센소릴 아쉬와간다

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an Ayurvedic herb categorized as having "rasayana" (rejuvenator), longevity, and revitalizing properties. Sensoril® is a standardized aqueous extract of the roots and leaves of Withania somnifera. Purpose: To examine the impact of Sensoril® supplementation on strength training adaptations. Methods: Recreationally active men (26.5 ± 6.4 years, 181 ± 6.8 cm, 86.9 ± 12.5 kg, 24.5 ± 6.6% fat) were randomized in a double-blind fashion to placebo (PLA, n = 19) or 500 mg/d Sensoril® (S500, n = 19). Body composition (DEXA), muscular strength, power, and endurance, 7.5 km cycling time trial, and clinical blood chemistries were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation and training. Subjects were required to maintain their normal dietary habits and to follow a specific, progressive overload resistance-training program (4-day/week, upper body/lower body split). 2 × 2 mixed factorial ANOVA was used for analysis and statistical significance was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Gains in 1-RM squat (S500: +19.1 ± 13.0 kg vs. PLA +10.0 ± 6.2 kg, p = 0.009) and bench press (S500: +12.8 ± 8.2 kg vs. PLA: +8.0 ± 6.0 kg, p = 0.048) were significantly greater in S500. Changes in DEXA-derived android/gynoid ratio (S500: +0.0 ± 0.14 vs. PLA: +0.09 ± 0.1, p = 0.03) also favored S500. No other between-group differences were found for body composition, visual analog scales for recovery and affect, or systemic hemodynamics, however, only the S500 group experienced statistically significant improvements in average squat power, peak bench press power, 7.5 km time trial performance, and perceived recovery scores. Clinical chemistry analysis indicated a slight polycythemia effect in PLA, with no other statistical or clinically relevant changes being noted. Conclusions: A 500 mg dose of an aqueous extract of Ashwagandha improves upper and lower-body strength, supports a favorable distribution of body mass, and was well tolerated clinically in recreationally active men over a 12-week resistance training and supplementation period.

Consumer interest in botanicals as part of their diet continues to grow with many options being offered, but the public health requirement for an understanding of potential toxicity underscores the need for safety data to be developed specific to each form (i.e., plant part and extraction method). Regulatory agencies require standard toxicology tests to be documented in the public domain to assist with the transparency of informed scientific review. For ashwagandha, despite a significant number of clinical studies, there is little publicly available toxicology data available to demonstrate safety of ashwagandha root and leaf products. We completed a broad range of older legacy but Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline (TG)-compliant toxicology studies routinely recommended in regulatory safety guidelines specific to the aqueous ashwagandha root and leaf extract, Sensoril. The data summarized in this report support the conclusion that Sensoril is not toxic or genotoxic. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in the in vitro Ames assay and Sensoril demonstrated negative findings in the in vitro micronucleus assay and in vivo mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration assay, respectively. Sensoril was examined in rats at dose levels of 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg/day over 90 days and did not exhibit mortality, morbidity, adverse clinical signs or produce test item related changes in weekly body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematological or biochemical parameters. There were no test item related effects on thyroid hormones, sex hormones or microscopic pathology. The data from these studies support a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 4000 mg/kg/day in rats for an aqueous root and leaf ashwagandha extract. © 2026 Kerry group. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This study evaluated the application of Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera, root powder (ARP) at different levels 0% (B0 = control), 3% (B3), and 5% (B5) (W/W) in the production of biscuits as a popular snack. The results indicated that lightness increased, browning index decreased, and a significant reduction in pH was observed in these samples enriched. Compared to the control, acrylamide content (AAC) decreased in B2 and B3. Additionally, the nutritional value and the bioactive properties (total polyphenol content, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and antioxidant activity) of the enriched biscuit samples improved compared to the control. Overall, it can be concluded that by incorporating ARP into the biscuit formulations allows for the production of functional biscuit while retaining the nutritional benefits of ARP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this study, an attempt was made to produce a biscuit that benefits from the nutritional and health-promoting effects of the root of the Ashwagandha, considering the health-promoting and antioxidant effects and the presence of bioactive substances in it, and due to the easy production and availability of biscuits for different segments of society; in addition, it can also respond positively to consumer demand for health-oriented products. It should be noted that if consumers are aware of the beneficial nutritional and health effects of plant food ingredients in food, it will be possible to accept even larger amounts of these functional additives in the final product. © 2026 Institute of Food Technologists.

Ashwagandha, a revered herb in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3000 years, is recognized for its potential benefits in regulating sleep and supporting overall vitality. This study evaluated the comparative effects of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) and melatonin (MLT) on sleep quality in adults. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 200 men and women aged 18-50 years were randomized to receive ARE (300 mg twice daily; n = 50), MLT (3 mg/day; n = 50), a combination of ARE (600 mg/day) and MLT (3 mg/day; n = 50), or placebo (n = 50) for eight weeks. The primary outcome was the change in sleep onset latency (SOL) from baseline to week eight, measured by actigraphy. Secondary outcomes included actigraphy-based changes in total sleep time (TST), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE), as well as subjective measures such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A). At week eight, SOL was significantly reduced across treatment groups, with the ARE-MLT (p < 0.0001) combination showing the greatest improvement. The combination group also demonstrated significant improvements in TST (p < 0.0001), WASO (p < 0.0001), and SE (p < 0.0001), whereas ARE and MLT monotherapy produced moderate but comparable benefits. Inferential analyses confirmed statistically significant improvements in objective and subjective sleep measures (p < 0.0001). Safety analyses indicated that mild adverse events occurred across all groups, with no clinically significant between-group differences. Overall, both Ashwagandha and melatonin improved sleep disturbances in adults, with combination therapy producing the most consistent and pronounced benefits.

Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by the inadequate production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), leading to various physiological dysfunctions. Current treatments often involve synthetic hormone replacement, which is limited by some adverse effects. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a methanolic extract of Withania somnifera root (MEWS) in propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats. Forty rats were divided into five groups (n = 8): (1) negative control (NC), receiving no treatment; (2) positive control (PC), administered 0.05% w/v PTU to induce hypothyroidism; (3) W. somnifera control (WSC), treated with 500 mg/kg/day MEWS alone; (4) W. somnifera treatment (WST-500), receiving 500 mg/kg/day MEWS alongside PTU; and (5) combination therapy (CT-500), treated with both 500 mg/kg/day MEWS and 0.05% w/v PTU. Serum hormones (TSH, T3, T4) were measured by ELISA, thyroid histopathology was analyzed, and thyroperoxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) gene expression were quantified by qPCR. Molecular docking and ADMET profiling were employed to identify bioactive phytochemicals that target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2). PTU induction significantly increased thyroid weight (175.8%), TSH levels (4.45-fold), and TPO/TG expression (4.28 and 3.10-fold), while reducing T3 and T4 (82% and 75%; all p < 0.05). MEWS treatment (WST-500) significantly reversed these effects, reducing thyroid weight (55.8%), TSH (74.2%), and TPO/TG expression, while restoring T3 and T4 levels to near-normal (p < 0.05). Histopathology revealed reduced fibrosis and improved follicular architecture. A computational study identified phytochemicals with strong binding affinities for TSHR and D2 and favorable ADMET properties. These findings suggest that MEWS may ameliorate hypothyroidism by regulating hormone levels, gene expression, and thyroid morphology, indicating its potential as an adjunct or alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapies for hypothyroidism. © 2026 The Author(s). Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, widely used in traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Middle Eastern folk medicine, is valued for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. These activities are primarily attributed to withanolides, with Withaferin A recognized as one of the most bioactive constituents. Although traditional preparations often rely on the root, leaf use provides a more sustainable alternative and may yield significant quantities of active metabolites. Identifying efficient, modern extraction technologies that can enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds from leaves is essential for developing effective, standardized ethnopharmacological formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plants of W. somnifera grown from seeds were subjected to different environmental conditions (control, drought, cold, yeast extract treatment). Leaves were extracted using Pressurized Cyclic Solid-Liquid Extraction (PCSLE) with hydroalcoholic solvents and compared with conventional infusion of dried leaves. Extracts were fractionated with solvents of varying polarity and analyzed by TLC, HPLC, and NMR for quantification of Withaferin A. Expression levels of key withanolide-biosynthetic genes (CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, CYP76) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Antimicrobial activity of pure Withaferin A, aqueous extract, and hydroalcoholic PCSLE extract was evaluated through MIC and MBC assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Cytotoxic activity was measured via MTT assays in six human cancer cell lines after 3, 6, and 24 h of treatment. RESULTS: PCSLE yielded substantially higher levels of Withaferin A than traditional infusion, especially in medium-polarity fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate), with concentrations reaching 0.70% in fresh leaf mass (4.8% dry weight), compared to 0.11% obtained by infusion. Gene expression analysis revealed that 24-week-old plants exhibited the highest transcription of withanolide-biosynthetic genes, and drought stress significantly upregulated CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, and CYP716, indicating enhanced metabolic flux toward withanol

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has been recognized for enhancing physical strength, mental well-being, and overall vitality. Despite its long-standing use across generations, some clinical reports have noted occasional adverse events. This study compared the safety and tolerability of Ashwagandha Root Extract (ARE) in healthy adults. This was a prospective, multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study (n = 1002; 18 to 65 years). Participants with reported stress and anxiety were randomly assigned to receive either 600 mg/day (two divided doses) of ARE (n = 498) or a placebo (PL, n = 504) orally for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the safety profile assessed through laboratory parameters and adverse events (AEs), while tolerability was assessed by the participants on a 7-point Likert scale of Global Assessment of Tolerability to Therapy. Demographic and baseline characteristics were similar between groups. No serious adverse events were reported; a total of 74 AEs (7.4%) were documented, with 46 events (9.2%) in the PL group and 28 events (5.6%) in the ARE group. The most common AEs include nausea (3.2% in PL vs. 2.0% in ARE), dry mouth (1.4% in both groups), and headache (2.2% in PL vs. 0.2% in ARE). Laboratory evaluations showed no significant changes in liver function tests, renal function markers, or hematological parameters between the ARE and PL groups. Both groups maintained normal ranges for key biomarkers, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and hemoglobin levels throughout the study duration. Tolerability ratings showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.487), and most of the participants rated the ARE therapy as "Good" or "Excellent." ARE is well-tolerated and safe in adults with stress and anxiety. These results support the use of Ashwagandha root extract as a viable non-pharmacological treatment, warranting further exploration of its long-term effects in diverse populations. © 2026 The Author(s). Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

BackgroundNutritional supplements are commonly used to increase strength, recovery, and overall athletic performance. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), a natural adaptogen, has shown promising ergogenic potential; however, evidence in athletes-particularly over short-term periods remains limited.MethodsThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of 8 days of Ashwagandha supplementation (600 mg of standardized root extract daily) - a duration chosen to evaluate its potential utility during acute competitive periods - on neuromuscular performance and recovery in 31 male handball players (age: 20.3 ± 3.1 years). Participants ingested either Ashwagandha (600 mg/day) or placebo capsules. Assessments included knee extension and flexion strength, handgrip strength, perceived muscle soreness, fatigue, and total quality recovery (TQR), measured at baseline, day 4, and day 8.ResultsAshwagandha significantly improved handgrip strength compared with placebo after 8 days (d = 0.33; p = 0.011), whereas no consistent effects were found for knee flexion or extension. Perceived soreness, fatigue, and recovery did not differ meaningfully between groups.ConclusionsShort-term Ashwagandha supplementation may enhance handgrip strength, suggesting a potential neuromuscular benefit in athletes. However, the lack of consistent effects on lower-limb strength and subjective recovery highlights the need for longer-term studies to confirm these findings.

LN20188 is a botanical combination composed of extracts derived from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal root and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench fruit. Our earlier investigations revealed the benefits of LN20188 in promoting gut motility and reducing constipation. The current investigation presents the toxicological profile of LN20188 following OECD guidelines for chemical testing. In an acute oral toxicity (AOT) study involving Sprague Dawley rats, no significant signs of toxicity or morbidity were observed, and the lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w). Gross pathological findings further confirmed the safety of LN20188. In a repeated-dose subchronic toxicological investigation, rats were administered either 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg b.w of LN20188 for 90 consecutive days. LN20188 was found to be safe, where data on body weight, food consumption, organ weights, hematology, clinical biochemistry, and biomarkers were comparable to those of vehicle controls. The estimated no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for LN20188 in male and female rats is determined to be 1500 mg/kg b.w. Genotoxicity studies, including bacterial reverse mutation, in vitrochromosomal aberration (CA), and in vivo micronucleus test (MNT) in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, indicated no clastogenic or mutagenic activity. Results of the bacterial reverse mutation assay showed that LN20188 did not exhibit a notable increase in colony count (mutagenicity) up to 5000 μg/plate. In CA assay, LN20188 concentrations of up to 1000 μg/mL in the short term and 500 μg/mL in continuous exposure did not induce any chromosomal aberrations. Additionally, in vivo MNT showed that LN20188, up to 2000 mg/kg b.w, did not elevate the frequency of micronucleated PCEs (MNPCEs). Overall, these studies demonstrate that oral administration of LN20188 does not result in toxicity or genotoxic effects.

INTRODUCTION: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.Dunal) is an adaptogenic herb known to reduce stress and enhance well-being in adults. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel-group trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of standardized Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) in children with parent-reported concerns related to attention, concentration, or memory. Eight-five healthy children aged 6-12 years were randomized to receive ARE gummies (n = 42; 150 mg twice daily) or identical placebo gummies (n = 43) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included attention, memory, and executive function assessed using the Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS). Secondary outcomes included overall functioning and well-being assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2 Parent version), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Fatigue Scale. Safety was evaluated based on self-reported adverse events. RESULTS: Among 73 participants who completed the study (ARE, n = 39; placebo, n = 34), ARE supplementation significantly improved speed of information processing (p = 0.040). Improvements were also observed in delayed word recall (p = 0.038, d = 0.59), Stroop task accuracy (p = 0.021, d = 0.61), Corsi block span (p = 0.013, d = 0.66), and choice reaction time accuracy (p = 0.005, d = 0.75). Additionally, SDSC scores improved, indicating better parent-reported sleep quality (p = 0.035). No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an eight-week supplementation with ARE is well tolerated and may enhance cognitive performance and sleep quality in children. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2021/10/037126; dated 06/10/2021; CTRI) and the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Reg. No.: ACTRN12621000656831; ANZCTR-Registration).

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a well-known adaptogen with established roles in stress modulation and physical performance enhancement traditionally. Low dose Ashwagandha (LDA/Ashwa 0.30) is a bioactive-optimized root-only extract standardized to withanolides (> 15% w/w) and an ATP-active fraction (> 15% w/w). This study investigated the efficacy and safety of LDA supplementation on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise-induced fatigue in healthy individuals. In this eight-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy adults received either LDA (30 mg/day) or placebo. VO2max was assessed as primary endpoint using an indirect method via the Modified Bruce Protocol Treadmill Test (MBPTT). Secondary endpoints included lactic acid, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), fatigue scores (VAS), and safety biomarkers. LDA significantly improved VO2max and maximal heart rate compared to the placebo. Participants in the treatment group showed lower lactic acid levels at exercise, indicating prolonged aerobic metabolism. CPK levels were significantly reduced, suggesting mitigation of muscle energy stress. Borg RPE and fatigue scores improved in the LDA group. LDA was well tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse events. Hematological, hepatic, renal, metabolic, and vital sign parameters remained within normal clinical ranges following intake of LDA. LDA supplementation for 8 weeks significantly enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness, delayed fatigue onset, and was safe for use in healthy adults. These findings support its potential as a safe and effective low-dose aid for endurance enhancement and overall exercise performance. © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The plant kingdom is estimated to produce at least 250,000 distinct natural products, a significant proportion of which remain structurally and biologically uncharacterized, representing a vast, underexplored reservoir of chemical diversity. Withania adpressa Coss. ex Batt is an endemic species of the Moroccan Sahara and a member of the Solanaceae family. Traditionally, nearly all parts of the plant, including roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits have been used to treat digestive disorders, gastritis, colds, rheumatoid arthritis, and for their purported diuretic and aphrodisiac effects. The plant is notably rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly withanolides, which are largely responsible for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite promising findings supporting its anticancer potential, no W. adpressa based-extract has yet been developed into a commercially available traditional medicine. In this line, further studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the plant's therapeutic potential and explore additional applications. This review consolidates, for the first time, current chemical, and biological research on W. adpressa, with a focus on its most bioactive extracts, fractions, and compounds, aiming to support their development into phytopharmaceutical development.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) root powder and extracts have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine to improve sleep and anxiety. Recent scientific investigations into its efficacy have shown promise for relief from anxiety, insomnia and stress and for improving the immune system. It has also been suggested that oxygen uptake in the cardiovascular system, muscle strength, cognitive function, the reproductive system and the aging process significantly benefit from ashwagandha treatment. Since the herbal remedy is taken daily by millions of people in India, China and parts of the West, it is interesting that there are very few case reports of side effects directly attributed to the treatment, suggesting that the administration of ashwagandha preparations may be safe. Currently, neither the European Medicines Agency nor the FDA considers ashwagandha as a drug or general health supplement. Therefore, ashwagandha products are marketed in the West as dietary supplements so that users may be exposed to unscrupulous vendors. In this narrative/literature review, scientific findings from basic research and human clinical trials on herbal remedies, spanning the period from 1994 to date, were critically evaluated for the purpose of highlighting knowledge gaps to provide context for new research. Such investigations will provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of ashwagandha treatment, thus making the herbal preparations more accessible to a wider audience.

Stress and anxiety are interconnected, sharing both behavioural and neural foundations. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) helps reduce stress and anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a proprietary herbal extract of ashwagandha root (APB) in adult men and women with moderate stress and anxiety. This 8-week, randomized, double-blind, three-arm, placebo-controlled trial included 141 healthy men and women aged 18-65 years with stress and anxiety. Participants were randomized to receive either 300 mg of APB twice daily (n = 47), ashwagandha root extract (ARE, n = 47), or placebo (PL, n = 47) for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change in serum cortisol levels at week 8. Secondary endpoints were the mean changes in Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) scores. Safety was assessed through clinical adverse events (AEs) and laboratory parameters. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test, and within-group changes were assessed using paired t-tests. At 8 weeks, all groups have shown a significant reduction in serum cortisol, and improvements in PSS (P < 0.0001), HAM-A (P = 0.001), and POMS domain scores (tension, depression, and anger, P < 0.0001). In addition, the APB showed significant differences compared with ARE and PL for PSS, HAM-A total score, OHQ, and POMS (P < 0.05). The proprietary herbal extract of ashwagandha root (300mg twice daily) is considered an effective and safe intervention for reducing stress and anxiety. © 2026 The Author(s).

Botanical extracts are widely employed as health care agents but lack the rigorous vetting required for FDA-approved pharmaceuticals. Research on phytochemical bioavailability and transformation has mainly focused on liver metabolism and plasma binding, while gastrointestinal and microbiome metabolism studies remain limited. This study combined digestive in vitro assays with mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and molecular networking to analyze metabolites in Withania somnifera leaf and root extracts, along with three known bioactive reference standards: withaferin A, withanolide A, and withanoside IV. Both withaferin A and withanoside IV underwent significant in vitro transformation, while withanolide A remained stable across conditions. Molecular networking revealed that withanolides in the root extract were largely stable, whereas many in the leaf extract were more labile under the assay conditions. Detailed network analysis also enabled the identification of specific metabolite transformations. These findings support the refinement of in vitro models to better predict in vivo behavior in complex botanical mixtures.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is associated with increased risk of anemia, high psychological stress, and sleep disturbances, yet safe therapeutic options remain limited. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract (ARE) possesses adaptogenic and hematopoietic potential, but evidence in pregnant women is scarce. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ARE on hematological parameters and on stress, sleep quality, and laboratory safety markers in pregnant women. METHODS: This 12-week, prospective, randomized, open-label, comparative trial enrolled 70 pregnant women in the second trimester. Participants received either ARE 300 mg twice daily plus standard hematinic therapy or standard hematinic therapy (standard of care; SOC) alone. Primary endpoints included changes in hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) indices. Secondary endpoints included perceived stress, sleep quality, and safety assessments (adverse events, liver, renal, cardiac, and thyroid markers). Efficacy was analyzed in the per-protocol population; safety in the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: Of 70 randomized participants, 63 completed the study (ARE: n = 32; SOC: n = 31). ARE supplementation produced significant improvements in hematological parameters: Hb increased by 1.06 ± 0.44 g/dL vs. 0.78 ± 0.24 g/dL with SOC (between-group difference 0.28 g/dL; p = 0.003), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration improved significantly (difference 0.73 g/dL; p = 0.017), and red cell distribution width decreased markedly (difference -0.57%; p < 0.001). RBC count and hematocrit showed favorable but non-significant trends. ARE significantly reduced perceived stress at Week 12 (-10.50 vs. -5.35; p < 0.001) and improved key sleep parameters, including subjective sleep quality at all visits (p = 0.036), sleep duration (Week 8 and 12; p < 0.001), and sleep disturbances (Week 12; p = 0.028). No adverse events or serious adverse events occurred. Laboratory evaluations showed no detrimental effects on hepatic, renal, or thyroid function. DISCUSSION: ARE supplementation for 12 weeks improved hemoglobin levels, RBC quality, perceived stress, and multiple aspects of sleep in pregnan

INTRODUCTION: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is widely recognized in Ayurvedic medicine as a potent Rasayana and aphrodisiac herb, with preclinical studies demonstrating androgen-modulating, anxiolytic, and antioxidant properties that may enhance male reproductive physiology. The present study aimed to rigorously evaluate the efficacy and safety of a standardized Ashwagandha Root Extract (ARE) in improving sexual function in healthy adult men. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted over 8 weeks in 76 healthy males aged 30-50 years. Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either 300 mg ARE twice daily or a matched placebo. Sexual functioning was evaluated using validated instruments, including the Sexual Desire Inventory-2 (SDI-2), number of Satisfying Sexual Events (SSEs), and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Semen parameters were analyzed using WHO-standardized procedures, and quality of life was assessed with the Short Form-12 Health Survey. Both intention-to-treat and safety analyses were performed with a significance threshold of α = 0.05. RESULTS: ARE supplementation resulted in statistically significant improvements across multiple domains of sexual function compared with placebo, including SDI-2 scores, SSEs, sexual desire, and overall IIEF outcomes (p ≤ 0.001). Semen analysis demonstrated a 36% increase in ejaculate volume, 38% improvement in total sperm count, and an 87% increase in total sperm motility after 8 weeks, with moderate to large effect sizes indicating clinically meaningful benefits. No adverse events or safety concerns were reported. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that standardized ARE may serve as an effective and well-tolerated natural intervention to support male sexual health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=NzY3ODE=&Enc=&userName=, identifier CTRI/2,022/11/047,501. © 2026 Khanna, Khanna and Panchal.

The ancient Indian Siddha medicine system, practiced for thousands of years, is now receiving widespread recognition globally. "Siddha" system of medicine is one among the Indian traditional system of medicine that has its roots in Tamil culture. This study seeks to explore and document the diverse practices and medicinal remedies employed by Siddha practitioners. The Siddha formulations include oil-medicated herbal products and thailam, an oil formulation that contains drugs and raw extracts. Kuzhithailam is a specially prepared oil in the Siddha system by a destructive distillation process called the pudam process. Amukkara (Withania somnifera) and neem (Azadirachta indica) Kuzhithailams are two among the formulations. Neem, a popular herb for skin infections and general health because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and blood-purifying properties. Amukkara plant kizhangu helps mental health, boosts energy, and maintains hormonal balance. The current study investigates the metabolites of amukkara (AMKT) and neem Kuzhithailams (NMKT) by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Mass spectrometric analysis of AMKT and NMKT revealed the presence of metabolites belonging to different groups, including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, vitamins, terpenoids, and sterols. The alkaloid compounds, including withasomnine, pseudopelletierine, hygroline, and tigloidine, were detected in AMKT. Gedunin, nimbolide, 6-desacetylnimbin, 28-deoxonimbolide, azadiradione, nimbin, salannin, 2-monomyrsitin, and salannol were detected in NMKT. The Kuzhithailams possessed antioxidant activities, NMKT was observed to has a higher antioxidant capacity than AMKT. The bioactive compounds of neem Kuzhithailam have moieties like hydroxyl, ketone, conjugated double bonds, lactone etc. which stabilize the free radicals and contribute to higher antioxidant properties of NMKT compared to AMKT. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-06148-0. © Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publish

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), an adaptogen, is widely used in traditional Indian medicine for its health benefits in elderly people with functional limitations and physical disabilities. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial study assessed the efficacy and safety of a standardized Ashwagandha Root Extract (ARE) on general health improvement in elderly. Fifty (32 male, 18 female) healthy people aged between 60 and 85 years who consented to participate were randomly assigned to receive either capsule ARE 300 mg twice daily orally (n = 25) or an identical placebo (n = 21) for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome was change in scores for Older People's Quality of Life (OPQOL) questionnaire, whereas secondary outcomes were change in scores for the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Clinical safety was evaluated using adverse events and global assessment of tolerability to therapy (GATT) by the physician. Greater improvement in OPQOL scores was observed with ARE, compared to placebo at both week 4 (p = 0.023) and week 8 (p < 0.0001), and these differences were observed in all sub-scales of OPQOL. Patients receiving ARE showed higher improvements after week 8 for total scores for ESS (p < 0.001), and SFT sub-scales (p < 0.01). The majority of participants on ARE reported excellent to good tolerability (96.0%). No adverse events were reported in the ARE group, while one patient reported nausea and headache in the placebo group. Ashwagandha root extract can be a useful herbal intervention for the improvement of general health and quality of life in elderly men and women. © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PURPOSE: Women's sexual health is affected by physical, psychological, and emotional aspects. In Ayurvedic medicine, Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is traditionally classified as a Rasayana known to promote reproductive health and overall well-being in women. The present study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a standardized Shatavari root extract (SHT) in improving women's sexual health. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, three-armed study was conducted over 8 weeks with 135 women participants. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either SHT, Shatavari with Ashwagandha root extracts (SHT-ARE), or a placebo (PL). The primary outcome was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Secondary outcomes were measured by Satisfying Sexual Events (SSEs), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which were used for efficacy analysis. The safety parameters were monitored by treatment-emergent adverse events and changes in liver, thyroid, and renal function markers. RESULTS: At post-intervention (8 weeks), the SHT-ARE group demonstrated improvements in FSFI Arousal (P = 0.041), Lubrication (P = 0.027), Orgasm (P = 0.031), and Total FSFI (P = 0.005) scores compared to the PL group, whereas the SHT group showed improvements in only Total FSFI (P = 0.025) and Satisfaction (P < 0.0001). The number of sexual intercourses between SHT-ARE and PL was increased significantly (P = 0.001), while FSDS scores showed a significant difference in both SHT-ARE (P < 0.0001) and SHT (P = 0.008) when compared to the PL group. Improved OHQ scores in the SHT-ARE group (P < 0.0001) signify greater happiness. Reduced POMS values (SHT-ARE) specified reductions in Tension, Anger, Depression, Fatigue, Esteem-related affect, Confusion, and Total score (P < 0.0001) compared to PL. The SHT-ARE group at week 8 represented no significant differences in PSQI scores, except for Sleep efficiency (P = 0.045) compared to PL. All reported events were mild and resolved with no intervention. CONCLUSION: Shatavari root extra

The relationship between excess body weight and stress significantly impacts overall health. The current study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract (ARE) in altering stress biomarkers and its role in weight management. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 100 participants (age: 19-65 years) were randomized to receive either ARE 300 mg twice daily (n = 50) or an identical placebo (PL, n = 50) for 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoints were changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Secondary endpoints included evaluation of stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS), quality of life (Short Form-12 Quality of Life Scale), subjective satisfaction (Subjective Satisfaction Scale, SSS), and food cravings (Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait, FCQ-T). Clinical safety was assessed based on treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and laboratory parameters, including complete blood count, renal function tests, liver function tests, lipid profile, thyroid function tests, and glycemic parameters (plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin). Efficacy was analyzed in 91 patients. ARE administration resulted in a significant reduction in body weight (-8.46 ± 3.86 kg; P < 0.0001) and BMI (-3.31 ± 1.57 kg/m2; P < 0.0001) compared to the PL (-2.41 ± 2.07 kg and -0.93 ± 0.79 kg/m2 for body weight and BMI, respectively). Compared with PL, ARE showed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in PSS, SF-12, SSS, and FCQ-T scores. A total of seven participants with ARE and six with PL reported mild adverse events (nausea, abdominal pain, and drowsiness), which were resolved without any intervention. Ashwagandha root extract may offer a safe and beneficial approach for stress reduction and weight management. © 2025 The Author(s).

Background: Ashwagandha, a plant belonging to the Solanaceae family, has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic properties, and its potential to improve physical performance and support post-exercise recovery. Objectives: This narrative review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current scientific evidence regarding the effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, athletic performance, and safety. Methodology: This study is a narrative review based on previously published literature. The synthesis involved evaluating current studies focusing primarily on Ashwagandha supplementation and its relationship to exercise and sports performance. The included sources comprise clinical trials, meta-analyses, and review articles reporting outcomes related to strength, endurance, recovery, and safety. Results: Studies suggest that Ashwagandha dosages of 330-1000 mg daily will increase endurance and facilitate quicker recoveries, with a twice daily dose of 300 mg in combination with weight training increasing muscular strength and hypertrophy. Ashwagandha is also believed to regulate cortisol levels and relieve anxiety and insomnia. Typical dosage levels in the sporting field appear to be higher, at approximately 600 mg/day, but a lower dose will be required by less active people. Side effects are mild in the majority of the literature and no dangerous side effects occur at recommended dosages. Conclusion: Ashwagandha has been found to be safe and effective in a natural supplementary capacity in sports and athletics. The correct dosage and application period of Ashwagandha should be taken into consideration to reap its properties in the human body.

BACKGROUND: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) poses a unique and formidable challenge to healthy personnel at high altitudes. OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocol aimed to assess the effectiveness of Ayurvedic nutritional supplements in conjunction with a yoga protocol in reducing the incidence and severity of AMS among healthy personnel stationed in the challenging high-altitude landscapes of the western Himalayas. METHODS: The proposed open-label, parallel-group RCT was conducted in apparently healthy individuals of any gender aged 18-50 years. The study was conducted at two distinct high-altitude stages within the western Himalayan region: stage I, situated at an elevation ranging from 9000 to 12,000 feet and stage II, spanning 12,000 to 15,000 feet. A total of 1660 participants (n=830 per stage) underwent random assignment in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the existing acclimatization schedule (AS) for high altitude (control group) or the Ayush intervention (Ayush group) in addition to the AS. The participants in the Ayush group received Ayurvedic nutritional supplements, including the Ayur-nutri kit (Ayush poshak yoga, 25 g, and Ayush cardiac care tea, 125 mL), twice daily, along with a yoga protocol (60 min daily) for 120 days. The primary outcome was the incidence of AMS, assessed using the 2018 Lake Louise Scoring System, and the proportion of participants with a Lake Louise Scoring System score of 6 or higher during the first 7 days from baseline. The secondary outcome measures included the proportion of participants with thromboembolic events; changes in coagulation and hemostasis activation markers and proinflammatory markers; and changes in self-reported negative emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), sleep quality, and overall quality of life (assessed through Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 items, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 12-item short-form, respectively) on day 60 and day 120 from baseline. RESULTS: The study was funded in March 2023. The data collection was completed in December 2023. A total of 1660 participants were enrolled in the study. The analysis of the study data is in progress. The study outcom

This review offers a thorough examination of stress and the therapeutic use of herbal medicine. Recognizing the ubiquity of stress in modern life, this review discusses the biological mechanisms of stress, especially at the molecular level, where the presence of phenylpropanoid derivatives has a major regulatory effect. Plant-derived compounds, especially phenylpropanoids, tetracyclic triterpenoids, and lignans, are discussed for their potential use in stress management. Recent clinical trial data confirm the efficacy of these plant-derived compounds in the management of stress symptoms, such as the reduction of anxiety, improvement in mood stability, modulation of cortisol levels, improvement in sleep patterns, and enhancement of mental well-being. Of particular interest is the use of adaptogenic herbs such as Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), which has shown consistent efficacy in enhancing stress resilience and improving quality of life. This review seeks to inform researchers and practitioners of the growing importance of herbal medicine in the management of stress-related health issues.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Adaptogens are plant-derived substances that enhance the body's resilience to physical and psychological stress, with Withania somnifera and Rhodiola rosea being among the most studied representatives. The aim of this review is to evaluate the adaptogenic effects of W. somnifera and R. rosea based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). REVIEW METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using the key words: 'ashwagandha', 'Withania somnifera', 'Rhodiola rosea', and 'plant adaptogen'. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria - 19 on W. somnifera and 5 on R. rosea. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: The analyzed trials involved 10-590 participants, aged 18-75 years, both healthy individuals and patients with stress-related or functional disorders. Interventions included standardized extracts at daily doses of 120-1000 mg for W. somnifera and 290-1500 mg for R. rosea, with supplementation lasting 3-16 weeks. Reported benefits included reduction of stress and anxiety, alleviation of depressive symptoms, improved sleep quality, enhancement of cognitive functions, increased muscle strength and recovery, and favourable hormonal changes. Methodological heterogeneity, short intervention periods, and small sample sizes remain limitations. SUMMARY: Evidence from RCTs confirms that W. somnifera and R. rosea exert multi-dimensional adaptogenic effects, improving psychophysical health and supporting stress resilience. Their mechanisms involve regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotransmission, immune and hormonal pathways. Further long-term, high-quality clinical trials, supplemented with molecular and systemic approaches, are required to consolidate their role in integrative, evidence-based medicine.

Background/Objectives: Plant-based supplements are widely used for the management of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Despite their over-the-counter availability and perceived safety, these products may pose relevant pharmacological and toxicological risks. This narrative review critically evaluates clinical evidence on commonly used herbal preparations, with particular emphasis on herb-drug interactions, adverse effects, and issues related to product adulteration. Methods: Major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched to identify clinical studies evaluating plant-based supplements for mental health and sleep disorders. Data on study design, dosage, efficacy, and adverse events were analyzed, together with regulatory information and reports of product adulteration and quality concerns. Results: Herbal supplements such as Hypericum perforatum, Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Piper methysticum, Withania somnifera, Crocus sativus, and Curcuma longa demonstrated anxiolytic, antidepressant, and sedative effects in clinical studies, with improvements in mood, stress levels, and sleep quality. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of monoaminergic and GABAergic pathways, serotonergic activity, regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, clinically relevant risks were identified, including cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions, excessive sedation, serotonin syndrome, and toxic effects associated with adulterated products, such as hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular events, and neurological disturbances. Conclusions: While plant-based supplements may provide clinically meaningful benefits for anxiety, depression, and insomnia, their use requires careful clinical monitoring due to potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions and safety concerns. Increased awareness of herb-drug interactions and stricter quality control are essential to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize harm.

Background/Objectives: Adaptogens are plant-derived substances that enhance the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, chemical, biological, and psychological stressors by normalizing physiological functions. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms of action of seven key plant adaptogens-Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Bacopa monnieri-in the context of chronic stress and lifestyle-related diseases. Methods: A review of the scientific literature is performed, including preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, and studies employing network pharmacology analyses, molecular docking, and genomic techniques such as gene expression profiling. The interactions of active constituents with signaling pathways, molecular targets, and synergistic mechanisms were analyzed based on publications from the years 2010-2025. Results: Adaptogens exhibit pleiotropic activity: they regulate the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis); induce Hsp70/Hsp16 expression; modulate SAPK/JNK, FOXO, and NF-κB pathways; and demonstrate antioxidant and mitoprotective effects. Specific mechanisms include: salidroside from R. rosea activating PI3K/Akt; schizandrin B from S. chinensis stimulating Hsp70; withanolides from W. somnifera inhibiting PDE4D; ginsenosides from P. ginseng suppressing FKBP51; and bacosides from B. monnieri enhancing acetylcholine synthesis. Clinical studies confirm reductions in cortisol levels (14-30%), decreased fatigue, and improved cognitive function without adverse effects. Conclusions: Understanding the molecular mechanisms of adaptogens supports their application in integrative medicine for the treatment of stress-related disorders, depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases. Further clinical studies are needed to optimize dosages and standardize extracts.

The rise in mental-health-related disorders, including anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment worldwide, has increased the demand for preventative non-pharmacological interventions and intervention aimed at modifiable lifestyle factors - particularly diet. Growing evidence shows that plant-based nutrition, with its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, is critically important for cognitive resilience, emotional stability, and mental wellbeing. Essential nutrient and bioactive compounds such as ω-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, B vitamins, magnesium, and probiotics themselves act on the gut-brain axis to alleviate neuroinflammatory stress. Functional and adaptogenic foods - for example, Ashwagandha, Rhodiola, and Holy Basil - are becoming the focus of interest as they play a significant role in cortisol control and stress adaptation. All plant-based dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean, DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), and plant-based diets, show comparable associations with lower risk for depression, anxiety, and cognitive deficits through enhancing gut microbiome richness and balancing neurotransmitters. This review outlines the scientific basis of mental nutrition, highlighting the interconnections between dietary patterns, gut microbiota composition, diet-mediated modulation of neurotransmitter levels, and neuroinflammatory pathways that collectively influence mental health. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are among the most common hormonal diseases affecting women worldwide. Although multiple conventional treatments exist, they are often insufficient or poorly tolerated by the patients. Withania somnifera (WS) (ashwagandha) could provide a synergistic or alternative method of symptom management due to its endocrine, neuropsychiatric, and anti-inflammatory properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: This narrative review aims to evaluate the current evidence regarding the usefulness of Withania somnifera in aiding women's hormonal balance, with a particular focus on its potential applications in PCOS and PMS. RESULTS: The current state of knowledge indicates that by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, normalization of gonadotropins and estradiol levels is potentially achievable with Withania somnifera. This, along with a well-documented lowering effect on cortisol, improvements in metabolic markers, and the restoration of ovarian function in preclinical PCOS models, shows therapeutic potential. Crucially, ashwagandha's impact on androgen levels appears sex-specific, as it does not seem to elevate testosterone in women, unlike in male study groups. In PMS, ashwagandha's neuropsychiatric properties, most likely associated with GABAergic signaling and HPA modulation, may be beneficial in lowering fatigue, anxiety, and stress reactivity. Some studies also indicate possible analgesic activity of Withania somnifera. CONCLUSIONS: Ashwagandha rises as a strong candidate for supportive treatment for managing the symptoms of PCOS and PMS by means of combined hormonal, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric effects. However, as current evidence relies heavily on preclinical models and extrapolation from other populations, further large-scale, randomized clinical trials using standardized extracts are necessary to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and confirm its clinical efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: Chronic stress is detrimental to the maintenance of the main response system - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of two plant-based adaptogens, a formula containing Rhodiola, holy basil and Schisandra chinensis (VL-G-A57) and a full-spectrum ashwagandha (VL-G-E12), on stress and related symptoms in individuals with high stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 60-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study included individuals aged between 18 to 65 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 18 to 29.9 kg/m2. One hundred eighty-six participants were randomized to one of the adaptogens, VL-G-A57 or VL-G-E12, or to placebo. The primary outcome was a reduction in stress levels. Secondary outcomes were changes in sleep quality, fatigue, restorative sleep, mental alertness, mood dysregulation, and anxiety. A priori power analysis determined the required sample size. Efficacy was assessed by comparing mean changes in the primary endpoint at days 30 and 60 using ANCOVA, with baseline values as covariates. Dunnett's post hoc test identified significant differences versus placebo, and within-group changes were evaluated using paired t-tests. Normality was assessed visually and via Shapiro-Wilk/Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests as needed. Secondary outcomes were analyzed similarly. Analyses were conducted using R (v4.0.5) and XLSTAT (v2021.3.1). RESULTS: At day 60, both VL-G-A57 and VL-G-E12 significantly reduced Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores compared to placebo (p < 0.0001). Sleep quality, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), improved significantly in both adaptogen groups (VL-G-A57: p = 0.0008, VL-G-E12: p < 0.0001). This corresponded well with the Restorative Sleep Questionnaire-Weekly (RSQ-W) results in the two IP arms when compared with placebo (p < 0.0001). Additionally, mood dysregulation (VL-G-A57: p = 0.0454), anxiety (VL-G-A57: p = 0.0004, VL-G-E12: p = 0.0015), and stress levels (VL-G-A57-VL-G-E12: p < 0.0001) showed significant improvements compared to placebo. No differences in mental alertness were observed. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that both VL-G-A5

BACKGROUND: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), as an important herbal medicine, has been increasingly recognized for its role in mental health management, particularly in reducing stress and anxiety, and reflects the growing relevance of complementary and alternative medicine in addressing psychological well-being. The present study aims to investigate its effectiveness by pooling the evidence from existing randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: Major medical databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched. Eligible studies were included. Meta-analysis, meta-regression, non-linear dose-response analysis, and subgroup analyses were conducted. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated. P-values < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420251073134). RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. Meta-analysis revealed that supplementation with ashwagandha significantly improves stress (SMD = -5.88; 95 % CI: -8.15 to -3.60), depression (SMD = -5.68; 95 % CI: -8.43 to -2.94), and anxiety (SMD = -6.87; 95 % CI: -8.77 to -4.97). There was significant linear (coefficient = 0.005, P = 0.031) and non-linear (P-nonlinearity = 0.005) association between dosages of administered ashwagandha and stress levels. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that ashwagandha supplementation holds promising potential in alleviating symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. However, to strengthen these findings and translate them into clinical recommendations, well-designed, high-quality trials are still needed to address existing heterogeneity and to establish the most effective dosages and intervention durations.

BACKGROUND: Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR) is a retinal disorder characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina, commonly associated with psychological stress and Type A personality traits. From an Ayurvedic perspective, these features correspond to Vata predominance, marked by hyperactivity, anxiety, and autonomic instability. Such individuals may be constitutionally predisposed to disorders of Vata imbalance, including retinal pathologies resembling Vataja Shopha. This case series explores therapeutic outcomes of Ayurvedic management in CSR among individuals with Vata Prakriti. CASE PRESENTATION: Three patients-two males (aged 65 and 46 years) and one female (aged 40 years), diagnosed with CSR and confirmed as Vata Prakriti through a standardized questionnaire, were treated with an identical Ayurvedic regimen comprising Ashwagandha tablets, Punarnavadi Kashaya, Tiktaka Ghrita, Kalyanaka Ghrita, and Triphala Churna. Local ocular therapies included Shiro Pichu with Brahmi Ghrita, Pratimarsha Nasya with Anu Taila, and Anjana Karma with Elaneer Kozhumbu. Lifestyle advice emphasized regular sleep, timely meals, guided meditation, and reduced screen exposure. All three patients demonstrated marked improvement in visual acuity and complete anatomical resolution of macular fluid on Optical Coherence Tomography within 4-17 months. No recurrence was observed over 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: This case series highlights a possible association between CSR and Vata Prakriti. Vata pacifying and Rasayana based Ayurvedic interventions showed favorable visual and structural outcomes. Incorporating Prakriti phenotyping in ocular disease management may enhance personalized, integrative approaches to retinal disorders.

BACKGROUND: Withania somnifera (WS) is considered an adaptogen agent with reported antistress, cognition facilitating and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be beneficial in the treatment of mental disorders. AIMS: This systematic review investigated the efficacy and tolerability of Withania somnifera for mental health symptoms in individuals with mental disorders. METHOD: The protocol of this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023467959). PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase and CENTRAL were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing Withania somnifera to any comparator, in people of any age, with any mental disorder. The meta-analyses were based on standardised mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, estimated through frequentist and Bayesian-hierarchical models with random-effects. RESULTS: Fourteen studies, corresponding to 360 people treated with Withania somnifera and 353 controls were included. Anxiety disorders were the predominant diagnostic category. Thirteen trials administered Withania somnifera orally (median dose 600 mg/day), one with Shirodhara therapy. The median follow-up time was 8 weeks. Although limited by the small number of studies, substantial between-study heterogeneity, and outlier effects, our investigation showed Withania somnifera effectiveness in improving anxiety (outlier-corrected SMD: -1.13 (95% CI: -1.65; -0.60), pooled SMD: -1.962 (95% CI: -2.66; -0.57)), depression (SMD: -1.28 (95% CI: -2.40; -0.16) and stress (SMD: -0.95 (95% CI: -1.46; -0.43) symptoms and sleep quality (SMD: -1.35 (95% CI: -1.79; -0.91). The effect size was confirmed using the Bayesian for anxiety but not for depression. No significant difference between Withania somnifera and the comparators was found for safety and tolerability. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence supporting the effectiveness of Withania somnifera in treating anxiety symptoms. Future trials should replicate this finding in larger samples and further clarify a possible Withania somnifera role in depression and insomnia treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged exposure to stress may lead to low mood, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and metabolic disorders. Ashwagandha, an established adaptogen, is known to combat stress. We studied the safety and efficacy of Ashwagandha formulation, Zenroot™ (ZEN), containing 1.5% total withanolides on stress, anxiety, mood, and sleep quality in human subjects with non-chronic mild to moderate stress. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, clinical interventional study with supplementation duration of 84 days. Ninety subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 125 mg of ZEN or placebo. We measured stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score as a primary endpoint. Various secondary endpoints included Mindfield eSense Skin Response (SCR) and Mindfield eSense PULSE Heart Rate Variability (HRV)-Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD), and standard deviation of normal NN interval (SDNN), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), stress biomarkers of serum cortisol, and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels and safety parameters. The study assessments were performed on days 0, 14, 28, 56, and 84. RESULTS: All 90 randomized subjects completed the study. Mean ± standard error (SE) age of subjects in the ZEN group was 35.5 ± 1.3 years and in the placebo group was 34.5 ± 1.2 years. ZEN 125 mg showed significant (p < 0.05) improvements in PSS, BAI, and PSQI scores on days 28, 56, and 84; SCR on days 14, 28, and 84 and trend (p < 0.1) on day 56; HRV-RMSSD and SDNN on day 14; and POMS on days 56 and 84. No significant differences were observed between the two groups for serum cortisol and sAA. The study product was well tolerated without any safety concerns. CONCLUSION: We observed significant reductions in both subjective and objective measures of stress with improvement in mood, sleep quality, and occasional anxiety symptoms. ZEN was well tolerated without any related adverse events. Future clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the effect of ZEN on chronically stressed adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: http://ctri.nic.in/

Neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairments represent significant global health challenges, necessitating the exploration of alternative and complementary therapeutic options. Herbal remedies, known for their bioactive compounds, have garnered attention for their potential neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects. This review focuses on three widely studied herbal agents, including St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis), and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and evaluates their mechanisms in promoting brain health. St. John's Wort has demonstrated potential in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety, which are often linked to cognitive decline. Green Tea, rich in polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has shown promise in improving memory function and providing antioxidant protection against neurotoxicity. Ashwagandha, an adaptogenic herb, is recognized for its neuroprotective properties, including reducing stress-induced cognitive deficits and promoting neuronal regeneration. The neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of these herbs are attributed to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties, which collectively may support brain function and mitigate age-related cognitive decline.

Stress is a major factor that threatens the body's homeostasis or well-being. Excessive stress causes psychological anxiety and tension, which disrupts the balance of the autonomic nervous system that maintains the body's balance, resulting in hormonal imbalance and brain changes. In this study, we investigated the effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extract on depression, neurobehavior, and hippocampal changes in model mice exposed to stress. Using an excessive restraint stress-induced depression model, we measured the behavioral changes and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and antioxidant genes in five groups: control, stress, low-dose W. somniferous extract (20 mg/kg/day), high-dose W. somniferous extract (40 mg/kg/day), and L-theanine (50 mg/kg/day, positive control). Stressed mice showed poorer performance in the open field and elevated plus maze tests compared with the control group. The impaired performance was restored following W. somniferous extract administration. In addition, W. somniferous extract restored the decreased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus caused by restraint stress, improved the balance of stress hormones (i.e., cortisol, dopamine, and norepinephrine), and also regulated BDNF, inflammatory genes, and antioxidant genes in brain tissue. Therefore, W. somniferous extract can induce antidepressant and anti-stress effects by maintaining brain BDNF expression and preventing hippocampal tissue alterations caused by restraint stress.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), marked by social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors, significantly impacts the quality of life for kids and caregivers. Herbal medicines help manage symptoms, yet no comprehensive review has collectively summarized recent evidence (2018-mid-2025). METHODS: This narrative review utilized searches across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies published on herbal medicines for ASD. Inclusion criteria prioritized clinical trials and preclinical studies detailing plant bioactive compounds, dosing, and mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS: Prominent herbs include Bacopa monnieri, which can enhance cognitive flexibility via bacosides; Curcuma longa (curcumin), which can reduce oxidative stress and repetitive behaviors; and Green Tea Extract (luteolin), which can modulate neuroinflammation. Cannabinoids show modest improvements in sleep and social engagement, while Ginkgo biloba improves cerebral blood flow. Passionflower and Valerian Root alleviate anxiety and hyperactivity through GABAergic pathways, and probiotic-fermented herbal combinations target gut-brain axis dysfunction. Ashwagandha demonstrates neuroprotective effects in preclinical trials. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Herbal therapies may address core ASD symptoms (anxiety and hyperactivity) and comorbidities (sleep disturbances and gastrointestinal issues). However, standardization of herbal formulations and rigorous dosing protocols are needed. Integrative approaches combining herbs with behavioral therapies show accepted synergistic potential but require further validation. While herbal medicine may offer supportive benefits, it should never be intended to replace other evidence-based therapies (e.g., applied behavior analysis and speech therapy). FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Large-scale randomized clinical trials are crucial to confirming efficacy, safety, and optimal dosing. Research must address herb-drug interactions, long-term effects, and biomarkers for personalized treatment. KEYWORDS: autism spectrum disorder, herbal medicines, narrative review, doses recommendation, therapeutic effects, side effects.

INTRODUCTION: Ashwagandha has multiple medicinal properties and is widely used as a supplement to address various health conditions including stress and anxiety. The bioavailability of Ashwagandha bioactives provide critical information on the biological effects in humans after oral supplementation. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, single-dose, cross-over comparative oral bioavailability study was conducted in 20 healthy, adult human subjects under fasting conditions. All subjects consumed single dose of ZEN 1.5 (Zenroot™ Ashwagandha 1.5% 125 mg), ASH 5 (Reference product 1-Ashwagandha 5% 600 mg) and ASH 10 (Reference product 2-Ashwagandha 10% 500 mg) as per a randomization schedule. Blood samples were collected at 0.00 h, and at 00.25, 00.50, 00.75, 01.00, 02.00, 03.00, 04.00, 05.00, 06.00, 09.00, 12.00, and 24.00 h post-dose. Total withanolides (consisting of withanoside IV, withanolide A, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, and withaferin A) were quantified in plasma using the LC-MS/MS method and pharmacokinetics parameters like area under the curve, AUC0-t, Cmax, Tmax, t½ and test/reference (T/R) ratio for test product, ZEN 1.5, versus reference products, ASH 5 and ASH 10, were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Subjects in the ZEN 1.5 group showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher total withanolides concentration in plasma at all post-dose time points except 12.00 and 24.00 h compared to ASH 5. In addition, subjects in Ashwagandha ZEN 1.5 group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) total withanolides concentration in plasma at 0.25, 1.00, 2.00, 3.0, and 4.00 h compared to ASH 10. Further, ZEN 1.5 showed significantly higher bioavailability for total withanolides compared to ASH 5 and ASH 10 with significantly higher (P < 0.05) Cmax and AUC0-t parameters, T/R ratio, and 90% CI. ZEN 1.5 at 125-mg dose showed 2.1-fold higher bioavailability compared to ASH 5 at 600 mg, and 1.3-fold higher bioavailability compared to ASH 10 at 500 mg. ZEN 1.5 was well tolerated during the study period. CONCLUSION: A low dose of 125 mg of ZEN 1.5 showed greater total withanolides bioavailability compared to reference products. The Cmax and AUC parameters were significantly hig