Cod Liver Oil

OBJECTIVE: To determine if daily supplementation with cod liver oil, a low dose vitamin D supplement, in winter, prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection, serious covid-19, or other acute respiratory infections in adults in Norway. DESIGN: Quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial. SETTING: Norway, 10 November 2020 to 2 June 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 34 601 adults (aged 18-75 years), not taking daily vitamin D supplements. INTERVENTION: 5 mL/day of cod liver oil (10 µg of vitamin D, n=17 278) or placebo (n=17 323) for up to six months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four co-primary endpoints were predefined: the first was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result determined by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the second was serious covid-19, defined as self-reported dyspnoea, admission to hospital, or death. Other acute respiratory infections were indicated by the third and fourth co-primary endpoints: a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result and self-reported symptoms. Side effects related to the supplementation were self-reported. The fallback method was used to handle multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Supplementation with cod liver oil was not associated with a reduced risk of any of the co-primary endpoints. Participants took the supplement (cod liver oil or placebo) for a median of 164 days, and 227 (1.31%) participants in the cod liver oil group and 228 (1.32%) participants in the placebo group had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result (relative risk 1.00, multiple comparison adjusted confidence interval 0.82 to 1.22). Serious covid-19 was identified in 121 (0.70%) participants in the cod liver oil group and in 101 (0.58%) participants in the placebo group (1.20, 0.87 to 1.65). 8546 (49.46%) and 8565 (49.44%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, had ≥1 negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (1.00, 0.97 to 1.04). 3964 (22.94%) and 3834 (22.13%) participants in the cod liver oil and placebo groups, respectively, reported ≥1 acute respiratory infections (1.04, 0.97 to 1.11). Only low grade side effects were reported in the cod liver oil and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with cod liver oil in the winter did not reduce the i

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy and safety of Zhuang medicine medicated thread moxibustion (ZMTM) on psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, parallel controlled clinical trial was designed. A total of 241 outpatients with psoriasis vulgaris were randomly divided into a control group (120 cases) and a treatment group (121 cases) using a central block randomization from June 2015 to May 2018. The control group was treated with Western medicines alone including pidotimod dispersible tablets, vitamin B compound tablets, and compound cod liver oil-zinc oxide ointment. The treatment group was treated with ZMTM every 2 days combined with Western medicines. The two groups received continuous intervention for 30 days. The primary outcome was Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and the secondary outcomes included Itch Rating Scale, Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), as well as PASI response rate. Meanwhile, adverse events were evaluated during the whole clinical trial. Follow-up was carried out 30 days after treatment. RESULTS: There were 5 cases of shedding in this trial. In intention-to-treat analysis, 236 cases were included and each group contained 118 cases. On the 30th and 60th days, PASI scores of patients in each group were significantly lower than that at baseline (P<0.01) and the PASI score reduction of the treatment group was greater than that of the control group (P<0.01). Itch Rating Scale, DLQI, and HAMA scale were decreased in both groups after treatment, and the treatment group showed a better therapeutic effect (P<0.01). The response rates of PASI 50 and 75 were significantly higher than those in the control group [81.4% (96/118), 43.2% (51/118) vs. 41.5% (49/118), 11.0% (13/118), respectively, P<0.05]. During follow-up, the improvements in scores of PASI, Itch Rating Scale, DLQI, and HAMA of the treatment group were significantly greater than those of the control group (P<0.01). The response rates of PASI 50 and 75 in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, respectively (both P<0.05). No obvious adverse reaction was found in either group. CONCLUSI

BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy is common among older adults, with increasing numbers also using prescription drugs with herbal medicinal products (HMPs) and dietary supplements. There is no reliable evidence from the UK on concurrent use of HMPs and dietary supplements with prescription drugs in older adults. AIM: To establish prevalence of concurrent prescription drugs, HMPs, and dietary supplements among UK community-dwelling older adults and identify potential interactions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey of older adults registered at two general practices in South East England. METHOD: A questionnaire asking about prescription medications, HMPs, and sociodemographic information was posted to 400 older adults aged ≥65 years, identified as taking ≥1 prescription drug. RESULTS: In total 155 questionnaires were returned (response rate = 38.8%) and the prevalence of concurrent HMPs and dietary supplements with prescriptions was 33.6%. Females were more likely than males to be concurrent users (43.4% versus 22.5%; P = 0.009). The number of HMPs and dietary supplements ranged from 1 to 8, (mean = 3, median = 1; standard deviation = 1.65). The majority of concurrent users (78.0%) used dietary supplements with prescription drugs. The most commonly used dietary supplements were cod liver oil, glucosamine, multivitamins, and vitamin D. Others (20.0%) used only HMPs with prescription drugs. Common HMPs were evening primrose oil, valerian, and Nytol Herbal® (a combination of hops, gentian, and passion flower). Sixteen participants (32.6%) were at risk of potential adverse drug interactions. CONCLUSION: GPs should routinely ask questions regarding herbal and supplement use, to identify and manage older adults at potential risk of adverse drug interactions. © British Journal of General Practice 2018.

Omega-3 fatty acids exert a plethora of physiological actions including triglycerides lowering, reduction of inflammatory indices, immunomodulation, anti- thrombotic effects and possibly promotion of exercise performance. Their use is widespread and for commonly ingested doses their side- effects are minimal. We report a case of a 60 y amateur athlete who consumed about 20 g omega-3 fatty acids daily from supplements and natural sources for a year. After the intake of cortisone and antibiotics he presented duodenum ulcer and bleeding although he had no previous history of gastrointestinal problems. Although several animal data support gastro-protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the present case they were not able to prevent ulcer generation. The present observation may be explained by (i) the high dose of omega-3 fatty acids and their effect on bleeding, (ii) the fact that cortisone increases their oxidation and may render them proinflammatory, (iii) other antithrombotic microconstituents included in the consumed cod-oil and/or the diet of the subject and (iv) the differences in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems of well- trained subjects. Further studies are needed to substantiate any possible interaction of cortisone and omega-3 fatty acids in wide ranges of intake.

There is growing interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) amongst the general population. Little information is available on CAM use in otolaryngology patients in the UK. Despite concerns over safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness, CAM use is common amongst ENT patients. Patients perceive these medications as possible boosters to their immune system. It is becoming increasingly important that health care providers in all specialties ask their patients about CAM use and are aware of the implications it carries. The objective is to study the prevalence and pattern of CAM use among adult and paediatric ENT patients in a UK teaching hospital. A cross-sectional study was done by sending anonymous questionnaire to all outpatient and elective inpatients over a 3-month period. Response rate was 73% (1,789/2,440). Prominent demographics: female, married, over-50 s. Sixty percent had used CAM, 35% in last year. Most common herbs: cod liver oil (n = 481), garlic (n = 255), cranberry (n = 224); non-herbal: massage (n = 287), acupuncture (n = 233), aromatherapy (n = 170). Most commonly cited reasons for using CAM: general health, enhanced immunity and prevention/treatment of common illnesses like the common cold, asthma and bodily aches and pains.

The effects of Zincojecol an ointment containing zinc oxide and cod liver oil on wound healing were compared with ointments that either contained no active ingredients or zinc oxide or cod liver oil alone. All formulations enhanced the epidermal proliferation after mechanical irritation of the tail skin. The combination of zinc oxide and cod liver oil was found to be superior to the vehicle control and formulations containing only one active ingredient. This combination was also found to be most efficient in accelerating wound healing being retarded by repeated dexamethasone treatment.

The use of complimentary and alternative medicines (CAM) among the UK population is on the increase. For patients requiring warfarin therapy, it is important to maintain an adequate and safe level of anticoagulation. As some forms of CAM can interact with warfarin, it is imperative that any patient considered for warfarin, is asked about their use of CAM. Our report describes the incidence and type of CAM usage among patients about to start or recently commenced on warfarin therapy attending our outpatient anticoagulant clinic. All patients attending clinic for the first time were seen by a pharmacist. A retrospective analysis of the pharmaceutical care plans for all patients seen during 2003 were analysed regarding the degree of CAM usage. Of 631 care plans reviewed, 170 (26.9%) patients were taking some form of CAM. Ninety-nine (58% of all CAM users) were taking a CAM that could interact with warfarin; the commonest forms were cod-liver oil capsules and garlic capsules. We conclude that many patients new to warfarin therapy were significant users of CAM, many of which had the potential to interact with warfarin. By taking a full drug history, potential CAM/warfarin interactions could be avoided.

The modulating effect of As (As2O3) in drinking water plus dietary fatty acids on benzo-a-pyrene (BP) induced forestomach tumorigenesis was assayed in mice fed with corn oil (CO), Olein (O), palmstearin (PS) and cod liver oil (CLO) enriched formulae, and a mixed-fat (S-stock) diet during 28 weeks. Neither pre-or neoplastic lesions were recorded in esophagus or forestomach of mice treated with As alone. CLO diet showed a protective effect. Indeed, multiple epidermal hyperplasia were significantly reduced compared to S group and a reduction in papillomas multiplicity with respect to S, CO and O groups was also observed. Mice fed on PS formula showed minor papillomas per mouse with respect to CO and O. These results indicate that As plus BP did not exhibit any synergistic effect on the development of epidermoid tumor lesions, whereas CLO diet exerted antipromoting activity . In spite of their common essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) condition, PS and O lots showed contradictory results. Hence, the dietary enrichment in 18:1 n-9 (O diet) per se, and not the EFAD state, may play a deleterious role. Corn diet showed no promoting activity on the epidermoid tumor development in this model.

1. Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intramuscular administration of gentamicin (80 mg k-1 d-1) for 6 days. 2. Oral supplementation with fish oil (5 ml kg-1 d-1), for 2 weeks prior to and during gentamicin exposure, markedly ameliorated the drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The beneficial effects of oil were evidenced by significantly reduced serum creatinine and urea concentrations, increased renal cortical alkaline phosphatase activity and improved renal tubular histology, compared with the non oil-treated animals, receiving gentamicin. 3. Similar supplementation with sunflower oil, rich in omega-6 fatty acids, failed to reverse any of the parameters of nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. 4. Hypercholesterolaemia and reduced cortical GSH associated with gentamicin nephrotoxicity were both normalised by supplementation with fish oil, but not by sunflower oil. 5. The beneficial effects of fish oil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity were not related to the extent of uptake and accumulation of the drug by the kidney.

BACKGROUND: The role of eating habits of pregnant women in the development and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is well established. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the contribution of specific nutrients and dietary patterns in the development or privation of GDM in pregnant women. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review of cohort studies, published between January 2019 and January 2020, of English articles using PubMed, Scopus and Europe PMC databases. Search terms included diabetes, pregnancy, dietary, food, and nutrients. STUDY SELECTION: Only cohort studies about the association between eating habits before and during pregnancy and the risk of GDM in English were included. The studies used dietary patterns, specific nutrients or records of food intake of the participants using a questionnaire. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently extracted data from articles-including dietary patterns, food intake, nutrients, number and demographic data of participants, data about pregnancies-using predefined criteria. RESULTS: In total, 28 cohort studies were organised to examine the correlation between dietary patterns and the prevention of GDM. Studies were conducted in 13 countries and included 3 058 242 participants. Of those, 13 (46%) studies focused on the consumption of vitamins, probiotics, micronutrients, folate, vegetables and fruits. Moreover, seven (25%) studies focused on what is considered to be "unhealthy" eating habits, including prudent and Western dietary patterns. The mediterranean pattern was used in three (11%) studies. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing studies support advice to adhere to a healthy balanced diet, with the addition of folic acid and a multi-vitamin suitable for pregnancy. There is new evidence suggesting probiotics and cod-liver oil supplementation may improve glycaemic control and also the important consideration of the psychological influences of eating. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Background: The incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a common condition in newborns, infants and toddlers. For the therapy nurses and parents have the choice between numerous barrier creams based on zinc oxide, Dexpanthenol or Vaseline in various combinations of active agents and with additional ingredients. Research question: Which combination of active ingredients in local barrier creams reduce pain, severity of or duration of healing in IAD in neonates, infants and young children? Method: MEDLINE and CINAHL was systematically search for randomized controlled trials on the effect of barrier creams in pediatric patients with IAD. These were evaluated on validity and applicability. Results: 15 RCTs were found, of which six were included in the systematic review. The methodological quality of these trials ranges from good to poor, partially high bias risk were recognizable. Barrier creams containing the active ingredients zinc oxide / lanolin, zinc oxide / cod liver oil, zinc oxide / Dexpanthenol, paraffin / beeswax / Dexpanthenol show effects. They reduce the IAD-associated symptoms. Conclusions: The investigated barrier creams can be used in the pediatric nursing for the treatment of IAD. Because of limitations it cannot be ruled out that further studies will change the results.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology. We specifically focussed on four commonly used supplements: spirulina, Ginkgo biloba, Vertigoheel and nutritional supplements (cod liver oil, multivitamins and pineapple enzyme). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the English and foreign language literature. INCLUSION CRITERIA: in vivo human studies. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: animal trials, in vitro studies and case reports. We also excluded other forms of 'alternative medicine' such as reflexology, acupuncture and other homeopathic remedies. RESULTS: Lack of common outcome measures prevented a formal meta-analysis. Three studies on the effects of spirulina in allergy, rhinitis and immunomodulation were found. One was a double-blind, placebo, randomised, controlled trial (RCT) of patients with allergic rhinitis, demonstrating positive effects in patients fed spirulina for 12 weeks. The other two studies, although non-randomised, also reported a positive role for spirulina in mucosal immunity. Regarding the use of Ginkgo biloba in tinnitus, a Cochrane review published in 2004 showed no evidence for this. The one double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that followed confirmed this finding. Regarding the use of Vertigoheel in vertigo, two double-blind RCTs and a meta-analysis were identified. The first RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was equally effective in reducing the severity, duration and frequency of vertigo compared with betahistine. The second RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was a suitable alternative to G. biloba in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vertigo. A meta-analysis of only four clinical trials confirms that Vertigoheel was equally effective compared with betahistine, G. biloba and dimenhydrinate. Regarding multivitamins and sinusitis, two small paediatric pilot studies reported a positive response for chronic sinusitis and otitis media following a course of multivitamins and cod liver oil. Regarding bromelain (pineapple enzyme) and sinusitis, one randomised, multicentre trial including 116 children compared bromelain monotherapy to bromelain with standard therapy and standard ther

Lipids play significant roles in energy metabolism, nutrient utilization, and the regulation of lipid metabolism in fish and is thus considered as one of the important components of aquafeeds. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, is a widely cultured fish species worldwide; however, information on the optimum corn oil inclusion level under defined dietary formulations remains limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of graded corn oil inclusion levels on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, haematological parameters, digestive enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 5 (ELOVL5) in common carp fingerlings (1.59 ± 0.02 g/fish) over a 10-week feeding trial. Fish were fed six isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of corn oil (20-120 g k1) with a constant inclusion of 20 g kg-1 cod liver oil. Growth performance improved significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing corn oil inclusion up to 60 g kg-1 and declined thereafter. Whole-body protein, fat, and moisture contents were significantly affected, whereas body ash content remained unchanged. Fish fed the diet containing 60 g kg-1 corn oil exhibited improved haematological indices, enhanced protease and lipase activities, and higher relative expression of FADS2 and ELOVL5. Quadratic regression analyses based on live weight gain (LWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body protein deposition (BPD) estimated an optimum corn oil inclusion level of 68.60 g kg-1 in the presence of 20 g kg-1 cod liver oil in the feed under the present experimental conditions. These findings indicate that moderate corn oil inclusion under the present dietary formulation was associated with improved growth performance, physiological responses, digestive enzyme activities, and FADS2 and ELOVL5 expression in common carp fingerlings. © 2026 The Authors.

Yogurt represents a traditional fermented dairy product characteristic of the Balkan Peninsula and is widely consumed in the Republic of Bulgaria. The aim of the present study was to develop omega-3-enriched yogurt. Four yogurts were produced: one control sample and three experimental variants enriched with chia oil (0.63%), cod liver oil (1.55%), and algal oil (1.10%). Coriander essential oil (0.038%) was added to each oil formulation. The products were monitored on days 1 and 14 of storage. The oils were pre-encapsulated in alginate beads to limit oxidative processes and preserve sensory properties. Yogurt samples were evaluated for oxidative stability, fatty acid composition, microbiological parameters, physicochemical properties, textural and sensory characteristics. Titratable acidity, pH, water-holding capacity, antioxidant activity, and microbiological parameters were not significantly affected by the incorporation of encapsulated oils. In contrast, significant differences were observed in texture and sensory attributes among the enriched variants. The chia oil sample exhibited the highest oxidative stability, followed by the algal oil yogurt, whereas the lowest stability was observed in the cod liver oil variant; however, all products remained within acceptable oxidation limits up to day 14. Approximately 350 g, 260 g, and 120 g of yogurt enriched with chia, cod liver, and algal oil, respectively, were required to meet the recommended daily omega-3 intake. The developed products demonstrated potential as dairy foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids, with improved nutritional value.

Oxidation of n-3 PUFA-rich oils in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to the formation of potentially harmful compounds such as 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA). This study investigated the interplay between fatty acids release, tocopherol concentration, and formation of hydroperoxides, HHE, HNE, and MDA during simulated digestion of Schizochytrium sp. oils, in comparison with cod liver and linseed oils. Free DHA showed a stronger correlation with tocopherol consumption than esterified DHA. Hydroperoxide formation showed non-linear relationship with tocopherol amounts and free PUFAs, though also bound PUFAs correlated to hydroperoxide formation. Key fatty acids explaining increases in oxidation markers other than DHA, such as 20:3n-6, were identified. While HHE formation correlated with oil unsaturation and esterified DHA, MDA had linear relationship with hydroperoxide formation. These findings enhance the understanding of lipid oxidation mechanisms during digestion, providing valuable insights for improving the stability of n-3-rich oils in food applications.

This study measured nitrite concentrations in eighty groundwater samples collected from Sohag Governorate, Egypt, and assessed the biochemical effects of nitrites on male rats. The Nazat El Hajer well in Juhayna City showed the highest nitrite concentration (0.92 mg/L), exceeding the allowable long-term exposure limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Additionally, we assessed the palliative effects of vitamin C and cod liver oil, as antioxidants, in reducing nitrite-induced toxicity in male rats. Seventy-five adult male rats were divided into five groups; GI: control; GII: drinking water (Nazat El Hajer) for 3 months; GIII: sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg BW) for 3 months; GIV: sodium nitrite for 45 days followed by vitamin C (80 mg/kg BW) daily for 45 days; GV: sodium nitrite for 45 days followed by cod liver oil (80 mg/kg BW) daily for 45 days. Results showed a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, and interleukin-6, along with a significant decrease in TAC, catalase, albumin, cytochrome-c- oxidase, hemoglobin, and RBCs in the nitrite-treated groups. These findings indicate that high concentrations of nitrites caused marked hepatic and hematologic toxicity. Furthermore, both the vitamin C and cod liver oil groups exhibited significant improvement in all measured parameters.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by cognitive decline, and also by retinal degeneration. Having in mind that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n - 3) is a safe, low-cost, and pivotal fatty acid for brain health and sustained cognitive function, this study exploits environmentally friendly non-fish sources as potential dietary supplements enriched with DHA to prevent or reverse AD. Forty 5xFAD transgenic male mice, aged five weeks old, were randomly distributed by five body weight-matched dietary groups (with eight animals each) and fed isocaloric diets based on the AIN-93M standard formulation for rodents for 6 months. Except for the control feed (without supplementation), each diet contained a modified lipidic fraction supplemented with 2% of the following: (1) linseed oil (LSO, rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n - 3)); (2) cod liver oil (fish oil, FO, rich in both DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n - 3)); (3) Schizochytrium sp. microalga oil (Schizo, with 40% of DHA); and (4) commercial DHASCO (DHASCO, with 70% of DHA). The aim of this study was to measure retinal neural layer thickness, calculate ganglion cell layer (GCL) density, and assess retinal injury by means of immunohistochemical staining for β-amyloid plaques deposition, TAU protein levels, and IBA1, as hallmark features of AD progression, in order to elucidate the effects of different dietary DHA treatments in Alzheimer's retinas. Although no statistical differences were observed across retinal layer thicknesses depending on the diet (p > 0.05), there was a consistent pattern for slightly increased retinal thickness in 5xFAD mice fed fish oil relative to the others for the measurement of total layers, in general and for the inner segment/outer segment layer, the outer nuclear layer, the outer plexiform layer, the inner nuclear layer, and the inner plexiform layer, in particular. The ganglion cell layer (GCL) density was increased in 5xFAD mice fed the DHASCO oil diet relative to the control (p < 0.05), suggesting a benefit of DHA supplementation on the number of viable ganglion cells. No positive staining was observed for β-amyloid plaques deposition or the neuroinflammatory marker, IBA1

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for brain development and function, affecting inflammation, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. These nutrients are associated with benefits in managing stress, sleep disorders, anxiety, and mild cognitive impairment. This study investigated the effects of chronic exposure to varying omega-3 PUFA levels, from gestation to adulthood, on behavioral and molecular aspects related to memory, anxiety, and depression in male mice. Dams received one of three diets: Control (soybean oil, 7 %), omega-3 Deficient (sunflower oil, 7 %), or omega-3 Enriched (4.2 % cod liver oil +2.8 % soybean oil). After weaning, the offspring continued on their respective diets until adulthood. The omega-3 Deficient diet led to increased locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and a trend toward greater immobility time in the tail suspension test. It also upregulated the expression of Avp and its receptor Avpr1b within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, suggesting a potential mechanistic link between omega-3 deficiency and mood disorders. In contrast, the Enriched group exhibited reduced locomotor activity and anxiolytic-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. At the molecular level, the Deficient diet downregulated Grin1, while the Enriched diet upregulated Creb1 in the hippocampus, providing insight into how omega-3 PUFAs influence cognitive processes. Chronic insufficient omega-3 consumption throughout development and adulthood may negatively affect anxiety- and depression-related responses, while high omega-3 intake may play a protective role in anxiety regulation. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of omega-3 PUFAs in affective and cognitive regulation, highlighting the significance of balanced intake to support mental health.

Liver diseases rank among the foremost causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The PPARγ ligand, pioglitazone (PG), which has been clinically tested and is utilized in diabetes management, demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect in different studies. Furthermore, cod liver oil (COD) and its components exhibit a significant protective effect against hepatotoxicity in animals. This work aimed to investigate the impact of PG and/or COD on hepatotoxicity provoked by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Fifty albino Wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n = 10). Group I acted as a control. Group II received CCl4. Groups III and IV were administered with CCl4 and co-treated with oral PG or COD, respectively. Group V was administered with CCl4 and co-treated with both PG and COD. The duration of the experiment was 4 weeks. Liver function tests, hyaluronic acid (HA), and adiponectin levels were measured in serum. In liver tissue, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expressions were evaluated by RT-PCR. Moreover, histopathological examinations and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunoreactivity were assessed in hepatic tissues. Histopathological alterations were improved in the group treated with combined PG and COD, as indicated by amelioration of liver function tests, as well as decreased HA and elevated adiponectin levels in serum. In hepatic tissues, there was also an upregulation of adiponectin and IL-10 and a downregulation of TNF-α gene expression. Moreover, PG and COD decreased α-SMA expression in hepatic tissues as well. These findings indicate that PG and/or COD markedly mitigate liver damage caused by CCl4 in rats; however, further large-scale studies are necessary to prove this hypothesis.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Cystinuria is characterized by early-onset and recurrent kidney stones composed of cystine. Individuals with cystinuria often present with their first kidney stone in the first two decades of life. Complications of cystinuria include recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension. Some individuals develop end-stage kidney disease. DIAGNOSIS/TESTING: The diagnosis of cystinuria can be established in a proband by identification of cystine urinary stones and elevated 24-hour urinary cystine excretion or identification of biallelic, digenic, or heterozygous pathogenic variants in SLC3A1 or SLC7A9 by molecular genetic testing in an individual with suggestive features. MANAGEMENT: Targeted therapies: Potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate to alkalinize the urine; dietary treatment includes high fluid intake and low-sodium and low-protein diet; cysteine binding medications including tiopronin and D-penicillamine. Supportive care: Analgesics for renal colic; surgical treatment or percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonic or laser lithotripsy for kidney stones; antibiotic therapy for recurrent urinary tract infection; management of CKD; antihypertensive therapy. Surveillance: Thorough physical exam, 24-hour urine for pH, volume, cystine, sodium, calcium, citrate, and creatinine excretion every three to six months until stable on treatment and then every six to 12 months; assessment of urinary-soluble mixed-drug cysteine disulfides and free cystine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as needed to adjust therapy; kidney and urinary tract ultrasound every six to 12 months; abdominal CT as needed for symptomatic kidney stones; blood creatinine, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, or 24-hour urine albumin concentration every three to six months until stable on treatment and then every six to 12 months; daily at home blood pressure assessment; ambulatory blood pressure assessment every three to six months until stable on treatment and then every six to 12 months; 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in those with hypertension; serum bone markers and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan in adul

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease. The incidence of measles has been rising due to a confluence of factors, including international travel and vaccine hesitancy. The purpose of this Pharmacotherapy Update was to examine and appraise preventive measures and treatment options, both pharmacotherapy and supplements, used in measles management. Topics included ribavirin, measles-mumps-rubella vaccine post-exposure prophylaxis, immune globulin, antibiotics, vitamin A, and cod liver oil supplements. Parents, caregivers, and policymakers considering these interventions are recommended to consult with health care providers and seek guidance from professional organizations regarding the effectiveness and safety of these treatments. Vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine remains the most effective intervention to prevent measles, and efforts are urgently needed to achieve the requisite 95% vaccination rate to improve public health, confer herd immunity, and eradicate measles.

The clear need for marine n-3 PUFAs has brought attention to Schizochytrium sp, one of the few microorganisms approved for the production of edible oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The high concentrations of DHA make the oil highly susceptible to oxidation also in the gastrointestinal tract, which is a known pro-oxidant environment. In the present study, the development of volatile compounds was directly monitored during simulated digestion of Schizochytrium sp oil added to a simulated meal, with rapeseed and cod liver oils used as comparison. Volatiles were extracted during the incubation period of subsequent gastric and intestinal phases and directly analyzed with a headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) system. Volatile data analysis discriminated all the oils and digestion phases. Total aldehydes, total ketones, and total volatiles areas showed strong correlations with oxidation products in digesta analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Our results proved the suitability of our approach for a more comprehensive monitoring of lipid oxidation in simulated gastrointestinal models.

Objectives: The growing proportion of older adults underscores the importance of healthy aging. Maintaining good nutrition and physical activity are crucial for sustaining health. However, research on aging inequalities suggests that individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) may be at higher risk for inadequate nutrition. The study examined associations between SES and nutrition in older community-dwelling adults in Iceland and whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are being met in Iceland. Methods: Data from the AGES-Reykjavik study were used, and SES was grouped into four categories (low, medium-low, medium-high, and high), derived from education and occupation. Descriptive statistics were used to examine differences between groups, and logistic regression was used to explore associations with food and drink consumption. Results: Older adults with low SES were less likely to frequently consume vegetables, fruit, cod or saithe liver oil/pills, oatmeal or muesli, and cultured milk products, and they were less likely to meet nutritional guidelines. Higher SES was associated with greater alcohol intake. Conclusions: Older adults with low socioeconomic status are less likely to consume healthy food products than those with higher SES. As these individuals live independently, the findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional prevention and support to reduce health disparities, including potential risks such as insufficient vitamin D intake. Furthermore, the results suggest that the SDGs related to nutrition are not being met in Iceland, warranting monitoring and policy action.

Encapsulation of fish oil within oleogels can potentially prevent oxidation and enable its use in food with programmable release within the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report on the formation of oleogels from two different fish oils-salmon oil (SO) and cod liver oil (CLO)-using different concentrations of either rice bran wax (RBW) or myristic acid (MA) as gelators. The gels were assessed with respect to their structural, thermal, viscosity, digestive, and oxidative properties. Polarized light microscopy (POM) revealed that RBW consistently produced dense, interconnected crystalline networks across both oils, while MA formed larger, spherulitic crystals that were more sensitive to the oil type. This was further supported by time-lapse imaging, showing faster crystal growth of MA in cod liver oil. Viscosity studies indicate that the molecular weight and concentration of gelator, as well as the type of fish oil (SO vs. CLO), significantly impact the shear stability of the oleogels. Thermal and viscosity analyses confirmed that RBW-based oleogels exhibited higher crystallization temperatures and stronger viscoelastic behaviour. Based on oxidative stability measurements-as measured by peroxide value (PV) analysis-encapsulation within oleogels does not lead to significant oxidation of the fish oils and also attenuates further oxidation upon storage. The fish oil oleogels were stable when exposed to either simulated gastric or intestinal fluids (SGF and SIF, respectively), but decomposed after sequential exposure first to SGF and then to SIF. These findings could broaden the range of food products which can be fortified with fish oils.

The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the atherosclerotic process remains unclear. Early studies demonstrated a profound anti-atherogenic effect of cod liver oil in a pig model, and autopsy reports from Alaska Natives consuming omega-3 rich diets have supported this hypothesis, but meta-analyses of omega-3 randomized trials have produced mixed results vis-à-vis cardiovascular disease. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between post-mortem blood omega-3 levels and maximal stenosis of the coronary arteries at autopsy. Blood was collected from the femoral artery of 112 sequential fatalities and analyzed for fatty acid composition. The erythrocyte EPA + DHA level (the omega-3 index) was found to have degraded compared to levels in 30 living controls, but the ratio of Arachidonic Acid (AA) to EPA was unaffected, thus it was used as a biomarker of omega-3 status. We found no association between the maximal coronary artery stenosis and the AA: EPA ratio. The omega-3 index estimated from the AA: EPA ratio in the cases was 2.1%, one of the lowest mean values for any population yet tested. Thus, the lack of association between omega-3 status and coronary atherosclerosis may be due to the very low omega-3 index in this cohort. © 2025. The Author(s).

BACKGROUND: Nutritional supplements and environments have been linked with food allergy (FA), but little research has explored their interactions on children's FA. OBJECTIVES: To explore the associations between early-life nutritional supplements, household environmental factors (HEFs), and outdoor air pollutant (OAP) exposures, and their interactions on children's FAs. METHODS: We collected 20,730 surveyed questionnaires from five Chinese cities, covering data on individual characteristics, health outcomes, and HEFs. Multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to establish the impacts of early-life nutritional supplements, HEFs, and OAP exposures on children's FAs. RESULTS: Children's FA was negatively associated with maternal intake of iron, vitamins A-E, cod-liver oil, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), protein powder, and prebiotic/probiotics/synbiotics during pregnancy, as well as childhood intake of iron, selenium, vitamin A, B, C, E, and cod-liver oil. Childhood intake of vitamin D and prebiotic/probiotics/synbiotics increased FA risk. Using ceramic tile/stone/cement floor, silicone rubber baby bottle, and fresh air filter reduced FA risk. Conversely, using glass baby bottle, plastic toy, air conditioning in summer, and mosquitos increased FA risk. FA was consistently positively associated with NO2 exposure within the first trimester, while not consistently related with other pollutants in different models. Maternal and childhood intake of nutritional supplements mitigated adverse impacts of HEFs and OAP exposure on FA, while amplifying protective effects, indicating a nutrition-pollution interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Early-life nutritional supplements, HEFs, and OAP exposures separately and jointly influence children's FA. However, the possibility of false positives due to multiple testing cannot be excluded, which should be interpreted with caution pending replication.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting over 50 million people globally. Since 1906, efforts to understand this neurodegenerative disease and to develop effective treatments have continued to this day. Recognizing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) as a safe, inexpensive and vital nutrient for brain health and cognitive protection due to its key role in brain development and function, this study explores novel, sustainable non-fish sources as potential dietary supplements to prevent or mitigate AD, within a blue biotechnology framework. Forty 5×FAD male mice, five weeks old, were allocated to five body weight-matched dietary groups (n = 8) and fed isocaloric diets based on AIN-93M standard chow for 6 months. Each diet, except the control feed (non-supplemented group), enclosed a modified lipid fraction supplemented with 2% of the following: (1) linseed oil (LSO, rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA,18:3n-3)); (2) cod liver oil (fish oil, FO, rich in both DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3)); (3) Schizochytrium sp. microalga oil (Schizo) with 40% of DHA; and (4) commercial DHASCO oil (DHASCO) with 70% of DHA. The different diets did not affect (p > 0.05) growth performance criteria (e.g., final body weight, daily feed intake, and body weight gain) suggesting no effect on the overall caloric balance or mice growth, but n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated-fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and total lipids (p < 0.001). No systemic inflammation was detected in 5×FAD mice. In parallel, a beneficial modulation of lipid metabolism by DHA-enriched diets was observed, with polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation, particularly DHA, across key metabolic tissues, such as the liver (p < 0.001) and the brain (p < 0.001). No behavioural variations were detected using an open-field test after 6 months of diet (p > 0.05). While mice fed a standard diet or LSO diet showed cognitive deficit, the incorporation of FO, Schizo or DHASCO oils into dietary routine showed promising protective effects on the working memory (p < 0.05) and the last two diets also on the recognition memory (p < 0.05)

The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has proportionally escalated alongside the global epidemic of obesity. Monobutyrin (MB), a food additive found in butter and cod liver oil, possesses lipid-regulating properties. This study aimed to explore the alleviating effect of MB on liver oxidative injury and lipid metabolism in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that MB administration (1 or 2 g/kg body weight (BW)) for 8 weeks significantly reduced body weight, improved hepatic lipid metabolism via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signaling pathway, and stabilized liver mitochondrial ultrastructure to alleviate oxidative liver injury by triggering mitochondrial autophagy through regulation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and ubiquitin-binding protein (P62) in mice. Moreover, MB might increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, promote short-chain fatty acid levels, and alleviate high-fat induced obesity via the gut-liver axis. These findings provide a novel insight into MB as an intervention strategy for hepatic metabolic disorders. © 2025. The Author(s).

In beef cattle production, both diet and breed are key factors influencing the composition and quality of meat. This study evaluated the effects of rumen-protected cod liver oil supplementation on meat and fat quality parameters in Limousin (n = 30) and Red Angus (n = 30) bulls maintained under identical conditions. During the final three weeks of finishing, animals received 100/g/day of cod liver oil. Red Angus bulls exhibited a significantly higher intramuscular fat content in meat compared to Limousin (p < 0.01). The study demonstrated a reduction (p < 0.05) in intramuscular fat content in both breeds receiving cod liver oil supplementation. In Limousin, cis-oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) levels increased significantly in meat (p < 0.05) without a concurrent increase in trans isomers. Subcutaneous fat in both breeds showed a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids in the supplemented group compared to the control (p < 0.01). Limousin bulls also showed reduced levels of myristic acid (C14:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in subcutaneous fat. Additionally, Limousin muscle tissue showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) concentrations of C18:3n3, C22:6n3, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) compared to Red Angus. These finding indicate that the short-term dietary inclusion of rumen-protected cod liver oil in cattle rations enhances the nutritional profile of beef, potentially offering benefits for human health.

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating malignancy in great need of new and more effective treatment approaches. In recent years, studies have indicated that nutritional interventions, particularly nutraceuticals, may provide novel avenues to modulate cancer progression. Here, our study characterizes the impact of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, as a nutraceutical intervention in pancreatic cancer using a genetically engineered mouse model driven by KrasG12D and Trp53R172H. This model closely resembles human pancreatic carcinogenesis, offering a disease relevant platform for translational research. Our findings showed that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention (using a diet supplemented with 6% cod liver oil) significantly reduced tumor volume as well as lung and liver metastasis and a trend toward improved survival rate compared with control treated mice. This antitumoral effect was accompanied by distinct changes in tumor membrane fatty acid profile and eicosanoids release. Furthermore, the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intervention also reduced malignant histological parameters and induced apoptosis without affecting cell proliferation. Of note is the significant reduction in tumor fibrosis that was associated with decreased levels of Sonic Hedgehog, a major ligand controlling this cellular compartment in pancreatic cancer. All together our results demonstrate the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as antitumor regulators in pancreatic cancer, suggesting potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a possible antitumoral dietary intervention. This research opens new avenues for integrating nutraceutical strategies in pancreatic cancer management. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact [email protected].

OBJECTIVES: To develop a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method to determine the content of vitamin D3 in cod liver oil preparations. METHODS: The samples were prepared by saponification and extraction, and the content of vitamin D3 was determined by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with dual-pump-single-valve switching dual detectors. The chromatographic column, capture device, and detection wavelength were optimized; the linearity, system suitability, recovery rate, repeatability and sample stability of the method were investigated, and further validated in actual sample determination. RESULTS: A column switching two-dimensional chromatography method was developed. In the first chromatography dimension, an Agilent PoroShell SB-C8 (50 mm×4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) column was used with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength as 264 nm. An Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (150 mm×3.0 mm,1.8 μm) column was used in the second chromatography dimension with acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.42 mL/min, and detection wavelength as 264 nm. In determining vitamin D3 content, there was a good linear relationship in the concentration range. The system suitability, recovery rate, repeatability and sample stability all met verification requirements. CONCLUSIONS: The two-dimensional liquid chromatography method developed in this study is accurate, reproducible and simple, and can simultaneously separate pre-vitamin D3, trans-vitamin D3, vitamin D3, and tachysterol D3. Publisher: 目的: 建立鱼肝油制剂中维生素D3含量测定的柱切换二维液相色谱方法。方法: 通过皂化萃取制备样品，采用双泵单阀切换双检测器的二维液相色谱法，对色谱柱、捕获装置和检测波长进行优化，对方法的线性、系统适用性、回收率、重复性和样品稳定性进行考察，并在实际样品测定中进一步验证。结果: 建立了柱切换二维色谱法：一维色谱以Agilent PoroShell SB-C8（50 mm×4.6 mm，2.7 μm）为色谱柱，乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱，流速为1.0 mL/min，检测波长为264 nm；二维色谱以Agilent Zorbax SB-C18（150 mm×3.0 mm，1.8 μm）为色谱柱，乙腈为流动相，流速为0.42 mL/min，检测波长为264 nm。维生素D3在线性范围内与峰面积成良好的线性关系，系统适用性、回收率、重复性、稳定性等均符合要求。结论: 本研究建立的柱切换二维色谱法结果准确、重复性好、操作简单、检测效率高，并可同时基线分离前维生素D3、反式维生素D3、维生素D3和速甾醇D3，适合推广应用。.

PURPOSE: Early detection of lifestyle factors, skin and hair color, circulating parameters, and metabolic comorbidities is crucial for personalized prevention and treatment of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aimed to assess the relationships between genetically predicted comprehensive risk factors and early AMD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were utilized to identify genetic variants significantly associated with each trait. We applied a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P < 0.0017. P values between 0.0017 and 0.05 were considered suggestive associations. Univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses revealed that elevated serum HDL-C, lower serum TG, and decreased three circulating fatty acids levels were robust indicators of an increased risk of early AMD (all P < 0.0017), with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.218 (1.140-1.303), 0.784 (0.734-0.837), 0.772 (0.698-0.855), 0.776 (0.706-0.852), and 0.877 (0.798-0.963), respectively. Additionally, the "never eat wheat products", "age started wearing glasses", and "skin color" were significantly associated with the risk of early AMD (both P < 0.0017), with ORs (95% CIs) of 23.853 (2.731-208.323), 1.605 (1.269-2.030) and 1.190 (1.076-1.317), respectively. Multivariable MR analysis confirmed that elevated serum HDL-C (OR = 1.187, 1.064-1.324) increased the risk of early AMD, while higher serum TG (OR = 0.838, 0.738-0.950) was associated with a significantly lower risk. Furthermore, validation results indicated that serum HDL-C 1.201 (1.101-1.310) and TG 0.795 (0.732-0.864) were significantly associated with the risk of early AMD. There were suggestive associations of smoothies, chronotype, and hair color (0.0017 < P < 0.05), but sun/UV protection, smoking, BMI, diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, fresh fruit intake, fish oil/cod liver oil supplement, sleeplessness, serum C-reactive protein level, and iron level were not associated with the risk of early AMD. CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive MR analysis demonstrated that elevated circulating HDL-C levels increase the risk of early AMD, wh

HYPOTHESIS: Poor storage stability and oxidative deterioration are the common drawbacks of edible oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We hypothesized that the natural zein/tannic acid self-assembly nanoparticles (ZT NPs) could be employed as stabilizers to anchor at the oil-water interface, thus constructing Pickering emulsion gel (PKEG) system for three types of PUFA-rich oils, soybean oil (SO), fish oil (FO) and cod liver oil (CLO), to improve the storage and oxidation stability. EXPERIMENTS: ZT NPs were prepared by the anti-solvent coprecipitation method, and the three-phase contact angle, FT-IR, and XRD were mainly characterized. To observe the shell-core structure and oil-water interface details of SO/FO/CLO PKEGs by confocal laser scanning microscope and cryo-scanning electron microscope. Accelerated oxidation of FO was performed to assess the protective effect of PKEG on lipids. FINDINGS: The SO, FO, and CLO PKEGs stabilized by 2 % ZT NPs, with oil fraction (φ = 0.5-0.6), were obtained. PKEGs show high viscoelasticity, clear shell-core structure spatial network structure, and ideal storage stability. Under accelerated oxidation, the degree of oxidative rancidity of FO PKEG was obviously lower than that of free FO. Overall, this work opens up new possibilities for using natural PKEG to prevent oxidative deterioration and prolong the shelf-life of PUFA-rich oils.

Historically vitamin D deficiency had devastating consequences for children causing rickets resulting in severe bone deformities often leading to death. The mystery of the cause of rickets finally came to light when it was observed that cod liver oil and sunlight could prevent and cure rickets. The first vitamin D to be discovered was vitamin D2 from ergosterol in ultraviolet irradiated yeast. Vitamin D3 was discovered from UV exposure to the skin. Investigations revealed the two major functions of vitamin D were to increase intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and mobilize calcium from the skeleton to maintain calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Later studies demonstrated that vitamin D does not have an active role in bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism increasing bone resorption. As a result, this decreases bone mineral content and compromises the architectural integrity increasing risk for fracture. Vitamin D deficiency has also been shown to enhance aging of the bone causing cracks and enhancing bone fractures. Vitamin D deficiency also causes osteomalacia. Therefore, vitamin D sufficiency is extremely important to maximize bone health throughout life. It helps to prevent bone loss, but it cannot restore bone loss due to increased bone resorption that can occur under a variety of circumstances including menopause. The Endocrine Society Guidelines recommends for all ages that adequate vitamin D obtained from the sun, foods and supplements is necessary in order to maintain a circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of at least 30 ng/mL for maximum bone health.

The encapsulation and the oxidative stability of cod liver fish oil (CLO) within coaxial electrosprayed (ethyl cellulose/CLO) core-(octenyl succinic anhydride, OSA-modified starch) shell, and monoaxial electrosprayed ethyl cellulose/CLO microcapsules were investigated. Core-shell (H-ECLO) and monoaxial (ECLO) electrosprayed microcapsules with an average diameter of 2.8 ± 1.8 µm, and 2.2 ± 1.4 µm, respectively, were produced. Confocal microscopy confirmed not only the core-shell structure of the H-ECLO microcapsules, but also the location of the CLO in the core. However, for the ECLO microcapsules, the CLO was distributed on the microcapsules' surface, as also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy showed that the average surface adhesion of the H-ECLO microcapsules was significantly lower (5.41 ± 0.31 nN) than ECLO microcapsules (18.18 ± 1.07 nN), while the H-ECLO microcapsules showed a remarkably higher Young's modulus (33.84 ± 4.36 MPa) than the ECLO microcapsules (6.64 ± 0.84 MPa). Differential scanning calorimetry results confirmed that the H-ECLO microcapsules enhanced the oxidative stability of encapsulated CLO by about 15 times, in comparison to non-encapsulated oil, mainly by preventing the presence of the fish oil at the surface of the microcapsules, while ECLO microcapsules enhanced the oxidative stability of CLO about 2.9 times due to the hydrophobic interactions of the oil and ethyl cellulose. Furthermore, the finite element method was also used to evaluate the electric field strength distribution, which was substantially higher in the vicinity of the collector and lower in the proximity of the nozzle when the coaxial electrospray process was employed in comparison to the monoaxial process.

Background: Cod liver oil has anti-inflammatory properties and could help regulate recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). An orthogonal experiment was used to evaluate and improve the dosage form of compound cod liver oil, which has replaced the previously used liniment preparation based on film method. Methods: An orthogonal experiment was adopted, and the appearance and film-forming time of the film coating agents were used as indicators. The optimal ratio in the preparation process for the compound cod liver oil film agent was then optimized. A method for determination of compound cod liver oil film was established using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results indicate that the blank films prepared using 55 mg polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (PVA low), 45 mg of PVA (PVA medium), and 10 mg glycerol had the optimal performance, which was defined as PVAa. The drug-carrying film prepared from 3 mL PVAa (i.e., film-forming material with the optimal proportion), 30 mg dexamethasone acetate, and 30 mg metronidazole had the optimal performance. The verified sample has a complete and smooth appearance, uniform thickness and color, and no evident bubbles, which meets the requirements for a film agent defined in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020 edition. HPLC was used to determine the major components: dexamethasone acetate, metronidazole, and dyclonine hydrochloride, and the optimal separation effect was obtained. The method has advantages of good specificity, good linear results, high recovery rate, and good repeatability. Conclusion: This study proposes an optimized compound cod liver oil film former agent and preparation method. The results indicate that the compound cod liver oil film former agent had good performance, reflecting the high feasibility of this research method. The detection method of compound cod liver oil film was established by HPLC. The method was feasible, and the validity and stability of the formulation and preparation technology were guaranteed. The role of the newly developed agent in patients with RAS should be investigated further.

The periosteum, a vascularized tissue membrane, is essential in bone regeneration following fractures and bone loss due to some other reasons, yet there exist several research gaps concerning its regeneration. These gaps encompass reduced cellular proliferation and bioactivity, potential toxicity, heightened stiffness of scaffold materials, unfavorable porosity, expensive materials and procedures, and suboptimal survivability or inappropriate degradation rates of the implanted materials. This research used an interdisciplinary approach by forming a new material fabricated through electrospinning for the proposed application as a layer-by-layer tissue-engineered periosteum (TEP). TEP comprises poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), PCL/gelatin/magnesium-doped zinc oxide (vascular layer), and gelatin/bioactive glass/COD liver oil (osteoconductive layer). These materials were selected for their diverse properties, when integrated into the scaffold formation, successfully mimic the characteristics of native periosteum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to confirm the trilayer structure of the scaffold and determine the average fiber diameter. In-vitro degradation and swelling studies demonstrated a uniform degradation rate that matches the typical recovery time of periosteum. The scaffold exhibited excellent mechanical properties comparable to natural periosteum. Furthermore, the sustained release kinetics of COD liver oil were observed in the trilayer scaffold. Cell culture results indicated that the three-dimensional topography of the scaffold promoted cell growth, proliferation, and attachment, confirming its non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity. This study suggests that the fabricated scaffold holds promise as a potential artificial periosteum for treating periostitis and bone fractures.