CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid)

Comment in Br J Nutr. 2016 Jul;116(1):3-6. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001616. Br J Nutr. 2016 Jul;116(1):1-2. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001604. Demand for organic milk is partially driven by consumer perceptions that it is more nutritious. However, there is still considerable uncertainty over whether the use of organic production standards affects milk quality. Here we report results of meta-analyses based on 170 published studies comparing the nutrient content of organic and conventional bovine milk. There were no significant differences in total SFA and MUFA concentrations between organic and conventional milk. However, concentrations of total PUFA and n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in organic milk, by an estimated 7 (95 % CI -1, 15) % and 56 (95 % CI 38, 74) %, respectively. Concentrations of α-linolenic acid (ALA), very long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) and conjugated linoleic acid were also significantly higher in organic milk, by an 69 (95 % CI 53, 84) %, 57 (95 % CI 27, 87) % and 41 (95 % CI 14, 68) %, respectively. As there were no significant differences in total n-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) concentrations, the n-6:n-3 and LA:ALA ratios were lower in organic milk, by an estimated 71 (95 % CI -122, -20) % and 93 (95 % CI -116, -70) %. It is concluded that organic bovine milk has a more desirable fatty acid composition than conventional milk. Meta-analyses also showed that organic milk has significantly higher α-tocopherol and Fe, but lower I and Se concentrations. Redundancy analysis of data from a large cross-European milk quality survey indicates that the higher grazing/conserved forage intakes in organic systems were the main reason for milk composition differences.

BACKGROUND: Seizures are one of the most common reasons for emergency medical services (EMS) activation for children, and current EMS practice results in underdosing and delayed delivery of anti-seizure medication. A prehospital evidence-based guideline recommends using intranasal or intramuscular midazolam as first-line treatment for pediatric seizures. Despite attempts to implement these guidelines, one-third of children having a paramedic-witnessed seizure have ongoing seizures on emergency department (ED) arrival; this may be due to inadequate or delayed midazolam dosing. Replacing the error-prone, sequential calculations with age-based midazolam dosing may be simpler, faster, and more effective without compromising safety. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the methodology of the Pediatric Dose Optimization for Seizures in EMS (PediDOSE) study, a clinical trial designed to compare the effectiveness and safety of an EMS protocol with four age-based categories for midazolam dosing relative to the current weight-based dosing. METHODS: We are conducting a large EMS-based stepped wedge trial in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) by implementing midazolam dosing based on four age categories in seizure protocols in EMS systems in 20 cities. We believe that this implementation will stop more seizures before ED arrival without increasing respiratory failure rates. The primary aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of age-based EMS midazolam dosing compared to the current weight-based dosing on seizure cessation upon ED arrival. The secondary aim is to determine the frequency of respiratory failure in children after the implementation of EMS midazolam dosing based on these age categories. CONCLUSION: If this study demonstrates that an EMS patient care protocol with age-based midazolam dosing is safe and more effective than current practice, the potential impact of this study is a paradigm shift in the treatment of pediatric seizures that can be easily implemented in EMS systems across the country. Beyond seizures, the concept of age-based dosing may also be applicable to other commonly encountered pediatric prehospi

Whether conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves body composition by altering de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and related pathways in human remains unclear. The study aimed to investigate CLA-induced changes in DNL-derived fatty acids, and related metabolic pathways via plasma metabolome. Erythrocyte fatty acids of 65 participants with elevated body fat percentage before and after a 12-week CLA intervention were analyzed by gas chromatography. Compared with placebo, CLA supplementation decreased erythrocyte C16:1n7 and C18:1n9 while increased C18:3n3 levels (all p < 0.05). The C16:1n7 change was positively correlated with the triglycerides (TG) change, while the C18:3n3 change was negatively correlated with the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) change. The optimal metabolite panels and metabolite scores predictive of fatty acid changes were identified and generated. TG and visceral adiposity index changes were positively correlated with the metabolite scores of the C16:1n7 change and C18:1n9 change, while metabolite score of the C18:3n3 change was negatively correlated with LDL-C change. Furthermore, DNL fatty acid changes were related to KEGG pathways, including the citrate cycle and butanoate metabolism. In adults with high body fat, 12-week CLA supplementation suppressed DNL activity, associated with changes in plasma and liver lipids, involving energy metabolism pathways. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03915808. © 2025 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.

BACKGROUND: Some short-term vitamin D supplementation trials suggest benefits on cognitive performance, but apart from observational studies, there is little evidence whether long-term vitamin D supplementation can prevent development of dementia. We investigated whether vitamin D3 supplementation could affect the incidence of diagnosed dementia in a generally healthy population. METHODS: The study included 2 492 participants from the Finnish Vitamin D Trial, free of diagnosed dementia at baseline. They were randomized to placebo, 1 600 IU/d, or 3 200 IU/d of vitamin D3 arm for up to 5 years. Incident diagnoses of dementia were obtained from the national care registries. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants at baseline was 68.2 years and 42.8% were female. During the mean follow-up of 4.2 years, 18 participants in the placebo arm, 14 participants in the 1 600 IU/d arm (compared to placebo, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38-1.55), and 13 participants in the 3 200 IU/d arm (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.35-1.48) were diagnosed with dementia. Of the diagnoses, 29 were Alzheimer's disease, without statistically significant differences in the event rates between the 3 arms. Age, sex, or body mass index did not modify the effects. In the subgroup of 550 participants, the mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 74.8 nmol/L. After 12 months, the mean concentrations were 73.0, 99.7, and 120.4 nmol/L in the placebo, 1 600 IU/d, and 3 200 IU/d arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year, medium-dose or high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation did not affect the dementia incidence in this largely vitamin D-sufficient older population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01463813, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01463813. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Gerontological Society of America.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, but evidence from randomised trials on the benefits of vitamin D supplementation is limited, especially for average-risk populations. The Finnish Vitamin D Trial (FIND) investigated the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation at two different doses on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a generally healthy older adult population. METHODS: FIND was a 5 year randomised placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial among 2271 male and female participants aged ≥60 years and ≥65 years, respectively, from a general Finnish population who were free of CVD or cancer and did not use diabetes medications. The study had three arms: placebo, 1600 IU/day of vitamin D3 or 3200 IU/day of vitamin D3. A non-study group statistician carried out sex-stratified simple randomisation in a 1:1:1 ratio, based on computerised random number generation. The participants, investigators and study staff were masked to group assignment. National health registries were used to collect event data. A representative subcohort of 505 participants had more detailed in-person investigations at months 0, 6, 12 and 24. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 4.2 years, there were 38 (5.0%), 31 (4.2%) and 36 (4.7%) type 2 diabetes events in the placebo (n=760), 1600 IU/day vitamin D3 (n=744; vs placebo: HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.50, 1.30) and 3200 IU/day vitamin D3 (n=767; vs placebo: HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.58, 1.45) arms, respectively (p-trend=0.73). When the two vitamin D3 arms were combined and compared with the placebo arm, the HR was 0.86 (95% CI 0.58, 1.29). In the analyses stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 [n=813, number of type 2 diabetes events=12], 25-30 kg/m2 [n=1032, number of events=38], ≥30 kg/m2 [n=422, number of events=54]), the HRs in the combined vitamin D3 arms vs the placebo were 0.43 (95% CI 0.14, 1.34), 0.97 (0.50, 1.91) and 1.00 (0.57, 1.75), respectively (p-interaction <0.001). In the subcohort, the mean (SD) baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentration was 74.5 (18.1) nmol/l. After 12 months, the concentrations were 72.6 (17.7), 99.3 (20.8) and 120.9 (22.1) nmol/l in the placebo, 1600 IU/day vit

The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of CVD. Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from inception to January 2023). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CI were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. A pooled analysis of 14 randomised controlled trials (RCT) with 17 effect sizes revealed that CLA supplementation led to significant reductions in body weight (WMD: -0·72 kg, 95% CI: -1·11, -0·33, P < 0·001), BMI (WMD: -0·22 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0·44, -0·00, P = 0·037) and body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: -1·32 %, 95% CI: -2·24, -0·40, P = 0·005). However, there was no effect on lipid profile and blood pressure in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation may yield a small but significant beneficial effect on anthropometric indices in patients at risk of CVD. Moreover, CLA seems not to have adverse effects on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients at risk of CVD. It should be noted that the favourable effects of CLA supplementation on anthropometric variables were small and may not reach clinical importance.

Background and Objectives: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can improve bone health in animals, yet the effects on humans have not been consistent. Therefore, this parallel randomised controlled trial aimed to assess the effect of CLA supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in overweight or obese women. Materials and Methods: The study population included 74 women who were divided into the CLA (n = 37) and control (n = 37) groups. The CLA group received six capsules per day containing approximately 3 g of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers in a 50:50 ratio. The control group received the same number of placebo capsules that contained sunflower oil. BMC and BMD at total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), and femoral neck were measured before and after a three-month intervention. Results: The comparison of BMC and BMD for the total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), and femoral neck before and after the intervention showed no differences between the groups. However, a within-group analysis demonstrated a significant increase in BMC (p = 0.0100) and BMD (p = 0.0397) at lumbar spine (L1-L4) in the CLA group. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the CLA and placebo groups in changes in all analysed densitometric parameters. Conclusions: Altogether, three-month CLA supplementation in overweight and obese women did not improve bone health, although the short intervention period could have limited our findings, long-term intervention studies are needed. The study protocol was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register database (ID: DRKS00010462, date of registration: 4 May 2016).

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) are thought to pose beneficial effects on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress (OS). Thus, the present systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to assess the net effects of CLA supplementation on various OS parameters and antioxidant enzymes. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for publications on CLA supplementation effects on OS parameters up to March 2021. The data extracted from eligible studies were expressed as standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals and then combined into meta-analysis using the random-effects model. Overall, 11 RCTs (enrolling 586 participants) met the inclusion criteria and were included in meta-analysis; however, since those trials evaluated different OS parameters, meta-analysis was carried out considering different sets for each parameter separately. According to our results, CLA supplementation significantly increases 8-iso-PGF2α urinary concentration (SMD: 2; 95% CI: 0.74, 3.27; I2 = 87.7%). On contrary, the intervention does not seem to change 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2α urinary concentration, nor the serum levels of CAT, SOD, GPx and MDA. Taken all together, CLA supplementation does not appear to have substantial effects on OS markers in general; albeit due to relatively small sample size and high level of heterogeneity between studies, the obtained findings should be interpreted with caution. Further large well-designed RCTs, investigating the impact of CLA and including various groups of patients, are still needed.

CONTEXT: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may optimize body composition, yet mechanisms underlining its benefits are not clear in humans. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to reveal the CLA-induced changes in the plasma metabolome associated with body composition improvement and the predictive performance of baseline metabolome on intervention responsiveness. METHODS: Plasma metabolome from overnight fasted samples at pre- and post-intervention of 65 participants in a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial (3.2 g/day CLA vs 3.2 g/day sunflower oil) were analyzed using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Mixed linear model and machine learning were applied to assess differential metabolites between treatments, and to identify optimal panel (based on baseline conventional variables vs metabolites) predicting responders of CLA-derived body composition improvement (increased muscle variables or decreased adiposity variables) based on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, CLA altered 57 metabolites (P < 0.10) enriched in lipids/lipid-like molecules including glycerophospholipids (n = 7), fatty acyls (n = 6), and sphingolipids (n = 3). CLA-upregulated cholic acid (or downregulated aminopyrrolnitrin) was inversely correlated with changes in muscle and adiposity variables. Inter-individual variability in response to CLA-derived body composition change. The areas under the curves of optimal metabolite panels were higher than those of optimal conventional panels in predicting favorable response of waist circumference (0.93 [0.82-1.00] vs 0.64 [0.43-0.85]), visceral adiposity index (0.95 [0.88-1.00] vs 0.58 [0.35-0.80]), total fat mass (0.94 [0.86-1.00] vs 0.69 [0.51-0.88]) and appendicular fat mass (0.97 [0.92-1.00] vs 0.73 [0.55-0.91]) upon CLA supplementation (all FDR P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Post-intervention metabolite alterations were identified, involving in lipid/energy metabolism, associated with body composition changes. Baseline metabolite profiling enhanced the prediction accuracy for responsiveness of CLA-induced body composition benefits. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights rese

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent trial studies have found that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation beneficially reduces oxidative stress markers but, there is no definitive consensus on this context. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of CLA supplementation on oxidative stress parameters. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases until September 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing CLA supplementation effects on oxidative markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-isoprostanesF2α (8-iso-PGF2α), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Summary estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived via the DerSimonian and Laird method using a random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 11 RCTs were included. The obtained results show that CLA supplementation caused a significant decrease in MDA concentrations (Hedges's: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.70 to -0.01, P = 0.04, I2 = 62.1%, n = 7), and also significantly increased 8-iso-PGF2α levels (Hedges's: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.91, P˂0.001, I2 = 42.9%, n = 4). However, the results showed that supplementation with CLA did not significantly change the concentrations of GPx (Hedges's: 0.30; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.64, P = 0.08, I2 = 0.0%, n = 3). CONCLUSION: It seems this supplement can be used as a dietary supplement to improve oxidative stress parameters. However, further studies are required to demonstrate present results.

The REPORT guide is a 'How to' guide to help you report your clinical research in an effective and transparent way. It is intended to supplement established first choice reporting tools, such as Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), by adding tacit knowledge (ie, learnt, informal or implicit knowledge) about reporting topics that we have struggled with as authors or see others struggle with as journal reviewers or editors. We focus on the randomised controlled trial, but the guide also applies to other study designs. Topics included in the REPORT guide cover reporting checklists, trial report structure, choice of title, writing style, trial registry and reporting consistency, spin or reporting bias, transparent data presentation (figures), open access considerations, data sharing and more. Preprint (open access): https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qsxdz. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

BACKGROUND: Though often neglected, cognitive impairment is a common feature of multiple sclerosis in 43-70% of patients. None of the novel MS treatment seems to substantially affect or restore cognitive disability in MS. GranaGard (Granalix Bio Technologies LTD) is a food supplement shown to prevent neuronal death in several animal models of neurological diseases. Capsules of GranaGard comprise a self-emulsion nano formulation of pomegranate seed oil (PSO). This oil contains 80-90% of Punicic Acid (PA), one of the strongest natural antioxidants. In animal experiments, administration of GranaGard results in conjugation with linoleic acid (CLA), the main metabolite of PA, which is a well-known neuroprotective agent. AIMS: To investigate whether GranaGard administration has an effect on the cognitive state of MS patients. METHODS: This is a single center, randomized double blind clinical trial that started in May 2018. The study included 30 MS patients; half of them (Group-A) were given GranaGard for the first three months and then placebo pills containing soybean oil for additional three months. Patients in Group-B received placebo for the first three months, and GranaGard for the following three months. GranaGard was administrated in addition to their immunomodulatory MS-treatments. Subsequently, all patients received GranaGard for additional six months. Patients were required to visit the neurologist at baseline (inclusion, visit 1) and at 3 months after treatment-initiation at each cycle of the trial (visits 2 and 3). During the follow up visits, clinical and cognitive examinations were performed, including Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC: 25 ft walking test, 9 PEG hole test & PASAT). Cognitive tests included The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery: 1) Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT); 2) California Verbal Learning Test - Second Edition (CVLT-II); 3) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised (BVMT-R). Cognitive outcomes were normalized to the healthy population and expressed as z-scores, depended on age, gender and education. Short quality of life and fati

PURPOSE: Inulin-type fructans (ITF) are prebiotic dietary fibre (DF) that may confer beneficial health effects, by interacting with the gut microbiota. We have tested the hypothesis that a dietary intervention promoting inulin intake versus placebo influences fecal microbial-derived metabolites and markers related to gut integrity and inflammation in obese patients. METHODS: Microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing), long- and short-chain fatty acids (LCFA, SCFA), bile acids, zonulin, and calprotectin were analyzed in fecal samples obtained from obese patients included in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received either 16 g/d native inulin (prebiotic n = 12) versus maltodextrin (placebo n = 12), coupled to dietary advice to consume inulin-rich versus inulin-poor vegetables for 3 months, in addition to dietary caloric restriction. RESULTS: Both placebo and prebiotic interventions lowered energy and protein intake. A substantial increase in Bifidobacterium was detected after ITF treatment (q = 0.049) supporting our recent data obtained in a larger cohort. Interestingly, fecal calprotectin, a marker of gut inflammation, was reduced upon ITF treatment. Both prebiotic and placebo interventions increased the ratio of tauro-conjugated/free bile acids in feces. Prebiotic treatment did not significantly modify fecal SCFA content but it increased fecal rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) with immunomodulatory properties, that correlated notably to the expansion of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.031; r = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that ITF-prebiotic intake during 3 months decreases a fecal marker of intestinal inflammation in obese patients. Our data point to a potential contribution of microbial lipid-derived metabolites in gastro-intestinal dysfunction related to obesity. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03852069 (February 22, 2019 retrospectively, registered). © 2021. The Author(s).

The objective of the current study was first to characterize lipid raft microdomains isolated as detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) from mammary gland tissue, and second to determine how dietary fatty acids (FA) such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 19:1 cyclo, and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FA affect lipid raft markers of mammary cells, and to finally establish relationships between these markers and lactation performance in dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with periods of 28 d. For the first 14 d, cows received daily an abomasal infusion of (1) 406 g of a saturated FA supplement (112 g of 16:0 + 230 g of 18:0) used as a control; (2) 36 g of a CLA supplement (13.9 g of trans-10,cis-12 18:2) + 370 g of saturated FA; (3) 7 g of Sterculia fetida oil (3.1 g of 19:1 cyclo, STO) + 399 g of saturated FA; or (4) 406 g of fish oil (55.2 g of cis-5,cis-8,cis-11,cis-14,cis-17 20:5 + 59.3 g of cis-4,cis-7,cis-10,cis-13,cis-16,cis-19 22:6, FO). Mammary biopsies were harvested on d 14 of each infusion period and were followed by a 14-d washout interval. Cholera toxin subunit B, which specifically binds to ganglioside M-1 (GM-1), a lipid raft marker, was used to assess its distribution in DRM. Infusions of CLA, STO, and FO were individually compared with the control, and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Milk fat yield was decreased with CLA and FO, but was not affected by STO. Milk lactose yield was decreased with CLA and STO, but was not affected by FO. Mammary tissue shows a strong GM-1-signal enrichment in isolated DRM from mammary gland tissue. Caveolin (CAV) and flotillin (FLOT) are 2 proteins considered as lipid raft markers and they are present in DRM from mammary gland tissue. Distributions of GM-1, CAV-1, and FLOT-1 showed an effect of treatments determined by their subcellular distributions in sucrose gradient fractions. Regardless of treatments, data showed positive relationships between the yield of milk fat, protein, and lactose, and the abundance GM-1 in DRM fraction. Milk protein yield was positively correlated with relative proportion of FLOT-1 in the soluble fraction, whereas lactose yield was po

The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine traits related to energy metabolism, including the somatotropic axis, in mid-lactation dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a dose-escalation study design and were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated fatty acids), linseed and safflower oils (EFA; 39.1 and 1.6 g/d; n-6:n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA; cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, 4.6 g/d of each), or EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA) for 6 wk. The initial dosage was doubled twice after 2 wk, resulting in 3 dosages (dosages 1, 2, and 3). Each cow received each fat treatment at different times. Cows were fed with a corn silage-based total mixed ration providing a low-fat content and a high n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones (insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins only on wk 0 and 6) were analyzed at wk 0, 2, 4, and 6 of each treatment period. Liver biopsies were taken before starting the trial and at wk 6 of each treatment period to measure hepatic mRNA abundance of genes linked to glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and the somatotropic axis. The changes in the milk and blood fatty acid patterns and lactation performance of these cows have already been published in a companion paper. The plasma concentration of total cholesterol increased with dosage in all groups, except CLA, reaching the highest levels in EFA+CLA and CTRL compared with CLA. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma concentration increased in CTRL and was higher than that in EFA and CLA, whereas the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in a dose-dependent manner in EFA and EFA+CLA, and was higher than that in CLA. Hepatic mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase 1 was upregulated in all groups but was highest in EFA+CLA. Expression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 tended to be lowest due to EFA treatment, whereas expression of long chain acyl-CoA-synthetase was lower in EFA than in

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (i.e., reduced muscle protein synthesis during anabolic conditions such as hyperaminoacidemia). The results from studies conducted in cell culture systems and animals suggest that both vitamin D and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) stimulate muscle protein synthesis. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the independent and combined effects of dietary vitamin D and CLA supplementation on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in sedentary older adults. METHODS: Thirty-two sedentary, older adults were randomized to receive either: 1) 2000 IU vitamin D-3 (Vit D) per day; 2) 4000 mg CLA per day; 3) both Vit D (2000 IU/d) and CLA (4000 mg/d); or 4) placebo for 8 wk. Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were evaluated by using intravenous [ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusion in conjunction with muscle biopsies during basal, postabsorptive conditions and during combined amino acid and insulin infusion before and after the supplementation period. RESULTS: Before the intervention, basal myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were not different among groups (Placebo: 0.033 ± 0.003; Vit D: 0.034 ± 0.002; CLA: 0.029 ± 0.005; Vit D + CLA: 0.038 ± 0.005 %·h-1), and hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates by ∼35%. Compared with placebo, neither Vit D nor CLA nor combined Vit D + CLA supplementation affected the basal myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (placebo: 0.040 ± 0.004%/h; Vit D: 0.044 ± 0.006%/h; CLA: 0.039 ± 0.006%/h; Vit D + CLA: 0.040 ± 0.007%/h) or the hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia-induced increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis (percentage increase from basal before and after the interventions: placebo, 30 ± 11 and 36 ± 11; Vit D, 38 ± 8 and 34 ± 10; CLA, 50 ± 14 and 51 ± 16; Vit D + CLA, 29 ± 15 and 35 ± 8). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and/or CLA supplementation, at the doses provided in our study, does not have muscle anabolic effects in sedentary older adults.The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03115775).

Oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of diverse neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injuries. Pomegranate Seed Oil (PSO) is rich in punicic acid (PA), an omega-5 fatty acid with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, conventional PSO and standard antioxidants show limited clinical success due to poor solubility, rapid degradation, low bioavailability, and limited delivery cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address these limitations, GranaGard® (Nano-PSO), a self-emulsifying nanoformulation, was developed to improve the bioavailability and CNS delivery of PSO-derived compounds. Nano-PSO significantly increases systemic absorption and brain accumulation of its bioactive metabolite, neuroprotective conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In a transgenic mouse model of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), continuous Nano-PSO administration was reported to delayed disease onset, prolong survival, reduce lipid oxidation, preserve neuronal viability, and increase neurogenesis. Beyond CJD, Nano-PSO showed potential neuroprotective effects in various neurological diseases and brain injury models, although the magnitude and consistency of these effects varied across models. In a small preliminary clinical study in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Nano-PSO treatment was associated with improved verbal learning in a within-group analysis, although large controlled studies are needed. By improving pharmacokinetic barriers, Nano-PSO may offer a promising, potent strategy for mitigating neurodegeneration associated with oxidative stress. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation, including independent replication and controlled clinical studies to establish the reproducibility and clinical relevance of Nano-PSO.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gut-brain axis disorder characterized by visceral hypersensitivity, abdominal pain, and anxiety. Although probiotics have emerged as a promising strategy for IBS management, the specific metabolite-driven mechanisms and their role in gut-brain axis modulation remain largely unclear. In this study, 18 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains were screened for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production, and strain MNN1 was identified as a high-CLA producer, with a yield of 426 μmol/L, approximately threefold higher than that of the reference strain WCFS1. Then, we evaluated the effects of MNN1 in a mouse IBS model. Oral administration of MNN1 alleviated IBS-like symptoms, including visceral hypersensitivity, elevated fecal moisture, and colon shortening. It also ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors, decreased serum corticosterone levels (indicating suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivation) and restored hippocampal neuronal integrity. Histological and molecular analyses of colonic tissues demonstrated that MNN1 attenuated mucosal inflammation, increased goblet cell numbers and enhanced epithelial barrier integrity through upregulation of MUC2, ZO-1, and Occludin. Transcriptomic profiling of colon tissue revealed that MNN1 enriched the PPAR signaling pathway (Rich Ratio = 2.0) and downregulated genes associated with visceral hypersensitivity. MNN1 activated colonic PPARα, promoting intestinal stem cell markers (Lgr5, Wnt3) and increasing Ki67+ and SOX9+ cells, indicating enhanced epithelial repair. Metagenomic sequencing confirmed that MNN1 reshaped gut microbiota composition by enriching beneficial taxa and CLA synthesis pathways (e.g., the abundance of K10254, a key gene in CLA synthesis, increased by 2.57-fold). Consequently, colonic CLA levels were elevated, which further reinforced PPARα-mediated anti-inflammatory and barrier-enhancing responses. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that MNN1 alleviates gut-brain axis dysfunction in IBS through microbiota-dependent CLA production and activation of PPARα signaling, providing a probiotic intervention strategy for IBS.

Milk fat globule (MFG) size is closely linked to milk lipid interfacial organization, but its association with membrane-associated lipid remodeling remains unclear. Here, milk composition, MFG size distribution, fatty acid profiles, and whole-milk lipidomics were analyzed in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-supplemented cows. CLA supplementation reduced milk fat content and shifted MFGs toward smaller sizes. Whole-milk lipidomics showed that the small-MFG phenotype was accompanied by remodeling of membrane-associated lipid classes, particularly sphingolipids. Among major sphingolipids, hexosylceramides (HexCer) showed the most consistent associations with MFG structural traits and were characterized by increased lower-carbon molecular groups and reduced abundance-weighted carbon number and double bond number. These findings identify HexCer as a prominent sphingolipid structural marker associated with MFG size reduction.

Njangsa seed oil (NSO) is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and represents an underexplored plant source for producing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This study explored the production of CLA from NSO via alkali isomerization, as well as and its stabilization by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexation. A 3-factor factorial design was used to optimize reaction conditions, yielding a maximum purified CLA content of 46.42% from 2.5 g NSO at 180 °C for 3 h, with cis-9, trans-11 CLA as the predominant isomer. Inclusion complexation produced microparticles averaging 19.73 µm with 83.36% inclusion efficiency. Complexed CLA showed lower peroxide, para-anisidine, and thiobarbituric acid values than free CLA, indicating improved oxidative stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed spectral changes consistent with interactions between the CLA-rich fraction and β-CD, while scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed changes in morphology and crystalline organization, respectively. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of producing NSO-enriched CLA and enhancing its oxidative stability through β-CD inclusion complexation.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an important functional compound in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and its biosynthesis depends on linoleic acid isomerase (LAI). The natural LAI, however, suffers from low catalytic efficiency and substrate affinity, which limits CLA synthesis and industrial application. To address this, a semi-rational engineering strategy was applied to modify LAI from Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), constructing a soluble single-enzyme system using P229 as the parent strain. Five promising mutation sites (G36R, G7Q, Y319W, E392R, F399W) were identified and experimentally validated through overlap extension PCR. The pCold-lai-pG36R variant showed 4.56-fold higher gene expression and 1.95-fold increased enzymatic activity compared to the wild type P229 (WT). Structural analysis revealed that the G36R mutation introduced salt bridges and shorter hydrogen bonds. The purified mutant retained > 60% of its CLA productivity across 20-40 ℃ and pH 7-8, achieving optimal activity at 30 ℃ and pH 7.0 (Vmax = 21.41 μg·mL-1·h-1 and Km = 0.22 mg·mL-1). These findings highlight the potential of semi-rational engineering to enhance LAI performance, offering valuable insights for industrial applications.

To achieve gastrointestinal stability of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and reduce its oxidative degradation, thiolated arabinoxylan (TAX) was synthesized in this study via an amidation reaction with L-cysteine. Subsequently, TAX was conjugated with CLA via an ester bond to form an amphiphilic TAX-C copolymer, which exhibited excellent dilution stability (critical micelle concentration of only 13.64 μg/mL). Furthermore, CLA was re-encapsulated into TAX-C by ultrasonication and solvent evaporation, denoted as TAX@C. Mechanistic studies revealed that the TAX@C micelle formation was driven by hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The study further indicated that TAX@C15 micelles were spherical (particle size of 391.85 nm), with CLA embedded in the hydrophobic core and TAX forming the hydrophilic shell. Compared with free CLA and non-thiolated AX@C15 micelles, TAX@C15 micelles significantly elevated the oxidative stability of CLA (peroxide value reduced to 3.28 mmol/kg). In vitro digestion demonstrated that CLA in TAX@C15 followed a non-Fickian diffusion model for sustained release, with a cumulative release of only 12.59% in simulated gastric fluid. On the other hand, rheological analyses suggested that thiolation significantly improved the mucoadhesive properties of the micelles through disulfide bond-mediated interactions with mucin, resulting in enhanced cohesiveness and deformation resistance. These results indicate that TAX@C15 conjugate micelles are an effective platform for the protection, and controlled release of hydrophobic bioactives.

In this study, we evaluated the impact of the dietary addition of different concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects of serum and breast tissue in mice. Twenty-four ICR mice (BW = 37.79 ± 2.17 g) at 7 days of pregnancy were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): a control (CN) group, which was fed a normal diet, and three groups fed a normal diet supplemented with 0.5% CLA, 1% CLA, or 2% CLA. Each mouse had free access to food and water. After 49 days of feeding, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation, and 24 h later, the experimental animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (40-50 mg/kg). After achieving deep anesthesia, blood was collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus. Subsequently, an excessive dose of pentobarbital sodium (total dose of 150-200 mg/kg) was administered to euthanize the animals. After confirming the cessation of breathing and heartbeat, breast tissues were collected for analysis. The expression levels of antioxidant and inflammatory factors in serum and mammary gland tissues were measured by ELISA, and the mRNA expression levels of mammary inflammatory factors were further quantified by RT-PCR. Parts of the tissue samples were retained for histopathological observation. The results showed that compared with the control treatment, CLA supplementation significantly increased both the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), with the 1% CLA group exhibiting the most pronounced increase (p < 0.001). The contents of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), decreased significantly, with the lowest levels in the 1% CLA group (p < 0.001). Both MDA and GPx levels showed significant decline, with the lowest levels in the 1% CLA group (p < 0.001). The relative expression of the PPAR-γ gene (p < 0.05) was significantly higher in the 2% CLA group than in the CN group, and the 1% CLA group showed certain promoting effect. Compared with the CN group, the relative expression levels of the TNF-α and IL-8 genes were significantly de

The revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and the blood plasma accumulation of neurofilament light chain (NfL) are key markers for tracking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression. Based on recent studies indicating that dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may boost antioxidant enzyme activity in ALS patients, in this study, ALSFRS-R scores (and subscores), NfL and thiol-bound protein (P-SH) levels, and intracellular activity of antioxidant enzymes (G6PD and GSR) were measured in ALS patients after 6 months (T6) of treatment with riluzole (R) or riluzole + CLA (R + CLA); we also investigated the correlations between these markers. At baseline (T0), G6PD activity in the R group was positively correlated with ALSFRS-R score (p < 0.001), whereas plasma P-SH levels in the R + CLA group were inversely correlated with ALSFRS-R score (p = 0.033). No significant baseline association was found between NfL levels and total ALSFRS-R score in the R group. At six months (T6), GSR and G6PD activities in the R + CLA group were significantly higher than in the R group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between plasma NfL levels and ALSFRS-R total score emerged at T6 exclusively in the R group (p = 0.002). Subscore analysis at T6 showed that plasma NfL levels negatively correlated with bulbar function in both groups (R: p = 0.010; R + CLA: p = 0.020) and with fine motor function in the R group (p = 0.031); whereas no significant correlation was observed for the respiratory subscore in either treatment group. These findings are consistent with an enhanced antioxidant activity associated with CLA supplementation. Overall, these preliminary exploratory results suggest that systemic redox biomarkers and plasma NfL may provide complementary, non-redundant information on distinct aspects of ALS pathobiology, though their precise temporal and mechanistic interactions require confirmation by dedicated longitudinal studies. The need for the combined use of neurodegeneration and oxidative-stress biomarkers for monitoring the progression of ALS is highlighted.

Nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are electrophilic lipid mediators that suppress inflammatory signaling, yet the sources, storage mechanisms, and physiological functions of endogenous NO2-FAs remain poorly understood. Here, we identify nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-CLA) as a diet-derived anti-inflammatory lipid that accumulates in membrane phospholipids and functions as a mobilizable biochemical reserve. Using cellular, murine, and human models, we show that phospholipids store NO2-CLA under basal conditions and rapidly release it during inflammatory stress through phospholipase-dependent remodeling. Mobilized NO2-CLA dampens cytokine production, limits inflammatory mediator formation, and preserves vascular homeostasis during endotoxemia. In both experimental inflammation and human sepsis, tissue and circulating pools of NO2-CLA become depleted, indicating that consumption exceeds endogenous replenishment during acute inflammatory responses. These findings establish membrane phospholipids as reservoirs of endogenous NO2-FAs and reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which diet, lipid metabolism, and redox signaling converge to regulate inflammation.

Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a prevalent metabolic disease in laying hens, causing severe economic losses. A previous study showed that conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) alleviated estrogen-induced FLHS in chickens, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we found that CLA improved serum lipid homeostasis, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, and enhanced antioxidant activity in FLHS chickens. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes enriched in inflammatory response, lipid homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)/insulin signaling pathways. Metabolome analysis detected differentially abundant metabolites enriched in bile secretion, thyroid hormone synthesis, the insulin signaling pathway, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Integrated analyses revealed that CLA reshaped the hepatic metabolic profile by upregulating protective metabolites (such as ubiquinol) and downregulating pro-inflammatory/lipogenic metabolites (such as 15-hydroperoxyeicosa-8Z,11Z,13E-trienoate), which synergized with key gene regulation (fatty acid synthase, jun proto-oncogene, and fatty acid desaturase 2) and core pathway activity (MAPK/nuclear factor kappa-B inhibition, PPARα activation). The multi-omics study using an estradiol-induced rooster FLHS model elucidated the molecular regulatory network of CLA against hepatic steatosis and liver injury, and provided preliminary mechanistic clues for developing CLA functional additives to prevent and treat FLHS in commercial laying hens.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) comprises a group of C18 fatty acids containing conjugated double bonds and has been associated with potential anti-obesity and antitumor effects. In this study, 116 presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were recovered from homemade Sichuan pickles. Primary screening identified 28 CLA-producing isolates, among which strains 7# and 31# showed the highest absorbance at 233 nm (A233). CLA production by both strains was subsequently optimized and quantified using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF). Under the optimized conditions, strain 31# produced 66.50 ± 3.80 μg/mL total CLA, including 52.70 ± 3.29 μg/mL c9,t11-CLA and 13.80 ± 0.51 μg/mL t10,c12-CLA. Strain 7# produced 26.79 ± 1.09 μg/mL total CLA, including 14.05 ± 0.49 μg/mL c9,t11-CLA and 12.74 ± 0.60 μg/mL t10,c12-CLA. Physiological, biochemical, and safety assessments showed that strain 31# outperformed strain 7# overall, supporting its use in further product development and mechanistic studies. Functional annotation using the COG database and pathway mapping with KEGG identified candidate genes encoding an enzyme associated with linoleic acid isomerization in both strains. Potential mechanisms underlying their different CLA-producing capacities were also examined, providing a basis for the selection and development of high-CLA-producing strains.

Microbial properties of the strain MDT-5, which was isolated from the rumen of a goat, were investigated. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that MDT-5 belongs to the family Lachnospiraceae with the highest homology to Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis DSM 9787T. However, on the basis of the phenotypic differences between MDT-5 and P. ruminis DSM 9787T, MDT-5 was identified as a Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. MDT-5 is able to generate conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from linoleic acid (LA), and its ability was high enough to compete for LA with other bacteria in the host intestinal tract. When MDT-5 cells were administered to mice, the fecal contents of P. ruminis and closely related strains were increased but reduced close to the basal level 48 h after administration ceased. This result suggests that MDT-5 can transit through the mouse gut over a period of a few days. Administration of MDT-5 to allergic dermatitis mice induced by repeated topical applications of oxazolone alleviated the symptoms of allergic dermatitis and the associated increase in ear thickness. This effect was found to be related to a decrease in mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Fecal LA level tended to decrease by MDT-5 administration, and colonic CLA level was increased in the mice administered MDT-5. These results suggest MDT-5 is useful as biological agent for alleviation of allergic dermatitis to increase CLA absorption in the large intestine.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation that commonly causes dyspnea and reduced exercise capacity. Emphysema, a major component of COPD, involves destruction of alveolar tissue and loss of elastic recoil, resulting in impaired gas exchange and air trapping. We report a 60-year-old female with COPD and centrilobular emphysema who underwent nebulized potassium-conjugated linoleic acid (K-CLA) therapy for persistent dyspnea and exercise intolerance despite standard inhaled therapy. Following two months of treatment, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score improved from 23 to 7; the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea grade improved from 2 to 0; Borg Dyspnea and Fatigue scores improved substantially following exertion; and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) distance increased from 1,345 ft to 1,410 ft. Pulmonary function testing demonstrated mild improvement in FEV1 and the FEV1/FVC ratio without bronchodilator responsiveness. Residual volume (RV) increased, although spirometry-derived estimates of RV should be interpreted cautiously and require confirmation with more definitive lung-volume measurements. No adverse respiratory effects or oxygen desaturation occurred during therapy. These findings suggest potential symptomatic benefits and support further controlled investigation of nebulized K-CLA therapy in obstructive airway disease.

Sheep milk and its fermented products are increasingly recognized as valuable functional foods due to their high nutritional value and the presence of biologically active compounds. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on selected bioactive components of sheep milk and fermented sheep milk products, with particular emphasis on their potential application as functional food ingredients and the impact of technological processes on their biological properties. The review focuses on yogurts, kefirs, and cheeses, highlighting key bioactive compounds, including peptides, lactoferrin, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), polar lipids, orotic acid, and probiotic microorganisms. Fermentation and maturation processes contribute to the formation and transformation of bioactive compounds, which may exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities, as well as support gut health and metabolic regulation. The functional potential of sheep milk products depends on milk composition, microbial activity, and processing conditions. Despite promising findings, their wider application remains limited due to seasonal availability, low production scale, and insufficient knowledge regarding bioavailability and physiological effects. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm the health-promoting potential and practical applications of fermented sheep milk products as functional food ingredients.

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA) and trans-10 18:1 (t10-18:1) are major ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates of linoleic acid (LNA) under high-grain diets. T10, c12-CLA has been shown to reduce Δ9-desaturase (SCD1) activity and the cis-monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (cisMUFA/SFA) in beef fat. However, the bioactivities of LNA and t10-18:1 remain poorly understood. This study evaluated LNA and its trans-10 intermediates in bovine intramuscular adipocytes. Intramuscular preadipocytes were isolated from three feedlot-finished Angus steers and differentiated for two experiments. Experiment 1 evaluated dose-response effects of t10-18:1, t10, c12-CLA, and LNA at 0, 25, 50, and 100 μM. Experiment 2 compared LNA, t10-18:1, t10, c12-CLA, and c10-18:1 at 50 μM with the bovine serum albumin (BSA) control. Lipid accumulation, gene expression, and fatty acid composition were analyzed by Nile Red staining, qPCR, and gas chromatography, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Lipid accumulation was unaffected by treatment in either experiment. T10-18:1 dose-dependently increased SCD1 expression and c9-18:1/18:0 in Experiment 1 (P < 0.05), with both greater than the BSA control and other treatments in Experiment 2 (P < 0.05). LNA dose-dependently reduced SCD1 expression, cisMUFA/SFA, c9-16:1/16:0, and c9-18:1/18:0 in Experiment 1, with all four lower than the BSA control in Experiment 2 (P < 0.05). T10, c12-CLA reduced SCD1 expression in both experiments and cisMUFA/SFA in Experiment 1 (P < 0.05) but did not alter c9-16:1/16:0 or c9-18:1/18:0 in either experiment. These findings demonstrate distinct effects of LNA and its trans-10 biohydrogenation intermediates on lipogenic gene expression and Δ9-desaturation in bovine intramuscular adipocytes. Plain Language Summary: Marbling is the main determinant of beef quality and palatability and is affected by feeding practices. Corn-based diets are commonly fed to cattle to support faster growth and contain high amounts of starch and linoleic acid. Together, these dietary characteristics alter how fats are processed in the rumen, leading to ruminal formation of fatty

Ferroptosis is a critical contributor to chemotherapy-induced liver injury. Schisandrin B (SchB), a bioactive compound from Schisandra chinensis, exerts hepatoprotection, but the underlying mechanisms in oxaliplatin (OXA)-induced liver injury are unclear. In this study, OXA treatment induced hepatic dysfunction, lipid accumulation, and gut dysbiosis, with marked depletion of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). A lipidomic analysis showed that SchB reversed OXA-induced linoleic acid (LA) metabolic reprogramming, particularly PE (18:0_18:2) and PE (18:2_18:2) accumulation. A targeted quantification revealed that OXA increased the levels of the LA-derived oxidation products 9-HODE and 13-HODE, which were significantly reduced by SchB treatment. Mechanistically, SchB mitigated OXA-induced DILI by suppressing ferroptosis through the dual-targeted activation of Nrf2. Notably, in addition to the canonical KEAP1-dependent mechanism, an important gut microbiota-mediated pathway appeared to contr

The peripartum period in prolific ewes is associated with increased metabolic demands, and dietary lipid supplementation may increase the energy density of the prepartum diet. This study evaluated the effects of prepartum supplementation with alternative lipid matrices on the physicochemical characteristics and comprehensive fatty acid (FA) profiles of mature and transitional sheep milk. Thirty-two pregnant Olkuska ewes were randomly assigned to four cohorts (n = 8/group): Control (basal diet), flaxseed oil (low n-3/high n-6 variety; FO), black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFL oil), and Mix oil (2:1 ratio of FO to BSFL oil). Dietary treatments exerted no significant effects (p > 0.05) on transitional milk composition or lipid quality indices. In contrast, in mature milk, BSFL oil supplementation significantly increased milk fat content (6.09%) compared to the Control group (4.70%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, all oil treatments significantly reduced total saturated FAs (p < 0.01), while the BSFL oil and Mix oil supplementation significantly increased the monounsaturated FA fraction (p < 0.01). The differences, particularly the increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration and the significant reduction in both the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (p < 0.01), were observed exclusively in mature milk. These findings suggest that the combination of sustainable insect lipids with high-linoleic plant oils may represent a viable strategy to transform sheep milk into a functional food with potential cardiovascular health benefits for consumers. These findings additionally indicate that prepartum lipid supplementation may exert a persistent carry-over effect into early lactation, influencing the fatty acid composition of mature sheep milk.

The present study examined the impact of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the differentiation and proliferation of bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cells, specifically exploring the role of G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPCR41). Cells were exposed to CLA at various concentrations ranging from 50 to 150 μmol/L. Flow cytometry revealed that treatment with 100 μmol/L CLA led to a significant increase in the proliferation rate. During differentiation, 100 and 150 μmol/L CLA markedly enhanced lipid droplet accumulation. Maximal cytoplasmic lipid content was observed when CLA was combined with insulin and dexamethasone. CLA treatment significantly enhanced the transcript abundance of the adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). Knockdown of GPCR41 via RNA interference in CLA-treated cells led to a significant suppression of GPCR41 expression, accompanied by decreased PPARγ mRNA levels and diminished cytoplasmic lipid droplet formation, indicating impaired differentiation. Taken together, these results show that CLA enhances both differentiation and proliferation of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes, possibly via activation of C/EBPα and PPARγ, with GPCR41 playing a critical role in mediating this adipogenic effect. © 2026. The Society for In Vitro Biology.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers widely admired for its anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. Enzymes responsible for bioconverting linoleic acid (LA) into CLA are diverse, found in a wide range of microorganisms from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to non-lactic acid bacteria (non-LAB). Various LAB and non-LAB strains show promising results in CLA production. Enzymes such as linoleate isomerase (LAI), Myosin cross-reactive antigen (MCRA), and oleate hydratase, involved in CLA production, are also diverse in nature. They originate from various sources and have demonstrated potential to biohydrogenate LA and other similar substrates. Comparative analysis of substrate-enzyme dynamics revealed substantial structural conservation alongside functional divergence among various biohyrogenating enzyme-associated pathways, suggesting evolutionary adaptation toward fatty acid detoxification and membrane homeostasis. Furthermore, environmental and physiological factors such as substrate availability, oxygenation, pH, temperature, and growth phase were found to significantly influence CLA biosynthesis. Despite considerable advances, several mechanistic aspects of enzyme cooperation, pathway regulation, and evolutionary relationships remain unresolved. This article critically examines various aspects of substrate-enzyme dynamics, their ecology, evolution, and molecular regulation. It aims to bridge the knowledge gap in catalytic mechanisms and regulation while summarizing available information on various enzymes responsible for the bioconversion of LA to CLA, implicating fundamental microbiology and biotechnology.

This study investigated the protective effects of metabolites generated from the co-fermentation of Lactobacillus, linoleic acid (LA) and human fecal microbiota on gut microbiota composition, intestinal inflammation and barrier function. While probiotic-derived conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production has been reported, the functional effects of CLA-enriched metabolites derived from co-fermentation with human fecal microbiota remain unclear. Using an integrated approach including in vitro fermentation of healthy human fecal microbiota, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7/Caco-2 co-culture models and antibiotic-depleted, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, we found that co-fermentation with LA and either Limosilactobacillus reuteri M94 or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DPUL-77 significantly recovered microbial composition and markedly enhanced CLA production (6-7-fold, p < 0.0001) in the fecal fermentation systems. Both in vitro and in vivo, co-fermentation metabolites reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by 60-80% (p < 0.001) and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels by 3-4-fold (p < 0.01). Moreover, these metabolites improved intestinal barrier function, as evidenced by enhanced tight junction protein expression, restored epithelial integrity and reduced permeability in both models (p < 0.05-0.001), with greater effects observed in the Lactobacillus + LA groups. Notably, CLA-enriched metabolites exhibited enhanced biological efficacy; however, the specific contribution of CLA to these effects cannot be conclusively determined. Overall, these findings suggested that co-fermentation of Lactobacillus, LA and human fecal microbiota generates bioactive metabolites associated with reduced intestinal inflammation and improved barrier function. Further studies are required to clarify the roles of specific metabolites and the underlying mechanisms.

cis-9,trans-11-Conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) is the major CLA consumed from ruminant-derived foods and exhibits anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic and anti-Alzheimer's disease effects for humans. Determination of the circulating non-esterified c9,t11-CLA helps provide a better understanding of its health benefits, but very few methods are available for this purpose. In this study, a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry-based method was developed and validated for quantifying non-esterified c9,t11-CLA in plasma. The DEMECAL device enabled not only the minimally invasive collection of finger-prick blood, but also an easy and rapid preparation of the plasma sample. The developed method employed the derivatization with 4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DAPTAD), which achieved the complete separation of c9,t11-CLA from its positional and geometric isomers on an octadecylsilyl silica column (resolution, ≥ 1.92), elimination of the negative influence from linoleic acid, and a higher sensitivity (limit of detection, 210 amol) than any methods currently available. In addition, high precision (relative standard deviations in five repetitive measurements, ≤ 6.1%) and accuracy (analytical recovery rates, 99.4-103.7%) were obtained by the isotope-coded derivatization using deuterium-labeled DAPTAD. This method also had a sufficient applicability to real sample analysis; we successfully determined the plasma non-esterified c9,t11-CLA concentrations of Japanese healthy subjects and detected their changes due to the CLA supplementation.

1. This paper reviews the importance of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in poultry nutrition, with particular emphasis on its effects on hatchability, egg quality, fatty acid composition and immune function across different poultry species.2. Poultry meat and eggs naturally contain low concentrations of CLA compared with ruminant-derived meat. However, dietary supplementation effectively increases CLA, resulting in value-added functional products.3. Data from chickens, quail and pigeons consistently shows that high dietary inclusion of CLA in breeder diets can negatively affect hatchability, mainly through alterations in yolk fatty acid (FA) composition rather than through direct effects on fertility.4. Dietary CLA supplementation has been associated with an increase in saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and a concomitant reduction in monounsaturated FA such as palmitoleic (C16:1, n-7) and oleic acid (C18:1, n-9). These changes are due to the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, which disrupts yolk lipid homoeostasis and impairs embryonic lipid utilisation.5. Supplementation with CLA can reverse storage-related egg quality defects, including increased yolk firmness, discolouration of both yolk and albumen and reduced peelability following refrigeration. These effects are dose-dependent and may be partially mitigated by co-supplementation with unsaturated lipid sources that help restore yolk fatty acid balance. Beyond reproductive traits, dietary CLA has been shown to influence body fat deposition, carcase characteristics and immune responses in poultry.

OBJECTIVE: Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) can affect lipid metabolism, leading to weight loss and attracting widespread attention. However, its suitability for use in lactating mothers remains unclear. A transgenic mouse, named Pai (homozygous) and Pai/wt (heterozygous), capable of producing endogenous t10c12-CLA was successfully established. METHODS: In this study, embryo transfer technology was utilized to transplant embryos of wild-type (wt) mice into the transgenic mice, in order to investigate the effects of t10c12-CLA on biometric and reproductive parameters. RESULTS: Embryo transfer efficiency remained unchanged following the procedure. The male-to-female ratio of offspring in Pai/wt group was significantly higher than that in wt and Pai groups. Additionally, the birth weight, 21-day body weight, serum glucose level and triglyceride level of pups in Pai group were significantly lower than those in wt group. Simultaneously, the Pai pups exhibited modulated gut microbiota composition and regulated metabolic profiles in white adipose tissue and liver. Further investigations in liver tissue and HepG2 cells revealed that these effects featured suppressed lipogenesis (FASN, ChREBP), enhanced fatty acid oxidation (CPT1A) through activation of AMPK pathway in liver. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal t10c12-CLA could suppress lipogenesis and lower lipid levels by activating the AMPK pathway, and alter the composition of gut microbiota, thereby impacting offspring lipid metabolism.

Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has attracted attention as a potent body fat-reducing agent, its detailed molecular mechanism of action remains obscure. Here, we evaluated the effect of short-term feeding of CLA on metabolism in adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8-wk to promote the accumulation of body fat, then divided into control and 1 % CLA groups and kept for 1-wk. CLA did not affect the weight of epididymal and perirenal adipose tissues. To detect the metabolic changes that precede the body fat-reducing effect of CLA, a comprehensive metabolite analysis in adipose tissue was performed using a capillary electrophoresis quadrupole time-of-flight system. Principal component analysis clearly showed differentiation in the pattern of quantitative data for metabolites between control and CLA groups. KEGG enrichment analysis of metabolites indicated the importance of three metabolite sets. Seventeen metabolites were significantly upregulated in the CLA group compared to the control and no metabolites were downregulated. Taken together, these changes in metabolite profile induced by CLA are indicative of early onset metabolic change, potentially leading to a reduction in adipose tissue mass.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to comprehensively analyze the role of metabolic signatures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A total of 599 samples, including fecal (n = 206), plasma (n = 206), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples (n = 187), were collected from 443 individuals with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, and controls. Fecal, plasma and PBMC samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, RNA sequencing and 4D DIA proteomics, respectively. A collagen-induced arthritis mouse model was used to investigate the role of the metabolite conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in experimental arthritis. An RA clinical cohort (n = 26) was recruited to validate the potential role of CLA as an adjunct to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) therapy. RESULTS: Multi-omics analysis revealed comprehensive alterations in metabolic signatures (metabolism-related molecules, metabolites, and metabolic pathways) in RA. Lipid metabolism pathways, particularly linoleic acid metabolism, appear to play a significant regulatory role in RA progression. Metabolites and molecules involved in linoleic acid metabolism were significantly associated with clinical phenotypes in RA patients. In animal experiments, CLA reduced arthritis scores, swollen joint counts, histopathological scores, and inflammatory levels. Finally, CLA supplementation accelerated the reduction of inflammatory levels in RA patients receiving csDMARDs therapy. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal lipid metabolism as a druggable axis, position dietary CLA as an adjunct to improve outcomes in RA, and offer a new avenue to enhance remission rates. © 2026. The Author(s).