Perilla Oil

The aim was to evaluate the acute effect of drinking tomato juice preloaded with lemon and perilla oil 10 min before consuming carbohydrate on postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and lipids concentrations in young healthy women. In this randomized controlled crossover study, 21 women (age 21.1±0.6 y, HbA1c 5.2±0.2%, mean±SD) consumed either 200 g of tomato juice, tomato juice with 10 g of lemon juice and 5 g of perilla oil (n-3 PUFA-rich oil), or water 10 min before consuming 200 g of boiled white rice for 3 separate days. The energy and fat in tomato juice with lemon/n-3 PUFA-rich oil were higher (energy 402 kcal, fat 5.6 g) than tomato juice (354 kcal, 0.6 g) and water (315 kcal, 0.6 g). The blood parameters were measured at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after carbohydrate consumption and compared among 3 d. The plasma glucose at 30 min in tomato juice with lemon/n-3 PUFA-rich oil was significantly lower than that of water (103.1±3.4 mg/dL vs. 127.8±4.0 mg/dL, p<0.001, mean±SE) and tended to be lower than that of tomato juice (113.9±4.9 mg/dL, p=0.078). The serum insulin at 30 min was also significantly lower in tomato juice with lemon/n-3 PUFA-rich oil than that of tomato juice (p<0.01). Adding lemon and n-3 PUFA-rich oil to tomato juice before carbohydrate meal can be practical method to lower early postprandial glucose and insulin responses in young healthy women.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fatty acids intake affects the composition of erythrocyte fatty acids, which is strongly correlated with glycolipid metabolism disorders. This study aimed at investigating the different effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on the fatty acids of erythrocytes and glycolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The randomized double-blinded trial that was performed on 180 T2DM patients. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The fish oil (FO) group was administered with FO at a dose of 3 g/day containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the perilla oil (PO) group was administered with PO at a dose of 3 g/day containing α-linolenic (ALA), the linseed and fish oil (LFO) group was administered with mixed linseed and fish oil at a dose of 3 g/day containing EPA, DHA and ALA. Demographic information were collected and anthropometric indices, glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, erythrocyte fatty acid composition were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients finished the trial, with 52 of them in the FO group, 50 in the PO group and 48 in the LFO group. There were significant effects of time × treatment interaction on fast blood glucose (FBG), insulin, HOMA-IR and C-peptide, TC and triglyceride (TG) levels (P < 0.001). Glucose and C-peptide in PO and LFO groups decreased significantly and serum TG in FO group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) after the intervention. Erythrocyte C22: 5 n-6, ALA, DPA, n-6/n-3 PUFA, AA/EPA levels in the PO group were significantly higher than FO and LFO groups, while EPA, total n-3 PUFA and Omega-3 index were significantly higher in the FO and LFO groups compared to PO group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with perilla oil decreased FBG while fish oil supplementation decreased the TG level. Marine-based and plant-based n-3 PUFAs exhibit different effects on fatty acid compositions of erythrocytes and regulated glycoli

BACKGROUND: Dietary fatty acids intake affects the composition of erythrocyte fatty acids, which is strongly correlated with glycolipid metabolism disorders. This study aimed at investigating the different effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on the fatty acids of erythrocytes and glycolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The randomized double-blinded trial that was performed on 180 T2DM patients. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The fish oil (FO) group was administered with FO at a dose of 3 g/day containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the perilla oil (PO) group was administered with PO at a dose of 3 g/day containing α-linolenic (ALA), the linseed and fish oil (LFO) group was administered with mixed linseed and fish oil at a dose of 3 g/day containing EPA, DHA and ALA. Demographic information were collected and anthropometric indices, glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, erythrocyte fatty acid composition were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients finished the trial, with 52 of them in the FO group, 50 in the PO group and 48 in the LFO group. There were significant effects of time × treatment interaction on fast blood glucose (FBG), insulin, HOMA-IR and C-peptide, TC and triglyceride (TG) levels (P < 0.001). Glucose and C-peptide in PO and LFO groups decreased significantly and serum TG in FO group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) after the intervention. Erythrocyte C22: 5 n-6, ALA, DPA, n-6/n-3 PUFA, AA/EPA levels in the PO group were significantly higher than FO and LFO groups, while EPA, total n-3 PUFA and Omega-3 index were significantly higher in the FO and LFO groups compared to PO group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with perilla oil decreased FBG while fish oil supplementation decreased the TG level. Marine-based and plant-based n-3 PUFAs exhibit different effects on fatty acid compositions of erythrocytes and regulated glycoli

We have established a two-stage, medium-term rat colorectal carcinogenesis model featuring induction of neoplastic lesions within ten weeks. In the present study, we examined the ability of this model to detect weak modifiers. F344 male rats were given three subcutaneous (sc) injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH, 40 mg/kg b.w.) in one week followed by drinking water containing 1% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for a second week. One week after this regimen, basal diet alone, or diets containing 10% perilla oil, 10% corn oil, 10% dextrin, or 0.1% indole-3-carbinol (I3C) were supplied. The perilla oil and corn oil groups did not show significant differences in the numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and incidences or multiplicity of proliferative lesions as compared to the controls at either time point. In the dextrin group, the total number of ACF at week ten was significantly increased. With I3C, the total number of ACF and incidence and multiplicities of adenocarcinomas at week ten and the incidence of invasive tumors at week twenty were significantly increased. These data essentially correspond with earlier reported results, except in the vegetable oil cases. Thus, the system is suitable for detection of colorectal carcinogenesis modifiers with advantages over previous models using ACF alone as end points.

Mice, at weaning, were placed on a diet supplemented with beef tallow (BT), linoleic acid (18: 2n-6)-rich safflower oil (SO), alpha-linolenic acid (18: 3n-3)-rich perilla oil (PO) or docosahexaenoic acid (22: 6n-3, DHA)-rich fish oil (FO) to modify membrane fatty acid vulnerability to peroxidation, then carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was administered chronically. CCl4-induced liver injury, estimated using serum alanine aminotransferase activity and liver hydroxyproline content, was not different among the 4 dietary groups; however, the FO diet lowered the liver triacylglycerol (TG) level when compared with the BT and SO diets. The FO diet group exhibited a significantly higher level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver when compared with the three other dietary groups. Chronic CCl4 treatment decreased the proportion of eicosanoid precursors (arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate) rather than that of DHA, with the highest peroxidizability among major fatty acids in liver, and did not enhance TBARS formation in any of the dietary groups. The protein carbonyl content in the liver was similar among the 4 dietary groups but was decreased following CCl4 treatment. Liver alpha-tocopherol contents were affected both by diet and CCl4 treatment, and a positive correlation was observed between alpha-tocopherol and TG contents. These results indicate that increasing the autoxidizability of dietary fatty acids or the chronic CCl4 treatment did not synergistically enhance liver injury or the accumulation of oxidation products in mice.

The modulating effect of the combined dietary feeding of beta-carotene and perilla oil, which is rich in alpha-linolenic acid, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was investigated in male F344 rats. Rats received oral administration of beta-carotene (0, 50 or 200 mg/kg body weight/day) and fed a basal diet containing either 12% olive oil, 3% perilla oil plus 9% olive oil, or 12% perilla oil. A dose-dependent suppressive effect of perilla oil was found. The numbers of ACF were 42.0 and 18.4% of those of the 12% olive oil-fed controls in the rats fed 3% perilla oil plus 9% olive oil and 12% perilla oil, respectively. The development of ACF was also reduced significantly by the addition of dietary beta-carotene in each of the oil-fed groups (P < 0.05, respectively). The suppression by the combination of beta-carotene and perilla oil was synergistic, as the numbers of ACF were 12.9 and 8.9% of those of the 12% olive oil-fed controls in beta-carotene-treated rats fed 3% perilla oil plus 9% olive oil and 12% perilla oil, respectively. beta-carotene plus perilla oil also suppressed the numbers of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions and the expression of ras mRNA in the colonic mucosa (cell proliferation biomarkers). Following administration of beta-carotene, a significant increase in the concentration of intact beta-carotene molecules was found in the colonic mucosa, livers, and sera. However, no accumulation of retinoids was observed in the colonic mucosa, suggesting that the inhibitory effect may not be related to the provitamin A activity. These results suggest that the combination of beta-carotene and perilla oil may be useful in the prevention of colon cancer.

Generalized healthy eating patterns may not benefit everyone due to different genetics and enterotypes. We aimed to compare the effects of a low-glycemic diet representing the Korean traditional balanced diet (Low-GID) and westernized diet as a control diet (CD) on anthropometry, serum metabolites, and fecal bacteria in a randomized clinical trial according to enterotypes. We recruited 52 obese women aged 30-50 years, and they consumed Low-GID and CD meals for 1 month, with a 1-month washout period, in a crossover randomized clinical trial. The Low-GID was mainly composed of whole grains with fish, vegetables, seaweeds, and perilla oil, whereas CD contained refined rice, bread, noodles, meats, and processed foods. Serum lipid profiles, metabolomics, serum short-chain fatty acids, and fecal bacteria were analyzed. The important variables influenced by Low-GID and CD were determined by SHAP value in the XGBoost algorithm according to Bacteroides (ET-B) and Prevotella (ET-P). Low-GID and CD interventions did not change the enterotypes, but they modified serum metabolites and some fecal bacterial species differently according to enterotypes. The 10-fold cross-validation of the XGBoost classifier in the ET-P and ET-B clusters was 0.91 ± 0.04 and 0.8 ± 0.07, respectively. In the ET-P cluster, serum L-homocysteine, glutamate, leucine concentrations, and muscle mass were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group, whereas serum 3-hydroxybutyric acid concentration was significantly higher in the Low-GID group than in the CD group (p < 0.05). In fecal bacteria, Gemmiger formicilis, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Escherichia coli were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group. In the ET-B cohort, serum tryptophan and total cholesterol concentrations were higher in the CD group than in the Low-GID group, whereas serum glutathione and 3-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations were significantly higher in the Low-GID group than in the CD group (p < 0.05). However, Bifidobacterium longum was higher in CD than Low-GID in the ET-B cluster, but serum butyric acid levels were higher in the Low-GID than in the CD group. In conclusion, Low-GID can be recommended in obese women

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil (PO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), can improve cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese people. Here, supplements containing either PO alone or PO with nobiletin-rich air-dried immature ponkan powder were examined for their effects on cognitive function in 49 healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Patients were enrolled in a 12-month randomized, double-blind, parallel-armed study. Randomized participants in the PO group received soft gelatin capsules containing 1.47 mL (0.88 g of ALA) of PO daily, and those in the PO + ponkan powder (POPP) group received soft gelatin capsules containing both 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g ponkan powder (2.91 mg of nobiletin) daily. At the end of intervention, the POPP group showed significantly higher cognitive index scores than the PO group. The pro-cognitive effects of POPP treatment were accompanied by increases in ALA and docosahexaenoic acid levels in red blood cell plasma membranes, serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels, and biological antioxidant potential. We demonstrate that 12-month intervention with POPP enhances serum BDNF and antioxidant potential, and may improve age-related cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people by increasing red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels. Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000040863.

BACKGROUND: Dietary sources of alpha-linolenic acid, such as perilla seed oil, may have the capacity to inhibit the generation of leukotrienes (LTs) by leucocytes in patients with asthma, as has been reported with the consumption of other long-chain n-3 fatty acids. METHODS: The factors affecting the suppression of leukotriene (LT) C4 generation by leucocytes were examined by comparing the clinical features of patients with asthma who had been given dietary perilla seed oil (n-3 fatty acids). Group A consisted of patients in whom the leucocyte generation of LTC4 was suppressed by dietary perilla seed oil. Group B consisted of those in whom LTC4 generation was not suppressed. RESULTS: LTC4 generation by leucocytes decreased significantly in group A after 2 (p < 0.05) and 4 weeks (p < 0.05); conversely, it increased significantly in group B after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). The two study groups differed significantly in terms of LTC4 generation by leucocytes after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation (p < 0.05). Ventilatory parameters such as peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) increased significantly after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation in group A (p < 0.05). Values of PEF, FVC, FEV(1) and maximum expiratory flow at 25% of the forced vital capacity (V(25)) differed significantly between groups A and B prior to dietary supplementation. Serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly decreased by dietary supplementation in group A after 4 weeks. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and phospholipid differed significantly between the two study groups prior to dietary supplementation. Serum levels of triglyceride and LDL cholesterol differed significantly between the two study groups after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with perilla seed oil in selected patients with asthma suppresses the generation of LTC4 and is associated with clinical features such as respiratory function and lipometabolism. Copyright 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of perilla seed oil (n-3 fatty acids) on bronchial asthma were compared with the effects of corn oil (n-6 fatty acids) in relation to the pulmonary function and the generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C4 (LTC4) by leucocytes. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: 14 asthmatic subjects were divided randomly into two groups: one group (7 subjects) consumed perilla seed oil-rich supplementation and the other group (7 subjects) consumed corn oil-rich supplementation for 4 weeks. Generation of LTs by leucocytes and respiratory function were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The generation of LTB4 and LTC4 by leucocytes tended to increase in subjects (N=7) with corn oil-rich supplementation, and decrease in subjects (N=7) with perilla seed oil-rich supplementation. Significant differences between the two groups were observed in the generation of LTB4 at 2 weeks (p<0.05) and LTC4 at 2 weeks (p<0.05) after dietary supplementation. Significant increases in the value of PEF (p<0.05), FVC (p<0.01), FEV(1.0) (p<0.05) and V(25) (p<0.05) were found in subjects who received perilla seed oil supplementation for 4 weeks. And significant differences in the value of FVC (p<0.05) and FEV(1.0) (p<0.05) were observed between the two groups after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that perilla seed oil-rich supplementation is useful for the treatment of asthma in terms of suppression of LTB4 and LTC4 generation by leucocytes, and improvement of pulmonary function.

Accumulating evidence suggests the beneficial effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on bone mineral density (BMD). However, the effects of perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil (PO), a rich source of α-linoleic acid (LNA), on human bone have not yet been elucidated. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of long-term PO intake on bone health in Japanese adults. After screening for eligibility, 52 participants (mean age 54.2 ± 6.4 years) were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 25) and PO (n = 27) groups, which received 7.0 ml of olive oil and PO daily, respectively. At baseline and 12-month, quantitative ultrasound of the right calcaneus was measured with an ultrasound bone densitometer and percentage of the Young Adult Mean (%YAM) was calculated. Serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were evaluated. In addition, PUFA levels in the erythrocyte plasma membrane (RBC-PM), serum biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) were evaluated. Compared with the placebo group, %YAM levels increased and serum TRACP-5b levels decreased significantly in the PO group at 12-month, while serum BALP levels remained unchanged. Moreover, RBC-PM LNA levels and BAP/d-ROM ratios increased significantly in the PO compared with the placebo group. These results suggest that long-term PO intake may improve age-related BMD decline by suppressing bone resorption and increasing LNA levels. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is the most common and most severe unmet need among cancer survivors. Safe treatments for the FCR that are easily disseminated are greatly needed. Our primary aim is a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy and effect size of perilla oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and Bifidobacterium, a probiotic, on FCR in breast cancer survivors after the completion of chemotherapy. This study has been planned as an exploratory clinical study (phase II) and will be conducted as a three-arm, 12-week parallel group, masked-rater randomized controlled trial. Fifteen participants will be randomized with 1:1:1 allocation to receive Bifidobacterium plus perilla oil, Bifidobacterium alone, or no intervention (control). Interventions will end within 12 weeks after the random allocation of each participant. The participants will be outpatients with invasive breast cancer aged 20 years or older whose chemotherapy was completed at least 6 months before registration; hormone therapy may be ongoing. The primary outcome will be severity of FCR at 12 weeks assessed by masked raters using the 4-item Concerns about Recurrence Scale concerning overall fear of recurrence. The study protocol for the current study is registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs031200029).

Objective: To determine the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources on glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Methods: We recruited participants from the diabetes specialist clinic at the Guanlin hospital in Yixing city, Jiangsu Province from February 2017 to March 2017. A total of 180 subjects were randomly assigned to 3 g/day fish oil (FO), perilla oil (PO), or fish oil mixed with linseed oil (FLO) for 6 months. The basic conditions and fasting venous blood sample were obtained from each study subject at baseline, after 6 months of intervention. Serum glucose and lipid metabolism were investigated. Results: A total of 156 subjects aged (62.6±8.6) years completed the final follow-up after 6 months (FO,54 subjects; PO,52 subjects; FLO,50 subjects). Among them,59 patients (37.8%) were male. Serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, C peptide, insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance were not significantly different among the three groups after 6 months. Serum triglyceride decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in FO [1.33 (1.05,1.93) mmol/L, (1.36±0.29) mmol/L, respectively] compared with PO [1.71 (1.23, 2.17) mmol/L, (1.23±0.22) mmol/L, respectively] and FLO [1.51 (1.12, 2.22) mmol/L, (1.29±0.30) mmol/L, respectively] (P<0.05). Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B decreased in PO [(2.60±0.57) mmol/L,(0.96±0.23) g/L, respectively] compared with FO [(2.89±0.76) mmol/L, (1.07±0.30) g/L, respectively] (P<0.05). Serum lipoprotein(a) decreased in FLO [130.7 (63.3,270.6) mg/L] compared with FO [137.4 (58.7,333.2) mg/L] (P<0.05). Serum free fatty acid decreased in FLO [(0.43±0.15) mmol/L] compared with PO [(0.53±0.22) mmol/L] (P<0.05). Conclusion: The effects of ω-3 PUFA from different sources on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia are similar. Each of them has a good application prospect in improving lipid metabolism. Publisher: 目的： 探讨不同来源ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）对2型糖尿病合并血脂异常人群糖脂代谢的影响。 方法： 于2017年2—3月在江苏省宜兴市官林医院糖尿病专科门诊招募180例2型糖尿病合并血脂异常患者，采用随机数字法分为鱼油组、紫苏油组和鱼油+亚麻油组，每组60例，每日分别给予3 g鱼油、紫苏油和鱼油+亚麻油胶囊，持续时间6个月。在基线和干预6个月时收集研究对象的基本情况等，并采集空腹

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is a generic term that encompasses eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are abundant in fish, and α-linolenic acid, which is abundant in perilla oil. These fatty acids became well known following an epidemiological study conducted in Greenland about 50 years ago. EPA formulations, with their putative prophylactic effect against cardiovascular disease, first became clinically available in the 1990s in Japan. There were reports of their association with mental health, especially depression, and from around the year 2000 several epidemiological studies and clinical trials were conducted. This article introduces the epidemiological studies and clinical trials conducted in Japan and the knowledge gained.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a common medical disorder in the elderly. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the process of cognitive decline in dementia. Perilla seed oil demonstrates its neuroprotective effects via anti-oxidative mechanisms against dementia. We investigate neuroprotective effects of perilla seed oil as an additional treatment in patients with mild to moderate dementia. METHOD: A double-blind, randomized-control trial (perilla seed oil versus placebo) in patients with mild to moderate dementia was conducted. Perilla seed oil or placebo was added on with standard treatment for six months. Cognitive function was compared at nine months after enrollment. RESULT: 182 patients, with 94 in the experimental group and 88 in the placebo group, were able to complete the study. Cognitive function is not significantly different compared between groups. However, the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower in the experimental group. Perilla seed oil had no adverse effect to kidney, liver, blood components or glucose metabolism. CONCLUSION: Perilla seed oil as additional neuroprotective therapy in patients with mild to moderate dementia does not improve cognitive function. Perilla seed oil significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. A clinical trial is needed to prove the benefit of cholesterol-lowering effects with perilla seed oil in human.

The treatment of anxiety-based psychopathology often hinges upon extinction learning. Research in nutritional neuroscience has observed that the regular consumption of perilla oil (50% alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) facilitates extinction learning in rats (Yamamoto et al., 1988). However, acute facilitation of extinction learning by oils rich in ALA has not been reported for rats or humans, though the acute consumption of rapeseed oil (10% ALA) has been observed to improve cognitive processing speed in humans (Jones, Sünram-Lea, & Wesnes, 2012). For this reason, the present laboratory work examined the effects of adding walnut oil (12% ALA) to a chocolate milkshake on the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of a fear-based prediction in young adults. It compared performance between subjects. The other participants consumed a similar milkshake with either an equicaloric amount of cream (saturated fat), or with no added fat (control). Acquisition and generalization of the fear-based prediction were similar for all groups. However, those who consumed walnut oil extinguished most rapidly and profoundly. Implications for extinction learning are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia is a common disease in China. Although 88.9 % of the Chinese population taking lipid-lowering medications has already used a statin, only 61.5 % of the population has reached the goal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Thus, many patients in China seek help from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Yirui capsules are an innovative Chinese Medicine which are designed to improve the blood lipid state in patients with hyperlipidemia. However, there is still a lack of high-quality evidence from clinical trials to support the application. Therefore, we designed a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Yirui capsules for use by patients with hyperlipidemia. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Based on lifestyle modification therapy, eligible patients will randomly be assigned to the Yirui capsule or the placebo group. The primary outcome is the percentage of participants who reach the goal of 30 % low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decline at treatment end-point. The secondary outcomes include the changes from baseline to treatment endpoint in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey scoring, total and individual item scoring of symptomatic grading and quantifying scale, and body mass index. DISCUSSION: The main ingredients of the Yirui capsule are perilla oil, Folium Ginkgo (Yinxingye), Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen), Fructus Crataegi (Shanzha), Rhizoma Alismatis (Zexie), and Radix Notoginseng (Sanqi), which are expected to improve the blood lipid state. This randomized placebo-controlled trial will comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Yirui capsules against hyperlipidemia in the hope of providing a new adjunctive Chinese medicine option for clinical practice in dyslipidemia treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-IOR-15006496 . Registered on 29 May 2015. PROTOCOL VERSION: WXJ.YRJN-HBT-V1.0 (21 Jan 2015).

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of perilla oil on the regulation of blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Blood was taken from patients prior to and 8 weeks following treatment with perilla oil. Different ways to test for indexes which correlate to hyperlipidemia were performed. Some indexes, which correlate with inflammation and injury to endothelial cells, were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Serum lipid levels [triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)] changed significantly after 56 days of treatment. Differences were noted as early as 28 days after treatment began (P < 0.05). Treatment with perilla oil showed statistically significant recovery levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) after 28 and 56 days of treatment. Plasma lipids levels were significantly lower after 56 days of treatment (P < 0.05). Perilla oil reduced blood lipid levels in patients, and the regulation of cell signaling factor levels had no adverse effects on patients' liver or kidney function, or blood routine examinations. CONCLUSION: Perilla oil treatment is safe in clinical use, can regulate blood lipid levels and protects the function of endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported increased fat oxidation with diacylglycerol (DAG) oil consumption. However, the effects of long-term DAG oil consumption on energy metabolism remain to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 14 days of either DAG or triacylglycerol (TAG) oil consumption on substrate oxidation, energy expenditure (EE) and dietary fat oxidation. DESIGN: Eight males and six females participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover feeding study. Each patient consumed the 14-day controlled test diet containing either 10 g day(-1) of DAG or TAG oil for acclimatization before a respiratory chamber measurement, followed by a 2-week washout period between diet treatments. Substrate oxidation and EE were measured in the respiratory chamber at the end of each dietary treatment. The patients consumed test oil as 15% of total caloric intake in the respiratory chamber (mean test oil intake was 36.1+/-6.6 g day(-1)). RESULTS: Twenty-four hour fat oxidation was significantly greater with 14 days of DAG oil consumption compared with TAG oil consumption (78.6+/-19.6 and 72.6+/-14.9 g day(-1), respectively, P<0.05). There were no differences in body weight or body composition between diet treatments. Dietary fat oxidation was determined using the recovery rate of (13)CO(2) in breath, and was significantly enhanced with DAG oil consumption compared with TAG oil consumption, measured over 22 h after ingestion of (13)C-labelled triolein. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly greater with DAG oil consumption compared with TAG oil consumption (1766+/-337 and 1680+/-316 kcal day(-1), respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Consumption of DAG oil for 14 days stimulates both fat oxidation and RMR compared with TAG oil consumption, which may explain the greater loss of body weight and body fat with DAG oil consumption that has been observed in weight-loss studies.

OBJECTIVE: One-third of the total population seems to develop minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) during their lifetime. However, well-controlled dietary intervention studies to prevent minor RAS are very rare. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the prevalence of RAS decreased with perilla oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid). METHODS: Thirty subjects (8 men and 22 women) who had minor RAS at least once a month were randomly allocated to a soybean oil group or a perilla oil group in a double-blind manner (experimental phase) after a run-in phase of 4 mo during which subjects used a reference oil, the most popular cooking oil in Japan, or a 50/50 mixture of soybean oil and rapeseed oil. During the experimental phase, subjects were asked to use soybean oil or perilla oil as the sole cooking oil for 8 mo. Blood samples were collected at the start and end of the experimental phase for fatty acid analysis of total plasma phospholipid fraction. Occurrence and needed days for healing of minor RAS were recorded during the two phases and compared. RESULTS: alpha-Linolenic acid concentrations in the plasma phospholipid fraction increased significantly in both groups during the experimental phase to a similar extent. The prevalence of minor RAS in the experimental phase decreased significantly in both groups compared with the run-in phase to a similar extent, without intergroup differences. CONCLUSION: Perilla oil, which is rich in alpha-linolenic acid, was not superior to soybean oil in preventing minor RAS. There was a possibility that avoiding rapeseed oil might be beneficial for prevention of minor RAS.

Increased dietary intake of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid and docosohexanoic acid, and their precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is associated with various health benefits. Enteric-coating (Entrox), which improves stability of omega-3 capsules, has been shown to facilitate fish oil absorption after chronic treatment. To assess the effect of Entrox coating on the short-term bioavailability of ALA administered in the form of ALA-rich Perilla seed oil, 12 healthy subjects (6 males and 6 females) received in a random order Entrox-coated and non-coated ALA formulations, each as a single 6g dose separated by a 3-week washout period. Measurements of plasma ALA concentrations from 0 to 24h showed no difference in ALA pharmacokinetics between the two formulations. However, significantly greater increases in plasma ALA levels from baseline to 24h were observed after ingestion of Entrox vs. non-coated product, suggesting a possible benefit of Entrox with long-term treatment.