흉선 추출물

BACKGROUND: Newest studies have shown that psoriasis is not primarily a skin disorder but an immunological disturbance under the skin. The skin manifestations are a result of overstimulation of superficial skin cells (Langerhans cells) due to increased production of interleukin 2, 6 and 8 as well as transforming growth-factor-alpha. Interleucin-10 production is diminished. In a recent study (11 German University Skin Clinics) fumaric acid was shown to improve the skin leasons in 80% of treated patients. OWN EXPERIENCES: Our own studies on 54 patients which where treated in addition with intravenous thymus extract (Thymoject) and selenium (Selenase) showed a faster healing rate with fumaric acid alone. From these results one can postulate that the above treatments (fumaric acid, thymus and selenium) have a synergystic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Internal immunmodulating treatments should therefore have preference over external symptomatic treatments like UV-light, ointments, salt water bath, etc. The thymus extract Thymex-L potentiates the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Schulze-Forster K(1), Eckert K, Maurer HR. Author information: (1)Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany. The human promyelocytic cell line HL-60 can be differentiated with retinoic acid (RA) along the granulocytic pathway. Numerous studies have identified many synergistic combinations of RA with cytostatics, cytokines and other inducers. A combination of RA with the crude thymus extract Thymex-L increased differentiation of HL-60 cells as confirmed by two functional assays and morphology, whereas the extract itself did not show any effect. The functional markers phagocytosis-associated chemiluminescence and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction were more enhanced (up to 4-fold with 1000 micrograms/ml Thymex-L) than morphology. The effect was found over a wide RA concentration range (10(-11) - 10(-6) M) and was dependent on extract concentration. The half-maximal induction of both functional markers was reached at 400 micrograms/ml. To achieve the same effect with the combination in comparison with RA alone, an RA

2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Mar 16;1265(2-3):110-6. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)00212-w. The thymus extract Thymex-L potentiates the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Schulze-Forster K(1), Eckert K, Maurer HR. Author information: (1)Department

182. Endokrinologie. 1975 Jul;65(2):198-204. A thymic factor increasing the blood sugar level. Csaba G. The thymus extract prepared by using isotonic NaC1 solution causes hyperglycaemy and the thymectomy, too, produces the same effect. Consequently, the active substance of the thymus is produced elsewhere in the organism and being stored within the thymus, gets into the extract by homogenizing its cells. Both the thymectomy and the thymic factor increase the effect of alloxan and this sensitizing effect can be prevented by pretreatment with prednisolone.

The objectives of this study was to evaluate and critically analyze all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of ''alternative cancer cures'' (ACCs) for breast cancer. The electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Scirus, BIOSIS, CancerLit and CINAHL and for ongoing trials the MetaRegister at http://www.controlled-trials.com/ and the National Research Register at http://www.update-software.com/national/ were searched from their inception. Bibliographies of located studies were scanned. Unpublished or ongoing trials were identified through correspondence with experts in the field. Our own files were hand searched for further RCTs. Review methods included a systematic review of RCTs involving breast cancer patients treated with ACCs, survival, parameters indicative of tumor burden, disease progression, cancer recurrence, and cancer cure. Results were tabulated and summarized. Thirteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. In most cases their methodological quality is low, with only two RCTs scoring ''4'' and four RCTs scoring ''3'' out of 5 possible points for methodological quality. The treatments tested included various methods of psychosocial support such as group support therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy cognitive existential group therapy, a combination of muscle relaxation training and guided imagery, the Chinese herbal remedy Shi Quan Da Bu Tang, thymus extract, transfer factor, melatonin, and factor AF2. Encouraging but not fully convincing results emerged for melatonin.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) (ZM) supplementation on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and related insulin resistance (IR). DESIGN: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 85 patients with NAFLD were administered either 700 mg ZM powder or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. All patients were advised to follow the recommendations for diet modification. RESULTS: ZM supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum insulin level (-2.72 ± 0.80 vs -0.67 ± 0.90, P=0.030), insulin resistance (-0.80 ± 0.22 vs 0.06 ± 0.22, P=0.023), systolic (-3.44 ± 1.05 vs 1.03 ± 0.98, P= 0.002) and diastolic (-2.33 ± 0.77 vs 0.26 ± 0.63, P= 0.009) blood pressure in patients with NAFLD in comparison with the placebo group. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), grade of fatty liver in ultrasonography, lipid profiles, and other outcomes. CONCLUSION: ZM supplementation with daily dose of 1400 mg for 12 weeks improved insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD. Further studies with longer duration and larger sample size are recommended.

The effect of dietary thyme-oil extract (TOE) supplementation on immune functions of broilers were assessed by feeding graded levels (50, 100, 200, or 400 ppm) of TOE to male broiler chicks during a 42-d feeding trial compared with negative- or positive-control diets. Dietary control treatments included a negative-control diet with no feed-additive supplementation and 2 positive-control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. In total, 300 1-day-old Ross × Ross male broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments that consisted of 5 replicates of 10 birds each. On d 21 and 42, 2 birds from each replicate were killed by cervical cutting to measure the relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. At 25 d of age, chicks were injected with 0.5 mL of 10% SRBC suspension. Broilers fed with 200 ppm of TOE had heavier weights of bursa of Fabricius than those fed other dietary treatments at d 42 of age. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 100 ppm of TOE resulted in higher (P < 0.05) total immunoglobulin response in primary antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes compared with other dietary treatments. On the other hand, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte subpopulations and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with TOE, especially at the level of 100 ppm, can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks. © 2015 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) has been demonstrated to attenuate physiological stress induced by high temperature or high stocking density. This experiment was conducted with 144 male Arbor Acre broilers (1-d-old, weighing 42.7 ± 1.7 g) to determine the effects of FSE on performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant activities, serum metabolites, and immune parameters for birds treated with corticosterone (CS). The birds were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that included FSE supplementation (0 or 100 mg/kg) and CS administration (0 or 20 mg/kg of diet for 7 consecutive days starting on d 14). The feeding program consisted of a starter diet from d 1 to 21 and a finisher diet from d 22 to 42. Corticosterone administration decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and impaired (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio in both phases and overall, which were alleviated (P < 0.01) by dietary FSE supplementation in the finisher phase and overall. At d 21, CS administration caused decreases (P < 0.05) in the apparent digestibility of energy, relative weight of bursa and thymus, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (NDV); however, serum malondialdehyde and uric acid were increased. All of these changes were attenuated (P < 0.05) by dietary FSE supplementation. At d 42, FSE supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of DM and CP, relative weights of bursa, SOD activity, and antibody titers to NDV, which were impaired by CS administration. Interactions (P < 0.05) were noted between CS and FSE for ADG and feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase and overall, as well as total antioxidant capacity, SOD activity, uric acid, and antibody titers to NDV at d 21, as well as relative weights of thymus at d 42. In conclusion, dietary FSE supplementation enhanced nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler possibly by reducing oxidative stress and immune depression challenged by CS. © 2014 Poultry Science Association Inc.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of dietary pitamin as an antibiotic replacement in broiler chicken. The treated groups were as follows: 1) the control, 2) the antibiotics (8 mg of avilamycin kg(-1) of diet) and 3) the pitamin (70 mg of pitamin kg(-1) of diet) groups. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups (p<0.05). Carcass weight, dressing percentage, and the weight of breast and thigh muscle recorded significantly higher levels in the pitamin group as compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The addition of pitamin to the diets for broilers reduced abdominal fat by 23.35% and stimulated the growth of the thymus, the spleen, and the bursa of Fabricius. TAG levels of the pitamin group declined by 12.03 and 10.45% as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, and their TC levels were reduced by 15.17 and 14.39%, and LDL. C levels were reduced by 10.56 and 11.24%, respectively. Serum IgG was increased significantly by 137.43 and 36.80% in the pitamin group as compared to the control and antibiotics groups, respectively (p<0.05). The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus on the cecum digesta were significantly higher in the pitamin group than in the antibiotics and control groups and the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella tended to be reduced (p<0.05). In conclusion, when Korean red pine bark extract, pitamin, was added to the broiler diets at a concentration of 70 mg of pitamin kg(-1) of diet, it resulted in better growth performance as compared to the antibiotics by improving immunity and the cecal beneficial microfloral population.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell walls (YCW) from the yeast extract industry on performance and immune function of cyclosporine A (CSA)-treated, immunosuppressed broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old male broilers were allocated randomly into four treatments: (1) non-challenged control; (2) non-challenged control+0·3 % YCW; (3) CSA-challenged group; (4) CSA-challenged+0·3 % YCW. On days 1-4 and 22-25 of age, broilers were subcutaneously injected with CSA or sterile saline. The results showed that supplementation of YCW significantly improved daily weight gain (DWG) during the starter (days 1-21, P < 0·01), finisher (days 22-42, P < 0·01) and overall (days 1-42, P < 0·05) periods compared with the control birds, but had no effect on feed conversion ratio (FCR, P>0·05). Compared with the CSA-treated birds, YCW alleviated the decrease of DWG (P < 0·01) and increase of FCR (P < 0·05) caused by CSA challenge at different periods and cumulatively. On days 21 and 42, YCW mitigated the CSA-induced decrease of peripheral blood lymphocyte blastogenic response (P < 0·01). In addition, YCW improved the relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius (P < 0·01) and thymus (P < 0·01) and up-regulated the splenic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P < 0·01) and IL-6 (P < 0·01) on day 42 compared with the CSA-treated birds. These results indicate that YCW supplementation has beneficial effects in attenuating the immunosuppressive effects of CSA challenge, therefore improving growth performance of broiler chickens.

We studied the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and the allergic symptoms and blood patterns of healthy volunteers during the cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen season in Japan following oral administration of a new synbiotic, Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei together with dextran. The combination of L. casei subsp. casei and dextran significantly decreased clinical skin severity scores and total immunoglobulin E levels in sera of NC/Nga mice that had developed picryl chloride-induced and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus crude extract-swabbed atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. During the most common Japanese cedar pollen season, synbiotic L. casei subsp. casei and dextran in humans led to no significant changes in total nasal and ocular symptom scores, in the levels of cedar pollen-specific immunoglobulin E, interferon-gamma and thymus and activation regulated chemokine or in the number of eosinophils in sera, whereas the placebo group showed a tendency for increased levels of cedar pollen-specific immunoglobulin E, thymus and activation regulated chemokine and number of eosinophils, and a decrease in interferon-gamma levels. Thus, the oral administration of synbiotic L. casei subsp. casei together with dextran appears to be an effective supplement for the prevention and treatment of allergic reactions.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatitis C is an escalating global health problem. The recommended treatment regimen is associated with considerable expense, adverse effects and poor efficacy in some patients. Complementary therapies are widely promoted for and used by patients with hepatitis C. The aim is to systematically assess the efficacy of complementary therapies in treating chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted in six databases, reference lists of all papers were checked for further relevant publications and information was requested from experts. No language restrictions were imposed. RESULTS: Twenty-seven eligible randomised clinical trials were located involving herbal products and supplements. No randomised clinical trials were identified for any other complementary therapy. In 14 of the trials, patients received interferon-alpha in combination with the complementary therapy. Less than half the trials (11/27) were of good methodological quality. Compared with the control group, significant improvements in virological and/or biochemical response were seen in trials of vitamin E, thymic extract, zinc, traditional Chinese medicine, Glycyrrhiza glabra and oxymatrine. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several promising complementary therapies, although extrapolation of the results is difficult due to methodological limitations. More research is warranted to establish the role of these and other therapies in the treatment of hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is an important cause of chronic liver disease. It is claimed that Complete Thymic Formula, an over-the-counter herbal dietary supplement, is beneficial for patients with hepatitis C. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Complete Thymic Formula. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: 38 patients with hepatitis C who did not respond to or were intolerant of interferon therapy. INTERVENTION: Complete Thymic Formula for 3 to 6 months or placebo for 3 months. MEASUREMENTS: Serial measurements of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA titers. RESULTS: No differences were noted at 3 months between the placebo group (n = 13) and the treatment group (n = 19) in mean HCV RNA titers (4.06 +/- 1.52 x 10(6) copies/mL compared with 3.48 +/- 1.92 x 10(6) copies/mL; P > 0.2). The 19 patients who completed 6 months of treatment with Complete Thymic Formula remained positive for HCV, and their mean HCV RNA titers were similar at 6 months and at baseline (2.78 +/- 1.96 x 10(6) copies/mL compared with 3.12 +/- 1.94 x 10(6) copies/mL; P > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Complete Thymic Formula did not benefit patients who had previously received interferon therapy. Patients should be advised about use of this over-the-counter compound.

OBJECTIVES: Natural alternatives to synthetic additives are being explored as a means to enhance laying hen performance and egg quality. The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Thymus vulgaris (thyme) on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens. METHODS: A comprehensive search of databases identified 18 eligible studies. Data were analysed using random-effects models, with subgroup analyses based on the thyme form (powder, essential oil, extract) and supplementation duration (≤ 8 weeks, > 8 weeks). The unstandardized mean difference was used to calculate the effect size, and confidence intervals were generated to estimate the range of the true effect size. RESULTS: Thyme significantly improved egg weight, egg mass, yolk colour, yolk index and shell thickness (p < 0.05), with very large effect sizes for egg weight and mass. However, albumen quantity decreased, while egg production rate, Haugh unit, and shell weight remained unchanged. Powdered thyme was particularly effective at enhancing egg weight and mass, while essential oils and extracts improved yolk colour. Longer supplementation periods (> 8 weeks) yielded greater benefits for egg mass and weight, whereas shorter durations (≤ 8 weeks) improved shell thickness. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that thyme supplementation, particularly in powdered form and over extended periods, can enhance egg quality, offering a natural alternative to synthetic additives. This research demonstrates thyme's efficacy as a phytogenic feed additive, offering a natural solution to improve egg quality and meet the rising demand for sustainable and high-quality poultry products. SUMMARY: Thyme supplementation improves egg weight, egg mass, yolk colour and shell thickness in laying hens. Powdered thyme shows the most significant benefits for egg weight and mass. Longer supplementation periods (> 8 weeks) enhance yolk colour and egg quality traits. Thyme offers a natural, sustainable alternative to synthetic feed additives in poultry production. © 2025 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

BACKGROUND: Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora), also known as Shirazi thyme, is recognized for its medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Its longstanding use in traditional medicine for respiratory ailments underscores its significance. Given the widespread prevalence of respiratory disorders and inconclusive outcomes from previous trials, this research aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate Z. multiflora's impact on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, and oxidative stress markers using available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search of published literature was conducted up to January 2024, encompassing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central for Randomized Clinical Trials. The assessment of the quality of each eligible study was conducted using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The random-effects model was used in the meta-analysis to determine the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA (version 15). RESULTS: A total of 9 studies involving 394 participants were included. The administration of Z. multiflora showed significant effects on cough (WMD: -0.99; 95% CI: -1.66, -0.33; P = 0.003), day wheezing (WMD: -1.18; 95% CI: -1.44, -0.92; P < 0.001), night wheezing (WMD: -0.74; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.37; P < 0.001), chest wheezing (WMD: -1.15; 95% CI: -1.65, -0.64; P < 0.001), forced expiratory volume (WMD: 11.38; 95% CI: 7.40, 15.35; P < 0.001), forced vital capacity (WMD: 16.01; 95% CI: 12.26, 19.75; P < 0.001), and peak expiratory flow (WMD: 8.78; 95% CI: 4.13, 13.43; P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Additionally, Z. multiflora significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels (SMD: -1.54; 95% CI: -2.17, -0.90; P < 0.001) and increased catalase levels (SMD: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.46; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Z. multiflora shows potential as a complementary treatment for respiratory diseases by improving symptoms, pulmonary functions, and reducing oxidative stress. However, due to the limited

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate medicinal plants with anti-Leishmania activity which used in Iran. METHODS: Data were systematically gathered from five English databases including Ebsco, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, four Persian databases including Magiran, Iran doc, Iran medex and the Scientific Information Database (SID) from 1999 to April 2015. Information obtained included plant family, extraction method, concentrations of extracts, animal models and parasite strains. RESULTS: A total of 68 articles including 188 experiments (140 in vitro and 48 in vivo) between 1999 and 2015, met our eligibility criteria. Thoroughly, 98 types of plants were examined against three genera of Leishmania spp. For the heterogeneity study conducted, it was showed that there was a great deal of variation among studies. Based on random effect, meta-analysis pooled mean of IC50 was obtained 456.64 (95% CI: 396.15, 517.12). CONCLUSION: The most Iranian plants used as anti-leishmanial activity were Artemisia species, Allium sativum, Achilleamille folium, Peganum harmala and Thymus vulgaris. The present systematic and meta-analysis review provide valuable information about natural products with anti-Leishmania activity, which would be examined in the future experimental and clinical trials and herbal combination therapy.