CS plant used in DSs and tested in clinical trials must be specified. © 2016 American Society for Nutrition.

In this study, the effect of dietary antioxidants on the plasma oxidative status of growing birds fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. One-day-old broilers were fed for 42 days a diet containing 4% linseed oil and supplemented with single plant extracts rich in antioxidants (natural tocopherols, rosemary, grape seed, green tea, tomato) or a combination of some of these plant extracts, in two different total doses (100 and 200 mg product/kg feed). A diet with synthetic antioxidants with and without α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg feed) were also included. The plasma oxidative status was evaluated measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). No significant effect of the dietary treatments was observed for FRAP as well as for TBARS. However, diet affected GSH-Px activity (p = 0.002) and a trend for an effect on SOD activity was observed (p=0.084). A higher GSH-Px activity was found for 200 mg/kg tomato extract and natural α-tocopherol in relation to the corresponding 100 mg/kg treatment, and the lowest GSH-Px activity was measured for the synthetic antioxidants treatment. The lowest and highest SOD activity were found for the 200. and 100 mg/kg treatment with tomato extract respectively. In conclusion, the oxidative status and lipid oxidation of plasma in broilers was not affected by feeding natural antioxidant extracts at the doses in the present study, but some changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, of which the implication remains to be elucidated. © 2010 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a major endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 5% of the world's population. It not only leads to hyperglycaemia but also causes many complications, and numerous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress contributes to these complications. As a new strategy to improve the oxidative damage in diabetes, interest has grown in the usage of natural antioxidants, even more in the long term. Among them, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) has been widely accepted as one of the species with the highest antioxidant activity. In addition, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were efficient in delaying and decreasing cardiovascular risk factors associated with diabetes. Type 1 diabetic children and the corresponding controls were enrolled in the assay. The aim was evaluating the effect of a special additive containing rosemary extract, vitamin E and PUFAs added to their standard diet through the meat. In the analytical point of view, a metabolomic approach with CE-UV was used to detect possible differences in urine of diabetic children as compared to controls. After the application of the appropriate multivariate statistical tools, clear differences could be observed between treated and non-treated diabetic children and some of the metabolites associated could be identified. This was specially challenging as most of the clinical biochemical parameters measured by target analysis showed no differences between the groups. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

14. Vopr Pitan. 2006;75(2):40-4. [Efficiency of includes of bioactive substances in diet of patient with hepatic encephalopathy]. [Article in Russian] Kaziulin AN, Petukhov AB, Kucheriavyĭ IuA. We includes 66 patients with liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh B class with hepatic encephalopathy of 0 to 2nd stages in randomized interventional study. 36 patients received standard treatment and 30 patients received standard treatment + bioactive substances in formula CognoBlend in capsules (2 capsules twice a day) in course of 5 weeks. Formula includes extracts of plants: Bacopa monneria, Gingko biloba, Cat's Claw, Gotu Kola, Rosemary. In group combined treatment was significant improvement of clinical signs, psychometric tests, electroencephalography and serum biochemistry than in group with standard therapy, on term of 2 to 5 weeks.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia, a dermatological condition recognized for over a millennium, remains a prevalent concern affecting individuals of all genders and age groups. The exploration of both synthetic drugs and medicinal plants as therapeutic interventions represents a promising avenue for their management. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on various synthetic agents, ayurvedic formulations, and medicinal plants traditionally employed for the treatment of alopecia and promotion of hair growth. The selection of medicinal plants was primarily guided by their historical and preclinical/clinical relevance in the modern world. Furthermore, the review critically evaluates the pharmacological evidence, elucidates underlying mechanisms of action, and highlights experimental findings from in vitro and in vivo studies. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar. Articles published up to 2025 were included based on predefined selection criteria, including relevance to alopecia management, pharmacological evidence, experimental validation (in vitro, in vivo, or clinical studies), and mechanistic insights into hair growth promotion. Studies lacking scientific validation or mechanistic relevance were excluded. RESULTS: The review identified multiple medicinal plants, including Eclipta alba, Phyllanthus emblica, Bacopa monnieri, Allium cepa, Salvia rosmarinus, and Ginkgo biloba, demonstrating significant anti-alopecia activity through mechanisms such as inhibition of 5-α reductase, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal

BACKGROUND: Hair loss is a common condition with significant psychosocial impact. Although pharmacological treatments such as minoxidil are available, their long-term use may be associated with adverse effects. Plant-derived products are widely used in traditional medicine for hair care; however, scientific validation of their efficacy remains limited. OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at evaluating the hair growth-promoting effects of a combination of Rosmarinus officinalis and Ricinus communis oils in a murine model. METHODOLOGY: Essential oil from R. officinalis was obtained by hydrodistillation, whereas fixed oil from R. communis seeds was extracted using Soxhlet extraction with hexane. Fifteen mice (n = 3 per group) were divided into five groups: rosemary oil, castor oil, combination (1 : 1), 2% minoxidil (positive control), and untreated (negative control). Treatments were applied topically once daily for 28 days. Hair growth was evaluated using hair length measurement, macroscopic observation, and standardized hair regrowth scoring. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Statistical outputs are presented descriptively due to the small sample size and p values are reported for trend identification rather than inferential significance. RESULTS: The combination group showed higher mean hair length (12.88 ± 0.79 mm) compared with R. officinalis (12.68 ± 0.25 mm) and R. communis (10.10 ± 0.22 mm) and showed similar trends to 2% minoxidil (13.06 ± 0.21 mm). One-way ANOVA showed overall group differences. Statistical outputs are presented descriptively due to the small sample size; p values are reported for trend identification rather than inferential significance. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the combinat

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Rosmarinus officinalis (Ro), popularly known as rosemary, is an aromatic perennial shrub originated from Mediterranean region and belongs to family Lamiaceae. Although the health promoting effects of Ro in dermatology, especially in wound healing and hair loss were documented to a certain extent, specific studies in this field are lacking. In this study it is investigated the molecular bases of these cutaneous effects, by determining gene expression levels of VEGF and IL-1α, in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) treated with Ro extract. METHODS: After the preparation of Ro leaf extract and determination of non-cytotoxic concentration, HaCaT cells were treated with the extract. RNA isolations were carried out from both non-treated and treated cell groups. Gene expressions were determined by real time RT-qPCR analysis. RESULTS: Results were represented as Target/Control Fold Change, and the treatment ended up with 7.45±1.87 and 0.80±0.17 fold changes for VEGF and IL-1α respectively. Results of gene expression analyses showed that, although the plant extract caused statistically significant upregulation of VEGF (P=0.0258), downregulation of IL-1α was not significant (P=0.2821) compared to gene expressions of untreated control cells. CONCLUSIONS: Although the modulation of IL-1α found non-significant, the significant upregulation of VEGF may partially explain the mechanism of the beneficiary effects of Ro in wound healing and hair loss. Further in-vitro and in-vivo studies are needed to discover the molecular bases of the therapeutic effects of this plant, and to reveal its potential applications in various skin disorders.

The increasing prevalence of hair loss, particularly among men, has led to a growing interest in natural remedies. Among these, Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract (rosemary) has gained attention for its potential hair growth-promoting properties. This review examines the efficacy of some natural remedies, with a focus on rosemary extract, in stimulating hair growth in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). In contrast to conventional treatments like minoxidil and other chemical remedies, which often come with undesirable side effects such as scalp irritation, systemic effects, and potential dependency, rosemary offers a more natural alternative with fewer adverse effects. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, the research assesses the extract's efficacy in enhancing hair follicle proliferation and extending the anagen phase of hair growth. Clinical trials demonstrated significant improvements in hair density and thickness among participants using rosemary extract compared to control groups. These findings suggest R. officinalis leaf extract may serve as a viable natural alternative for hair loss treatment, warranting further investigation into its mechanisms and long-term benefits. This review highlights the need for further research into natural remedies, as well as rosemary's long-term efficacy and safety, positioning it as a promising candidate for those seeking a safer approach to hair restoration.

Menopause is a natural physiological transition affecting over one billion women globally. It often brings distressing symptoms, including hair loss, which impacts up to 52% of postmenopausal women due to estrogen decline, increased androgen sensitivity, and oxidative stress. Conventional treatments like minoxidil provide limited efficacy and may cause side effects, underscoring the need for accessible, culturally attuned alternatives. This mini-review explores ethnopharmacological approaches that empower women through traditional remedies targeting multi-mechanistic pathways, supported by emerging clinical data. We conducted a systematic literature search across databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), focusing on studies from 2015 to 2025 involving botanical interventions. We prioritized randomized controlled trials in vitro studies, and animal models. Key remedies include saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), which inhibits 5α-reductase to reduce dihydrotestosterone by approximately 30%-40%; rosemary oil (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), which promotes scalp microcirculation similar to minoxidil; and ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), which enhances follicle proliferation via ginsenosides. Emerging evidence from 2024 to 2025 reviews highlights multi-target mechanisms in plant extracts, including phytoestrogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Nutraceuticals have demonstrated improved hair density in menopausal cohorts. These low-cost, community-rooted therapies foster women's autonomy and cultural resilience. This mini-review is not comprehensive; it highlights key challenges in current research, such as limited menopausal-specific evidenc

Alopecia, characterised by partial or complete hair loss, significantly affects the psychological and social well-being of individuals. Current FDA-approved treatments, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, often present limitations, including skin irritation and suboptimal efficacy, compromising patient adherence. In recent years, natural compounds have garnered attention as potential alternatives, with carnosic acid emerging as a promising candidate due to its multifaceted biological activities. Carnosic acid, a diterpenic polyphenol predominantly found in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis), exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, neuroprotective, and hair follicle-regenerative properties. Despite its therapeutic potential, its poor solubility and stability in conventional formulations limit its clinical application. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which carnosic acid exerts its effects in alopecia management, focusing on its antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory responses, inhibition of dihydrotestosterone activity, promotion of hair follicle regeneration, and neuroprotective actions. The findings highlight carnosic acid's potential as a natural, effective, and safer alternative for alopecia treatment. Thieme. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION: Alopecia, a common condition causing hair loss, leads to decreased self-esteem worldwide. Natural extracts such as rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.), traditionally used for various medicinal purposes in Egypt, are widely utilized in treatments for androgenetic alopecia and hair care products. However, these extracts lack market standardization and clear specifications, leading to inconsistent and unpredictable effects. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the effects of standardized rosemary and capsicum extracts on testosterone-induced androgenetic alopecia in rats to ensure consistent quality and safety in marketed hair care products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved preparing standardized rosemary and capsicum extracts and developing simple, accurate, sensitive, rapid, and reproducible methods for both. The extracts were tested on adult male Wistar rats with testosterone-induced alopecia, using a 2% finasteride solution as a reference standard. Visual and microscopic evaluations were conducted to measure three hair follicle parameters: diameter, length, and density. RESULTS: This study demonstrated the potent effects o

INTRODUCTION: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a multifactorial and age-related dermatological disease that affects both males and females, usually at older ages. Traditional hair repair drugs exemplified by minoxidil have limitations such as skin irritation and hypertrichosis. Thus, attention has been shifted to the use of repurposing drugs. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug, that can promote hair follicle regeneration via upregulation of the hair-inductive capability. Hence, the current study aims to fabricate a safe and effective nanoemulsion to improve metformin efficacy in targeting AGA. METHODS: Rosemary oil was selected as the oily phase due to its ability to increase blood flow and hair growth. Rosemary-based nanoemulsions were statistically optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design, loaded with metformin, and incorporated into a hydrogel to form a nanoemulgel. Metformin-loaded nanoemulsions were assessed for their diametric size, uniformity,

Androgenetic alopecia is a chronic dermatological condition in which genetically predisposed individuals undergo progressive hair loss secondary to the effects of circulating androgens. It has been well documented that dihydrotestosterone binds to the androgenic receptors prevalent in the scalp, thus inducing miniaturization of the hair follicle. To date, the only FDA approved medications for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia are finasteride and minoxidil. A plethora of studies have been conducted testing the efficacy of various herbal compounds, but additional research is needed to further establish the concrete efficacy of such natural remedies in treating androgenetic alopecia. Of late, rosemary oil has gained mass popularity as a promising natural alternative. This review article will not only provide a detailed background on this ancient herbal component but will additionally overview all other major herbal alternatives including peppermint oil, tea tree oil, green tea, pumpkin seed oil, saw palmetto, and lavender oil and will summarize the latest clinical studies, which have tested their efficacy for the management of androgenetic alopecia. © 2024 Bin Rubaian et al.

BACKGROUND: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has a rich historical use for various reasons due to its beneficial characteristics including stimulating hair growth, providing antioxidant and antibacterial effects, and functioning as a skin conditioner and fragrance enhancer. The plant is cultivated in Jordan and using it is gaining popularity among the population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of rosemary use among Jordanians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting at least 385 participants via social media platforms. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was performed by independent researchers. The questionnaire was divided into three main sections including the demographics section, the knowledge section and the attitude toward rosemary use. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The study's participants (n = 407) had a mean age of 30.98 years old (SD = 12.76). The mean knowledge score for the participants ranged from -5 to 7, with a mean of 2.96 (SD = 2.61), with younger participants exhibiting higher knowledge scores regarding rosemary. Approximately half of the participants (48.2%) reported using rosemary for medical purposes. About three-quarters reported using rosemary oil, but a higher percentage reported using the leaves. Around three quarters administered it orally or a

Dandruff, a common scalp disorder characterized by flaking dead skin, is often treated with conventional topical products. However, limitations exist due to potential side effects and high costs. Therefore, searching for natural, cost-effective solutions for dandruff and hair loss is crucial. Rosemary herb and neem tree, both cultivated in Egypt, possess well-documented anti-inflammatory properties derived from their rich phenolic phytoconstituents. This study formulated a standardized combined extract of rosemary and neem (RN-E 2:1) into hair gel and leave-in tonic formats. This extract demonstrated superior efficacy against Malassezia furfur (a causative agent of dandruff) and Trichophyton rubrum (associated with scalp disorders) compared to the conventional antifungal agent, ketoconazole. The combined extract (RN-E 2:1) also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. A

BACKGROUND: Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) is a common household plant with needle-like leaves and white flowers that belongs to the family Lamiaceae and has various medicinal properties including ailments of hair and scalp, cardiovascular, nervous disorders, etc., In the current work, we have focused on formulation and evaluation of 1% hair lotion incorporated with methanolic extract of R. officinalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with methanol and then the nature of phytochemicals were identified by chemical tests. It showed the presence of proteins, amino acids, fats and oils, steroids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, volatile oil, and vitamins. The extract was formulated to a suitable hair lotion and then evaluated for its various quality control parameters. Finally, the lotion was evaluated for hair growth promoting activity on C57BL/6 mice, using water as control and 2% minoxidil hair lotion as standard. RESULTS: It was observed that the formulated 1% herbal hair lotion passed all the evaluation parameters and showed a significant hair growth promoting activity than the standard drug-treated animals. CONCLUSION: Although several researches have been carried out on the rosemary, an investigation on formulation of hair lotion adding the extract of the aerial part of the plant is for the first time. Since our formulation exhibited an excellent activity, it can be wel